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Yuan F, Liu X, Tan L. Binding properties of ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(phen) 2(7-R-dppz)] 2+ (R = methyl or bromine) toward poly(U)•poly(A) RNA duplex. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1648-1655. [PMID: 35489619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two Ru(II) complexes containing different substituents, [Ru(phen)2(7-CH3-dppz)]2+ (Ru1) and [Ru(phen)2(7-Br-dppz)]2+ (Ru2), have been synthesized in this study. The binding properties of Ru1 and Ru2 with the duplex RNA poly(U)•poly(A) (where "•" denotes the Watson - Crick base pairing) have been researched by biophysical techniques and viscosity measurements. Analysis of spectral titrations and viscosity measurements indicate that Ru1 and Ru2 bind to the duplex via intercalative, and the binding affinity of Ru1 with the duplex is remarkably higher than that of Ru2. Furthermore, fluorescence emission spectra demonstrates that although complexes Ru1 and Ru2 can act as molecular "light switches" for the duplex RNA, alters in fluorescence emission of Ru1 and Ru2 are prominent differences, and the effectiveness of Ru1 is more remarkable compared with that of Ru2. The melting experiments suggest that the duplex RNA stabilizing effects of Ru1 and Ru2 differ from each other, among them, complex Ru1 can obviously enhance the stability of the duplex RNA, while Ru2 has only a slightly stabilizing effect for the duplex RNA, indicating that Ru1 preferentially binds to RNA duplex over Ru2. The obtained results indicate that subtle modifications of the intercalative ligand of Ru(II) polypyridyl complex with either methyl or bromide group have a significant effect on the duplex-binding discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Academic Affairs Office, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Tan
- Key Lab of Environment-friendly Chemistry and Application in Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, People's Republic of China.
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Low DNA and high BSA binding affinity of cationic ruthenium(II) organometallic featuring pyridine and 2’-hydroxychalcone ligands. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jia F, Hébraud P, Han K, Wang J, Liang X, Liu B. Flexibility and thermal dynamic stability increase of dsDNA induced by Ru(bpy) 2dppz 2+ based on AFM and HRM technique. BMC Chem 2019; 13:68. [PMID: 31384815 PMCID: PMC6661754 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0584-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ru(bpy)2dppz2+ has been widely used as a probe for exploring the structure of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). The flexibility change of DNA helix is important in many of its biological functions but not well understood. Here, flexibility change of dsDNA helix caused by intercalation with Ru(bpy)2dppz2+ was investigated using the atomic force microscopy. At first, the interactions between ruthenium complex and dsDNA helix were characterized and the binding site size (p = 2.87 bp) and binding constant (Ka = 5.9 * 107 M−1) were determined by the relative extension of DNA helix using the equation of McGhee and von Hippel. By measuring intercalator-induced DNA elongation and the mean square of end-to-end distance at different molar ratios of Ru(bpy)2dppz2+ to dsDNA, the changes of persistence length under different ruthenium concentrations were determined by the worm-like chain model. We found that the persistence length of dsDNA decreased with increasing Ru(bpy)2dppz2+ concentration, demonstrating that the flexibility of dsDNA obviously enhanced due to the intercalation. Especially, the persistence length changed greatly from 54 to 34 nm on changing the molar ratio of ruthenium to dsDNA from 0 to 0.2. We speculated that the intercalation of dsDNA with Ru(bpy)2dppz2+ resulted in local deformation or bending of the DNA duplex. In addition, the thermal dynamic stability of DNA helix was measured with high resolution melting method which revealed the increase in thermal dynamic stability of DNA helix due to the ruthenium intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchao Jia
- 1Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000 China
| | - Pascal Hébraud
- 2Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Strasbourg, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Kezhen Han
- 1Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000 China
| | - Jing Wang
- 3College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Xingguo Liang
- 3College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Bo Liu
- 1Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000 China
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Jia F, Wang S, Man Y, Kumar P, Liu B. Recent Developments in the Interactions of Classic Intercalated Ruthenium Compounds: [Ru(bpy)₂dppz] 2+ and [Ru(phen)₂dppz] 2+ with a DNA Molecule. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040769. [PMID: 30791625 PMCID: PMC6412511 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
[Ru(bpy)2dppz]2+ and [Ru(phen)2dppz]2+ as the light switches of the deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) molecule have attracted much attention and have become a powerful tool for exploring the structure of the DNA helix. Their interactions have been intensively studied because of the excellent photophysical and photochemical properties of ruthenium compounds. In this perspective, this review describes the recent developments in the interactions of these two classic intercalated compounds with a DNA helix. The mechanism of the molecular light switch effect and the selectivity of these two compounds to different forms of a DNA helix has been discussed. In addition, the specific binding modes between them have been discussed in detail, for a better understanding the mechanism of the light switch and the luminescence difference. Finally, recent studies of single molecule force spectroscopy have also been included so as to precisely interpret the kinetics, equilibrium constants, and the energy landscape during the process of the dynamic assembly of ligands into a single DNA helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchao Jia
