1
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Henych J, Št’astný M, Němečková Z, Kormunda M, Šanderová Z, Žmudová Z, Ryšánek P, Stehlík Š, Ederer J, Liegertová M, Trögl J, Janoš P. Cerium-Bismuth Oxides/Oxynitrates with Low Toxicity for the Removal and Degradation of Organophosphates and Bisphenols. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:17956-17968. [PMID: 36583119 PMCID: PMC9791653 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c03926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale cerium-bismuth oxides/oxynitrates were prepared by a scalable low-temperature method at ambient pressure using water as the sole solvent. Solid solutions were formed up to a 1:1 Ce/Bi molar ratio, while at higher doping levels, bismuth oxynitrate photocatalysts with a pronounced layered structure were formed. Bismuth caused significant changes in the structure and surface properties of nanoceria, such as the formation of defects, oxygen-containing surface groups, and Lewis and Brønsted acid sites. The prepared bifunctional adsorbents/photocatalysts were efficient in the removal of toxic organophosphate (methyl paraoxon) from water by reactive adsorption followed by photocatalytic decomposition of the parent compound and its degradation product (p-nitrophenol). Bi-doped ceria also effectively adsorbed and photodegraded the endocrine disruptors bisphenols A and S and outperformed pure ceria and the P25 photocatalyst in terms of efficiency, durability, and long-term stability. The very low toxicity of Bi-nanoceria to mammalian cells, aquatic organisms, and bacteria has been demonstrated by comprehensive in vivo/in vitro testing, which, in addition to its simple "green" synthesis, high activity, and durability, makes Bi-doped ceria promising for safe use in abatement of toxic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Henych
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
- Faculty
of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně
University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 3632/15, 400 96Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Št’astný
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Němečková
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kormunda
- Faculty
of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně
University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 3632/15, 400 96Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Šanderová
- Faculty
of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně
University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 3632/15, 400 96Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Žmudová
- Faculty
of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně
University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 3632/15, 400 96Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ryšánek
- Faculty
of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně
University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 3632/15, 400 96Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Stehlík
- Institute
of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00Prague, Czech Republic
- New
Technologies−Research Centre, University
of West Bohemia, Univerzitní
8, 306 14Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Ederer
- Faculty
of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně
University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 3632/15, 400 96Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Liegertová
- Faculty
of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně
University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 3632/15, 400 96Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Trögl
- Faculty
of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně
University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 3632/15, 400 96Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Janoš
- Faculty
of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně
University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 3632/15, 400 96Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
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2
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Vrushabendrakumar D, Rajashekhar H, Riddell S, Kalra AP, Alam KM, Shankar K. Synthesis, characterization, and visible light photocatalytic activity of solution-processed free-standing 2D Bi 2O 2Se nanosheets. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:485602. [PMID: 34298524 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their unique structural and electronic properties such as layered structure with tuneable bandgap and high electron mobility, 2D materials have emerged as promising candidates for photocatalysis. Recently, bismuth oxyselenide (Bi2O2Se), a member of bismuth oxychalcogenide's family has shown great potential in high-speed field-effect transistors, infrared photodetectors, ferroelectric devices, and electrochemical sensors. However, the potential of Bi2O2Se in photocatalysis has not yet been explored. In the current work, Bi2O2Se nanosheets with an average size of ∼170 nm and a lattice strain of 0.01 were synthesized at room temperature using a facile solution-processed method and the as-synthesized material was investigated with various characterization techniques such as x-ray diffraction, FE-SEM, UV-vis spectroscopy. The bandgap for the indirect transition in Bi2O2Se nanosheets was estimated to be 1.19 eV. Further, the visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye using Bi2O2Se as a photocatalyst is presented. The photocatalytic experiments demonstrate the promising photocatalytic ability of Bi2O2Se as it leads to 25.06% degradation of MB within 80 min of light illumination. The effect of active species trapping agents (carrier and radical scavengers) on photocatalytic activity is also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damini Vrushabendrakumar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Harshitha Rajashekhar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Saralyn Riddell
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Aarat P Kalra
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Kazi M Alam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1H9, Canada
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Karthik Shankar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 1H9, Canada
