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Polynski MV, Vlasova YS, Solovev YV, Kozlov SM, Ananikov VP. Computational analysis of R-X oxidative addition to Pd nanoparticles. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9977-9986. [PMID: 38966374 PMCID: PMC11220582 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00628c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative addition (OA) is a necessary step in mechanisms of widely used synthetic methodologies such as the Heck reaction, cross-coupling reactions, and the Buchwald-Hartwig amination. This study pioneers the exploration of OA of aryl halide to palladium nanoparticles (NPs), a process previously unaddressed in contrast to the activity of well-studied Pd(0) complexes. Employing DFT modeling and semi-empirical metadynamics simulations, the oxidative addition of phenyl bromide to Pd nanoparticles was investigated in detail. Energy profiles of oxidative addition to Pd NPs were analyzed and compared to those involving Pd(0) complexes forming under both ligand-stabilized (phosphines) and ligandless (amine base) conditions. Metadynamics simulations highlighted the edges of the (1 1 1) facets of Pd NPs as the key element of oxidative addition activity. We demonstrate that OA to Pd NPs is not only kinetically facile at ambient temperatures but also thermodynamically favorable. This finding accentuates the necessity of incorporating OA to Pd NPs in future investigations, thus providing a more realistic view of the involved catalytic mechanisms. These results enhance the understanding of aryl halide (cross-)coupling reactions, reinforcing the concept of a catalytic "cocktail". This concept posits dynamic interconversions between diverse active and inactive centers, collectively affecting the outcome of the reaction. High activity of Pd NPs in direct C-X activation paves the way for novel approaches in catalysis, potentially enhancing the field and offering new catalytic pathways to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Polynski
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Yulia S Vlasova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University Leninskiye Gory 1-3 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Yaroslav V Solovev
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10 Moscow 117997 Russia
| | - Sergey M Kozlov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University Leninskiye Gory 1-3 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
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2
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Hejral U, Shipilin M, Gustafson J, Stierle A, Lundgren E. High energy surface x-ray diffraction applied to model catalyst surfaces at work. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:073001. [PMID: 33690191 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abb17c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Catalysts are materials that accelerate the rate of a desired chemical reaction. As such, they constitute an integral part in many applications ranging from the production of fine chemicals in chemical industry to exhaust gas treatment in vehicles. Accordingly, it is of utmost economic interest to improve catalyst efficiency and performance, which requires an understanding of the interplay between the catalyst structure, the gas phase and the catalytic activity under realistic reaction conditions at ambient pressures and elevated temperatures. In recent years efforts have been made to increasingly develop techniques that allow for investigating model catalyst samples under conditions closer to those of real technical catalysts. One of these techniques is high energy surface x-ray diffraction (HESXRD), which uses x-rays with photon energies typically in the range of 70-80 keV. HESXRD allows a fast data collection of three dimensional reciprocal space for the structure determination of model catalyst samples under operando conditions and has since been used for the investigation of an increasing number of different model catalysts. In this article we will review general considerations of HESXRD including its working principle for different model catalyst samples and the experimental equipment required. An overview over HESXRD investigations performed in recent years will be given, and the advantages of HESXRD with respect to its application to different model catalyst samples will be presented. Moreover, the combination of HESXRD with other operando techniques such as in situ mass spectrometry, planar laser-induced fluorescence and surface optical reflectance will be discussed. The article will close with an outlook on future perspectives and applications of HESXRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Hejral
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mikhail Shipilin
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Gustafson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Stierle
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edvin Lundgren
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Li W, Taylor MG, Bayerl D, Mozaffari S, Dixit M, Ivanov S, Seifert S, Lee B, Shanaiah N, Lu Y, Kovarik L, Mpourmpakis G, Karim AM. Solvent manipulation of the pre-reduction metal-ligand complex and particle-ligand binding for controlled synthesis of Pd nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:206-217. [PMID: 33325939 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06078j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how to control the nucleation and growth rates is crucial for designing nanoparticles with specific sizes and shapes. In this study, we show that the nucleation and growth rates are correlated with the thermodynamics of metal-ligand/solvent binding for the pre-reduction complex and the surface of the nanoparticle, respectively. To obtain these correlations, we measured the nucleation and growth rates by in situ small angle X-ray