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Yin D, Zhao B, Wang S, Donahue NM, Feng B, Chang X, Chen Q, Cheng X, Liu T, Chan CK, Schervish M, Li Z, He Y, Hao J. Fostering a Holistic Understanding of the Full Volatility Spectrum of Organic Compounds from Benzene Series Precursors through Mechanistic Modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:8380-8392. [PMID: 38691504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the full volatility spectrum of organic oxidation products from the benzene series precursors is important to quantify the air quality and climate effects of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and new particle formation (NPF). However, current models fail to capture the full volatility spectrum due to the absence of important reaction pathways. Here, we develop a novel unified model framework, the integrated two-dimensional volatility basis set (I2D-VBS), to simulate the full volatility spectrum of products from benzene series precursors by simultaneously representing first-generational oxidation, multigenerational aging, autoxidation, dimerization, nitrate formation, etc. The model successfully reproduces the volatility and O/C distributions of oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs) as well as the concentrations and the O/C of SOA over wide-ranging experimental conditions. In typical urban environments, autoxidation and multigenerational oxidation are the two main pathways for the formation of OOMs and SOA with similar contributions, but autoxidation contributes more to low-volatility products. NOx can reduce about two-thirds of OOMs and SOA, and most of the extremely low-volatility products compared to clean conditions, by suppressing dimerization and autoxidation. The I2D-VBS facilitates a holistic understanding of full volatility product formation, which helps fill the large gap in the predictions of organic NPF, particle growth, and SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejia Yin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Boyang Feng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xing Chang
- Laboratory of Transport Pollution Control and Monitoring Technology, Transport Planning and Research Institute, Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100028, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, BIC-ESAT and IJRC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tengyu Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chak K Chan
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meredith Schervish
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Zeqi Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yicong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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Yu Z, Wei Z, Zhang Z, Li Z, Zhang P, Yang B, Shu J, Wang H, Yan Z. Insight into the crucial reason causing the difference in secondary organic aerosol yields of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with different methyl substituent numbers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:166353. [PMID: 37597565 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yield of toluene photooxidation was reported to substantially higher than that of trimethylbenzene due to the effect of the number of methyl substituents. However, the intrinsic mechanism for this disparity is not clear enough. In this study, a highly-sensitive thermal-desorption photoinduced associative ionization mass spectrometer (TD-PAI-MS) was used to real-time characterize the molecular composition and its evolution of the SOA generated from the photooxidation of toluene and 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene (1,2,3-TMB) in a smog chamber. In the new particle formation (NPF) stage, toluene generated more variety of nucleation precursors, such as benzaldehyde (MW 106) and benzoic acid (MW 122), resulting in a much higher nucleation rate and SOA number concentration. In the SOA growth/aging stage, the key SOA components of toluene were mainly dialdehydes, e.g., 2-oxopropanedial (MW 86) and 4-oxopent-2-enedial (MW 112), which played an important role in the formation of highly oxidized species (HOS) through oligomerization or cyclization reactions. In contrast, due to the presence of more methyl groups, 1,2,3-TMB was inclined to produce ketones, e.g., 2,3-butanedione (MW 86) and 3-methyl-4-oxopent-2-enal (MW 112), which would be cleaved into high-volatility low molecular compounds, e.g., acetic acid, through fragmentation. Taken together, relative to 1,2,3-TMB, the higher nucleation rate during NPF and the significant oligomerization/functionalization process during SOA growth are thought to be the major reasons resulting in the higher SOA yield of toluene. This work provides a reference for the insight into the different SOA yields of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) through further revealing the SOA formation mechanism during toluene and 1,2,3-TMB photooxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangqi Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyang Wei
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongshen Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinian Shu
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijie Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Zitao Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China
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Srivastava D, Li W, Tong S, Shi Z, Harrison RM. Characterization of products formed from the oxidation of toluene and m-xylene with varying NO x and OH exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 334:139002. [PMID: 37220797 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are an important precursor of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the urban environment. SOA formed from the oxidation of anthropogenic VOCs can be substantially more abundant than biogenic SOA and has been shown to account for a significant fraction of fine particulate matter in urban areas. A potential aerosol mass (PAM) chamber was used to investigate the oxidised products from the photo-oxidation of m-xylene and toluene. The experiments were carried out with OH radical as oxidant in both high- and low-NOx conditions and the resultant aerosol samples were collected using quartz filters and analysed by GC × GC-TOFMS. Results show the oxidation products derived from both precursors included ring-retaining and -opening compounds (unsaturated aldehydes, unsaturated ketones and organic acids) with a high number of ring-opening compounds observed from toluene oxidation. Glyoxal and methyl glyoxal were the major ring-cleavage products from both oxidation systems, indicating that a bicyclic route plays an important role in their formation. SOA yields were higher for both precursors under high-NOx (toluene: 0.111; m-xylene: 0.124) than at low-NOx (toluene: 0.089; m-xylene: 0.052), likely linked to higher OH concentrations during low-NOx experiments which may lead to higher degree of fragmentation. DHOPA (2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxo-pentanoic acid), a known tracer of toluene oxidation, was observed in both oxidation systems. The mass fraction of DHOPA in SOA from toluene oxidation was about double the value reported previously, but it should not be regarded as a tracer solely for oxidation of toluene as m-xylene oxidation gave a similar relative yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepchandra Srivastava