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3
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Mohammad A, Khan ME, Cho MH, Yoon T. Graphitic‑carbon nitride based mixed-phase bismuth nanostructures: Tuned optical and structural properties with boosted photocatalytic performance for wastewater decontamination under visible-light irradiation. NANOIMPACT 2021; 23:100345. [PMID: 35559846 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the activities of advanced semiconductor photocatalysts, the charge carriers must be separated effectively. One strategy for achieving this is the use of heterogeneous structures, which can be prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and post-synthetic thermal and ultrasonic treatment. Herein, we report a mixed-phase composite of basic bismuth nitrate/pentabismuth heptaoxide nitrate (PC) prepared by hydrothermal synthesis under basic conditions and post-synthetic thermal treatment. In addition, sulfur-doped-graphitic carbon nitride (S-g-C3N4) was prepared and combined with PC in different ratios, denoted as PC-1, PC-2, and PC-3, using sonication-assisted treatment. The characterization of these catalysts confirmed the formation of mixed basic bismuth nitrate/pentabismuth heptaoxide nitrate phases and the composite nanostructure. The developed nanostructure showed interesting morphological features, for example, layered sheets of S-g-C3N4. The prepared PCs were tested for their visible light responsiveness for the photocatalytic degradation of a representative organic dye (Rhodamine B). We found that the modified photocatalysts showed superior activity to that of pristine PC. The optimal photocatalyst (PC-3) was also used to degrade methylene blue and Congo red, achieving 99% degradation. Thus, we present not only an efficient photocatalyst but also insights into the post-synthetic modification of basic bismuth nitrate/pentabismuth heptaoxide nitrate with stable carbon-based nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Mohammad
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea.
| | - Mohammad Ehtisham Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, College of Applied Industrial Technology (CAIT), Jazan University, Jazan 45971, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Moo Hwan Cho
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea
| | - Taeho Yoon
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea.
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4
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Bartoli M, Jagdale P, Tagliaferro A. A Short Review on Biomedical Applications of Nanostructured Bismuth Oxide and Related Nanomaterials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5234. [PMID: 33228140 PMCID: PMC7699380 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we reported the main achievements reached by using bismuth oxides and related materials for biological applications. We overviewed the complex chemical behavior of bismuth during the transformation of its compounds to oxide and bismuth oxide phase transitions. Afterward, we summarized the more relevant studies regrouped into three categories based on the use of bismuth species: (i) active drugs, (ii) diagnostic and (iii) theragnostic. We hope to provide a complete overview of the great potential of bismuth oxides in biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bartoli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy;
- Italian Institute of Technology, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, Italy
| | - Pravin Jagdale
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Alberto Tagliaferro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy;
- Italian Institute of Technology, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, Italy
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5
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Zhen Z, Deng Y, Yang H, Sheng Q, Liang T. Facile synthesis of Bi5O7NO3 with enhanced photocatalytic activity by a molten salt strategy and its photocatalytic performance. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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6
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Dai Y, Ren P, Li Y, Lv D, Shen Y, Li Y, Niemantsverdriet H, Besenbacher F, Xiang H, Hao W, Lock N, Wen X, Lewis JP, Su R. Solid Base Bi24O31Br10(OH)δwith Active Lattice Oxygen for the Efficient Photo‐Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6265-6270. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Dai
- SynCat@BeijingSynfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District Beijing 101407 China
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO)Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Pengju Ren
- SynCat@BeijingSynfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District Beijing 101407 China
| | - Yaru Li
- SynCat@BeijingSynfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District Beijing 101407 China
| | - Dongdong Lv
- SynCat@DIFFERSyngaschem BV 6336 HH Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Yanbin Shen
- SynCat@BeijingSynfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District Beijing 101407 China
| | - Yongwang Li
- SynCat@BeijingSynfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District Beijing 101407 China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal ConversionInstitute of Coal Chemistry, CAS Taiyuan 030001 China
| | - Hans Niemantsverdriet
- SynCat@BeijingSynfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District Beijing 101407 China
- SynCat@DIFFERSyngaschem BV 6336 HH Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Flemming Besenbacher
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO)Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Hongwei Xiang
- SynCat@BeijingSynfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District Beijing 101407 China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal ConversionInstitute of Coal Chemistry, CAS Taiyuan 030001 China
| | - Weichang Hao
- Center of Materials Physics & ChemistryDepartment of PhysicsBeihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Nina Lock
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO)Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- SynCat@BeijingSynfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District Beijing 101407 China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal ConversionInstitute of Coal Chemistry, CAS Taiyuan 030001 China