scattering during the synthesis of colloidal Pd nanoparticles in the presence of trioctylphosphine in solvents of varying coordinating ability. The results show that the nucleation rate decreased, while the growth rate increased in the following order, toluene, piperidine, 3,4-lutidine and pyridine, leading to a large increase in the final nanoparticle size (from 1.4 nm in toluene to 5.0 nm in pyridine). Using density functional theory (DFT), complemented by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, we calculated the reduction Gibbs free energies of the solvent-dependent dominant pre-reduction complex and the solvent-nanoparticle binding energy. The results indicate that lower nucleation rates originate from solvent coordination which stabilizes the pre-reduction complex and increases its reduction free energy. At the same time, DFT calculations suggest that the solvent coordination affects the effective capping of the surface where stronger binding solvents slow the nanoparticle growth by lowering the number of active sites (not already bound by trioctylphosphine). The findings represent a promising advancement towards understanding the microscopic connection between the metal-ligand thermodynamic interactions and the kinetics of nucleation and growth to control the size of colloidal metal nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
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Staiger L, Kratky T, Günther S, Tomanek O, Zbořil R, Fischer RW, Fischer RA, Cokoja M. Steric and Electronic Effects of Phosphane Additives on the Catalytic Performance of Colloidal Palladium Nanoparticles in the Semi‐Hydrogenation of Alkynes. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Staiger
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Technical University of Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1 85747 Garching b. München Germany
| | - Tim Kratky
- Chair of Physical Chemistry with Focus on Catalysis Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Technical University of Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1 85747 Garching b. München Germany
| | - Sebastian Günther
- Chair of Physical Chemistry with Focus on Catalysis Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Technical University of Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1 85747 Garching b. München Germany
| | - Ondrej Tomanek
- Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials RCPTM Šlechtitelů 27 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials RCPTM Šlechtitelů 27 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Richard W. Fischer
- Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) GmbH Waldheimer Straße 15 83052 Bruckmühl Germany
| | - Roland A. Fischer
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Technical University of Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1 85747 Garching b. München Germany
| | - Mirza Cokoja
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Technical University of Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1 85747 Garching b. München Germany
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5
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Polynski MV, Ananikov VP. Modeling Key Pathways Proposed for the Formation and Evolution of “Cocktail”-Type Systems in Pd-Catalyzed Reactions Involving ArX Reagents. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V. Polynski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Prospect, 26, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
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Stotz H, Maier L, Boubnov A, Gremminger A, Grunwaldt JD, Deutschmann O. Surface reaction kinetics of methane oxidation over PdO. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jiang W, Ji W, Au CT. Surface/Interfacial Catalysis of (Metal)/Oxide System: Structure and Performance Control. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P.R. China
| | - Weijie Ji
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P.R. China
| | - Chak-Tong Au
- Department of Chemistry; Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong; Hong Kong P.R. China
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Gao W, Hood ZD, Chi M. Interfaces in Heterogeneous Catalysts: Advancing Mechanistic Understanding through Atomic-Scale Measurements. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:787-795. [PMID: 28207240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Developing novel catalysts with high efficiency and selectivity is critical for enabling future clean energy conversion technologies. Interfaces in catalyst systems have long been considered the most critical factor in controlling catalytic reaction mechanisms. Interfaces include not only the catalyst surface but also interfaces within catalyst particles and those formed by constructing heterogeneous catalysts. The atomic and electronic structures of catalytic surfaces govern the kinetics of binding and release of reactant molecules from surface atoms. Interfaces within catalysts are introduced to enhance the intrinsic activity and stability of the catalyst by tuning the surface atomic and chemical structures. Examples include interfaces between the core and shell, twin or domain boundaries, or phase boundaries within single catalyst particles. In supported catalyst nanoparticles (NPs), the interface between the metallic NP and support serves as a critical tuning factor for enhancing catalytic activity. Surface electronic structure can be indirectly tuned and catalytically active sites can be increased through the use of supporting oxides. Tuning interfaces in catalyst systems has been identified as an important strategy in the design of novel catalysts. However, the governing principle of how interfaces contribute to catalyst behavior, especially in terms of interactions with intermediates and their stability during electrochemical operation, are largely unknown. This is mainly due to the evolving nature of such interfaces. Small changes in the structural and chemical configuration of these interfaces may result in altering the catalytic performance. These interfacial arrangements evolve continuously during synthesis, processing, use, and even static operation. A technique that can probe the local atomic and electronic interfacial structures with high precision while monitoring the dynamic interfacial behavior in situ is essential for elucidating the role of interfaces and providing deeper insight for fine-tuning and optimizing catalyst properties. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has long been a primary characterization technique used for studying nanomaterials because of its exceptional imaging resolution and simultaneous chemical analysis. Over the past decade, advances in STEM, that is, the commercialization of both aberration correctors and monochromators, have significantly improved the spatial and energy resolution. Imaging atomic structures with subangstrom resolution and identifying chemical species with single-atom sensitivity are now routine for STEM. These advancements have greatly benefitted catalytic research. For example, the roles of lattice strain and surface elemental distribution and their effect on catalytic stability and reactivity have been well documented in bimetallic catalysts. In addition, three-dimensional atomic structures revealed by STEM tomography have been integrated in theoretical modeling for predictive catalyst NP design. Recent developments in stable electronic and mechanical devices have opened opportunities to monitor the evolution of catalysts in operando under synthesis and reaction conditions; high-speed direct electron detectors have achieved sub-millisecond time resolutions and allow for rapid structural and chemical changes to be captured. Investigations of catalysts using these latest microscopy techniques have provided new insights into atomic-level catalytic mechanisms. Further integration of new microscopy methods is expected to provide multidimensional descriptions of interfaces under relevant synthesis and reaction conditions. In this Account, we discuss recent insights on understanding catalyst activity, selectivity, and stability using advanced STEM techniques, with an emphasis on how critical interfaces dictate the performance of precious metal-based heterogeneous catalysts. The role of extended interfacial structures, including those between core and shell, between separate phases and twinned grains, between the catalyst surface and gas, and between metal and support are discussed. We also provide an outlook on how emerging electron microscopy techniques, such as vibrational spectroscopy and electron ptychography, will impact future catalysis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpei Gao
- Center for Nanophase
Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Zachary D. Hood
- Center for Nanophase
Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- School of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Center for Nanophase
Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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Shipilin M, Gustafson J, Zhang C, Merte LR, Lundgren E. Step dynamics and oxide formation during CO oxidation over a vicinal Pd surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:20312-20. [PMID: 26805438 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07488f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to bridge the material and pressure gaps - two major challenges for an atomic scale understanding of heterogeneous catalysis - we employed high-energy surface X-ray diffraction as a tool to study the Pd(553) surface in situ under changing reaction conditions during CO oxidation. The diffraction patterns recorded under CO rich reaction conditions are characteristic for the metallic state of the surface. In an environment with low excess of O2 over the reaction stoichiometry, the surface seems to accommodate oxygen atoms along the steps forming one or several subsequent adsorbate structures and rapidly transforms into a combination of (332), (111) and (331) facets likely providing the room for the formation of a surface oxide. For the case of large excess of O2, the diffraction data show the presence of a multilayer PdO with the [101] crystallographic direction parallel to the [111] and the [331] directions of the substrate. The reconstructions in O2 excess are to a large extent similar to those previously reported for pure O2 exposures by Westerström et al. [R. Westerström et al., Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys., 2007, 76, 155410].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Shipilin
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Johan Gustafson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Chu Zhang
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | | | - Edvin Lundgren
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
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Abstract
A combination of periodic, self-consistent density functional theory (DFT-GGA-PW91) calculations, reaction kinetics experiments on a SiO2-supported Pd catalyst, and mean-field microkinetic modeling are used to probe key aspects of H2O2 decomposition on Pd in the absence of cofeeding H2 We conclude that both Pd(111) and OH-partially covered Pd(100) surfaces represent the nature of the active site for H2O2 decomposition on the supported Pd catalyst reasonably well. Furthermore, all reaction flux in the closed catalytic cycle is predicted to flow through an O-O bond scission step in either H2O2 or OOH, followed by rapid H-transfer steps to produce the H2O and O2 products. The barrier for O-O bond scission is sensitive to Pd surface structure and is concluded to be the central parameter governing H2O2 decomposition activity.
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