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Hartmann JC, Madlener SJ, van der Linde C, Ončák M, Beyer MK. Magic cluster sizes of cationic and anionic sodium chloride clusters explained by statistical modeling of the complete phase space. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:10904-10918. [PMID: 38525830 PMCID: PMC10989714 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00357h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
As one of the main components of sea salt aerosols, sodium chloride is involved in numerous atmospheric processes. Gas-phase clusters are ideal models to study fundamental physical and chemical properties of sodium chloride, which are significantly affected by the cluster size. Of particular interest are magic cluster sizes, which exhibit high intensities in mass spectra. In order to understand the origin of these magic cluster sizes, quantum chemical calculations at the CCSD(T)//DFT level are performed, yielding structures and binding energies of neutral (NaCl)x, anionic (NaCl)xCl- and cationic (NaCl)xNa+ clusters up to x = 8. Our calculations show that the clusters can easily isomerize, enabling dissociation into the lowest-energy isomers of the fragments. Energetics can explain the special stability of (NaCl)4Cl-, but (NaCl)4Na+ actually offers low-lying dissociation channels, despite being a magic cluster size. Collision-induced dissociation experiments reveal that the loss of neutral clusters (NaCl)x, x = 2, 4, is in most cases more favorable than the loss of NaCl or the atomic ion, i.e. sodium chloride clusters actually fragment via the cleavage of the entire cluster, not by evaporating small cluster building blocks. This is rationalized by the calculated high stability of even-numbered neutral clusters (NaCl)x, especially x = 2, 4. Analysis of the density of states and rate constants calculated with a modified Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) equation called AWATAR - considering all energetically accessible isomers of reactants and fragments - shows that entropic effects are responsible for the magic cluster character of (NaCl)4Na+. In particular, low-lying vibrational modes provide a high density of states of the near-planar cluster. Together with the small contribution of an atomic ion to the sum of states in a loose transition state for dissociation, this leads to a very small unimolecular rate constant for dissociation into (NaCl)4 and Na+, which is the lowest energy fragmentation pathway. Thus, entropic effects may override energetics for certain magic cluster sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Hartmann
- Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Sarah J Madlener
- Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Milan Ončák
- Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Loco D, Spezia R, Cartier F, Chataigner I, Piquemal JP. Solvation effects drive the selectivity in Diels-Alder reaction under hyperbaric conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6632-6635. [PMID: 32432613 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01938k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High pressure effects on the Diels-Alder reaction in condensed phase are investigated by means of theoretical methods, employing advanced multiscale modeling approaches based on physically grounded models. The simulations reveal how the increase of pressure from 1 to 10 000 atm (10 katm) does not affect the stability of the reaction products, modifying the kinetics of the process by lowering considerably the transition state energy. The reaction profile at high pressure remarkably differs from that at 1 atm, showing a submerged TS and a pre-TS structure lower in energy. The different solvation between endo and exo pre-TS is revealed as the driving force pushing the reaction toward a much higher preference for the endo product at high pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Loco
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR 7616 CNRS, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Riccardo Spezia
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR 7616 CNRS, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - François Cartier
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR 7616 CNRS, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Isabelle Chataigner
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR 7616 CNRS, 75005 Paris, France. and Normandie Université, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA Laboratory, F-76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Jean-Philip Piquemal
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR 7616 CNRS, 75005 Paris, France. and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005, Paris, France.