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Shuo Wang
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Yan Man
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Parveen Kumar
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
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Mede T, Jäger M, Schubert US. "Chemistry-on-the-complex": functional Ru II polypyridyl-type sensitizers as divergent building blocks. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7577-7627. [PMID: 30246196 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00096d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium polypyridyl type complexes are potent photoactive compounds, and have found - among others - a broad range of important applications in the fields of biomedical diagnosis and phototherapy, energy conversion schemes such as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and molecular assemblies for tailored photo-initiated processes. In this regard, the linkage of RuII polypyridyl-type complexes with specific functional moieties is highly desirable to enhance their inherent photophysical properties, e.g., with a targeting function to achieve cell selectivity, or with a dye or redox-active subunits for energy- and electron-transfer. However, the classical approach of performing ligand syntheses first and the formation of Ru complexes in the last steps imposes synthetic limitations with regard to tolerating functional groups or moieties as well as requiring lengthy convergent routes. Alternatively, the diversification of Ru complexes after coordination (termed "chemistry-on-the-complex") provides an elegant complementary approach. In addition to the Click chemistry concept, the rapidly developing synthesis and purification methodologies permit the preparation of Ru conjugates via amidation, alkylation and cross-coupling reactions. In this regard, recent developments in chromatography shifted the limits of purification, e.g., by using new commercialized surface-modified silica gels and automated instrumentation. This review provides detailed insights into applying the "chemistry-on-the-complex" concept, which is believed to stimulate the modular preparation of unpreceded molecular assemblies as well as functional materials based on Ru-based building blocks, including combinatorial approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Mede
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Rico Bautista H, Saavedra Díaz RO, Shen LQ, Orvain C, Gaiddon C, Le Lagadec R, Ryabov AD. Impact of cyclometalated ruthenium(II) complexes on lactate dehydrogenase activity and cytotoxicity in gastric and colon cancer cells. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 163:28-38. [PMID: 27513948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a redox enzyme often overexpressed in cancer cells allowing their survival in stressful metabolic tumor environment. Ruthenium(II) complexes have been shown to impact on the activity of purified horseradish peroxidase and glucose oxidase but the physiological relevance remains unclear. In this study we investigated how ruthenium complexes impact on the activity of LDH in vitro and in cancer cells and performed a comparative study using polypyridine ruthenium(II) complex [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (1) and its structurally related cyclometalated 2-phenylpyridinato counterpart [Ru(phpy)(bpy)2]+ (2) (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine, phpyH=2-phenylpyridine). We show that the cytotoxicity in gastric and colon cancer cells induced by 2 is significantly higher compared to 1. The kinetic inhibition mechanisms on purified LDH and the corresponding inhibition constants Ki or i0.5 values were calculated. Though complexes 1 and 2 are structurally very similar (one Ru-C bond in 2 replaces one Ru-N bond in 1), their inhibition modes are different. Cyclometalated complex 2 behaves exclusively as a non-competitive inhibitor of LDH from rabbit muscle (LDHrm), strongly suggesting that 2 does not interact with LDH in the vicinities of either lactate/pyruvate or NAD+/NADH binding sites. Sites of interaction of 1 and 2 with LDHrm were revealed theoretically through computational molecular docking. Inhibition of LDH activity by 2 was confirmed in cancer cells. Altogether, these results revealed an inhibition of LDH activity by ruthenium complex through a direct interaction structurally tuned by a Ru-C bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Rico Bautista
- Instituto de Química UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | | | - Longzhu Q Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Christophe Orvain
- INSERM U1113, Strasbourg University, FMTS, 3 Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France; Oncology Section, FMTS, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- INSERM U1113, Strasbourg University, FMTS, 3 Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France; Oncology Section, FMTS, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ronan Le Lagadec
- Instituto de Química UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Alexander D Ryabov
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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