| | - James P. Lewis
- State Key Laboratory of Coal ConversionInstitute of Coal Chemistry, CAS Taiyuan 030001 China
- Department of Physics and AstronomyWest Virginia University Morgantown WV 26506-6315 USA
| | - Ren Su
- SynCat@BeijingSynfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District Beijing 101407 China
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7
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Dai Y, Ren P, Li Y, Lv D, Shen Y, Li Y, Niemantsverdriet H, Besenbacher F, Xiang H, Hao W, Lock N, Wen X, Lewis JP, Su R. Solid Base Bi24O31Br10(OH)δwith Active Lattice Oxygen for the Efficient Photo‐Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Dai
- SynCat@BeijingSynfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District Beijing 101407 China
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO)Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Pengju Ren
- SynCat@BeijingSynfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District Beijing 101407 China
| | - Yaru Li
- SynCat@BeijingSynfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District Beijing 101407 China
| | - Dongdong Lv
- SynCat@DIFFERSyngaschem BV 6336 HH Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Yanbin Shen
- SynCat@BeijingSynfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District Beijing 101407 China
| | - Yongwang Li
- SynCat@BeijingSynfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District Beijing 101407 China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal ConversionInstitute of Coal Chemistry, CAS Taiyuan 030001 China
| | - Hans Niemantsverdriet
- SynCat@BeijingSynfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District Beijing 101407 China
- SynCat@DIFFERSyngaschem BV 6336 HH Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Flemming Besenbacher
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO)Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Hongwei Xiang
- SynCat@BeijingSynfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District Beijing 101407 China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal ConversionInstitute of Coal Chemistry, CAS Taiyuan 030001 China
| | - Weichang Hao
- Center of Materials Physics & ChemistryDepartment of PhysicsBeihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Nina Lock
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO)Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- SynCat@BeijingSynfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District Beijing 101407 China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal ConversionInstitute of Coal Chemistry, CAS Taiyuan 030001 China
| | - James P. Lewis
- State Key Laboratory of Coal ConversionInstitute of Coal Chemistry, CAS Taiyuan 030001 China
- Department of Physics and AstronomyWest Virginia University Morgantown WV 26506-6315 USA
| | - Ren Su
- SynCat@BeijingSynfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. Leyuan South Street II, No.1, Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District Beijing 101407 China
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8
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Gadhi TA, Hernández S, Castellino M, Jagdale P, Husak T, Hernández-Gordillo A, Tagliaferro A, Russo N. Insights on the role of β-Bi2O3/Bi5O7NO3 heterostructures synthesized by a scalable solid-state method for the sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of dyes. Catal Today 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Li X, Zhang Q, Wang H, Li Y. Synthesis of Mesoporous (Ga1−xZnx)(N1−xOx) Using Layered Double Hydroxides as Precursors for Enhanced Visible-Light Driven H2Production. CHINESE J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201600667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Yaogang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
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10
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Pilarczyk K, Daly B, Podborska A, Kwolek P, Silverson VA, de Silva AP, Szaciłowski K. Coordination chemistry for information acquisition and processing. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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11
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Pan C, Zhu Y. A review of BiPO4, a highly efficient oxyacid-type photocatalyst, used for environmental applications. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy00202h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the recent progress on the oxyacid-type photocatalyst, BiPO4, which possesses excellent UV-activity for environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengsi Pan
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
- PR China
| | - Yongfa Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
- PR China
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12
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Kong X, Guo Z, Wen P, Huang J, Cao L, Yin L, Li J, Feng Q. Controllable synthesis and morphology evolution from two-dimensions to one-dimension of layered K2V6O16·nH2O. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce00256g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In a hydrothermal process, layered K2V6O16·2.7H2O platelike crystals are split into layered K2V6O16·1.5H2O fiberlike crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Kong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Science and Technology
- Xi'an, PR China
| | - Zhanglin Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Science and Technology
- Xi'an, PR China
| | - Puhong Wen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Baoji University of Arts and Science
- Baoji, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Science and Technology
- Xi'an, PR China
| | - Liyun Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Science and Technology
- Xi'an, PR China
| | - Lixiong Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Science and Technology
- Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jiayin Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Science and Technology
- Xi'an, PR China
| | - Qi Feng
- Department of Advanced Materials Science
- Faculty of Engineering
- Kagawa University
- Takamatsu-shi, 761-0396 Japan
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