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Spezia R, Martínez-Nuñez E, Vazquez S, Hase WL. Theoretical and computational studies of non-equilibrium and non-statistical dynamics in the gas phase, in the condensed phase and at interfaces. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2017; 375:20170035. [PMID: 28320909 PMCID: PMC5360905 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this Introduction, we show the basic problems of non-statistical and non-equilibrium phenomena related to the papers collected in this themed issue. Over the past few years, significant advances in both computing power and development of theories have allowed the study of larger systems, increasing the time length of simulations and improving the quality of potential energy surfaces. In particular, the possibility of using quantum chemistry to calculate energies and forces 'on the fly' has paved the way to directly study chemical reactions. This has provided a valuable tool to explore molecular mechanisms at given temperatures and energies and to see whether these reactive trajectories follow statistical laws and/or minimum energy pathways. This themed issue collects different aspects of the problem and gives an overview of recent works and developments in different contexts, from the gas phase to the condensed phase to excited states.This article is part of the themed issue 'Theoretical and computational studies of non-equilibrium and non-statistical dynamics in the gas phase, in the condensed phase and at interfaces'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Spezia
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, CEA CNRS Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
- LAMBE, Université d'Evry, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Emilio Martínez-Nuñez
- Departamento de Química Física and Centro Singular de Investigación en Química, Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Saulo Vazquez
- Departamento de Química Física and Centro Singular de Investigación en Química, Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - William L Hase
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Martin-Somer A, Spezia R, Yáñez M. Gas-phase reactivity of [Ca(formamide)] 2+ complex: an example of different dynamical behaviours. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2017; 375:rsta.2016.0196. [PMID: 28320901 PMCID: PMC5360897 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present contribution, we have summarized our recent work on the comprehension of [Ca(formamide)]2+ complex gas-phase unimolecular dissociation. By using different theoretical approaches, we were able to revise the original (and typical for such kind of problems) understanding given in terms of stationary points on the potential energy surface, which did not provide a satisfactory explanation of the experimentally observed reactivity. In particular, we point out how non-statistical and non-intrinsic reaction coordinate mechanisms are of fundamental importance.This article is part of the themed issue 'Theoretical and computational studies of non-equilibrium and non-statistical dynamics in the gas phase, in the condensed phase and at interfaces'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martin-Somer
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, CEA CNRS Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
- LAMBE, Université d'Evry, 91025 Evry, France
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Módulo 13, and Institute of Advanced Chemical Sciences (IadChem). Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Riccardo Spezia
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, CEA CNRS Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
- LAMBE, Université d'Evry, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Manuel Yáñez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Módulo 13, and Institute of Advanced Chemical Sciences (IadChem). Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Martín-Sómer A, Yáñez M, Hase WL, Gaigeot MP, Spezia R. Post-Transition State Dynamics in Gas Phase Reactivity: Importance of Bifurcations and Rotational Activation. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:974-82. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martín-Sómer
- Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne, UMR
8587 LAMBE, Boulevard F. Mitterrand, 91025 Evry Cedex, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, UMR 8587, F-91025 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Manuel Yáñez
- Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - William L. Hase
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Marie-Pierre Gaigeot
- Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne, UMR
8587 LAMBE, Boulevard F. Mitterrand, 91025 Evry Cedex, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, UMR 8587, F-91025 Evry Cedex, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 103 Blvd. St. Michel, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Riccardo Spezia
- Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne, UMR
8587 LAMBE, Boulevard F. Mitterrand, 91025 Evry Cedex, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, UMR 8587, F-91025 Evry Cedex, France
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Martín-Sómer A, Yáñez M, Gaigeot MP, Spezia R. Unimolecular Fragmentation Induced By Low-Energy Collision: Statistically or Dynamically Driven? J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:10882-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5076059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martín-Sómer
- Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Módulo
13. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC. Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne, UMR 8587 LAMBE, Boulevard F. Mitterrand, 91025 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Manuel Yáñez
- Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Módulo
13. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC. Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marie-Pierre Gaigeot
- Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne, UMR 8587 LAMBE, Boulevard F. Mitterrand, 91025 Evry Cedex, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Analyse
et Modélisation pour la Biologie et
l’Environnement, UMR 8587, Boulevard
F. Mitterrand, 91025 Evry Cedex, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 103 Blvd St Michel, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Riccardo Spezia
- Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne, UMR 8587 LAMBE, Boulevard F. Mitterrand, 91025 Evry Cedex, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Analyse
et Modélisation pour la Biologie et
l’Environnement, UMR 8587, Boulevard
F. Mitterrand, 91025 Evry Cedex, France
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