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Weiran Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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Zhao H, Wang S, Sun J, Zhang Y, Tang Y. OH-initiated degradation of 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene in the atmosphere and wastewater: Mechanisms, kinetics, and ecotoxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159534. [PMID: 36272473 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene (1,2,3-TMB) is an important volatile organic compound (VOC) present in petroleum wastewater and the atmosphere. This compound can be degraded by OH radicals via abstraction, addition and substitution mechanisms. Results show that the addition mechanism is dominant and H-abstraction is subdominant, while methyl abstraction and substitution mechanisms are negligible in the gas and aqueous phases. Moreover, H-abstraction products undergo further reactions with O2, NO, NO2, H2O, and OH radicals in the atmosphere. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations show that the degraded products, including 2,3,4-trimethylphenyl-nitroperoxoite, 1,2,3-trimethyl-4-nitrobenzene, 1,2,3-trimethyl-5-nitrobenzene, 2,6-dimethylbenzyl nitroperoxoite, 2,3-dimethylphenyl nitroperoxoite, 2,6-dimethylbenzaldehyde, and 2,3-dimethylbenzaldehyde, can photolyze under the sunlight. Kinetically, the calculated total rate constant is 5.57 × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1·s-1 at 1 atm and 298 K, which is consistent with available experimental values measured in the atmosphere. In addition, the calculated total reaction rate constant in water is close to that in the gas phase. In terms of ecotoxicity, all degradation products are less toxic than the initial reactant to fish, green algae and daphnia. For mammals represented by rats, 1,2,3-TMB and its products are moderately toxic, except for 2,3-dimethylphenol and 2,6-dimethylphenol, which are slightly toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Fushun Road 11, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, PR China
| | - Shuangjun Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Fushun Road 11, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, PR China
| | - Jingyu Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Cihu Road 11, Huangshi, Hubei 435002, PR China
| | - Yunju Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, PR China
| | - Yizhen Tang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Fushun Road 11, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, PR China.
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Zhao H, Sun J, Zhang Y, Wang S, Lu C, Tang Y, Guan J, Pan Y. Investigations on mechanisms, kinetics, and ecotoxicity in OH-initiated degradation of 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:84616-84628. [PMID: 35788481 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As one of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the environment, 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene (1,2,4,5-TeMB) present in oily wastewater, and it can occur substitution, abstraction, and addition reactions with OH radicals in the atmosphere and wastewater. Electrostatic potential (ESP) and average local ionization energy (ALIE) prediction indicate that H atoms from CH3 group and the benzene ring are the most active sites in 1,2,4,5-TeMB. The result shows that potential energy surfaces (PESs) in the gas and aqueous phase are similar, and the relevant barriers in the latter one are higher. The dominant channel is H abstraction from the benzene ring, and the subdominant one is OH radical addition to the benzene ring. Furthermore, subsequent reactions of dominant products with O2, NO2, NO, and OH radicals in the atmosphere are studied, as well. The total reaction rate constant is calculated to be 2.36×10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 1 atm and 298 K in the atmosphere, which agrees well with the experimental data. While the total rate constant in the aqueous phase is much lower than that in the gas phase. Ecologic toxicity analysis shows that 1,2,4,5-TeMB is very toxic to fish, daphnia, and green algae; and OH-initiated degradation in the environment will reduce its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Fushun Road 11, Qingdao, Shandong, 266033, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental engineering, Hubei Normal University, Cihu Road 11, Huangshi, Hubei, 435002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunju Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, 621000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangjun Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Fushun Road 11, Qingdao, Shandong, 266033, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenggang Lu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Fushun Road 11, Qingdao, Shandong, 266033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhen Tang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Fushun Road 11, Qingdao, Shandong, 266033, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Guan
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Fushun Road 11, Qingdao, Shandong, 266033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaru Pan
- College of Chemistry, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, 134002, People's Republic of China
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Shrestha S, Yoon S, Erickson MH, Guo F, Mehra M, Bui AAT, Schulze BC, Kotsakis A, Daube C, Herndon SC, Yacovitch TI, Alvarez S, Flynn JH, Griffin RJ, Cobb GP, Usenko S, Sheesley RJ. Traffic, transport, and vegetation drive VOC concentrations in a major urban area in Texas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155861. [PMID: 35568171 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The population of Texas has increased rapidly in the past decade. The San Antonio Field Study (SAFS) was designed to investigate ozone (O3) production and precursors in this rapidly changing, sprawling metropolitan area. There are still many questions regarding the sources and chemistry of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban areas like San Antonio which are affected by a complex mixture of industry, traffic, biogenic sources and transported pollutants. The goal of the SAFS campaign in May 2017 was to measure inorganic trace gases, VOCs, methane (CH4), and ethane (C2H6). The SAFS field design included two sites to better assess air quality across the metro area: an urban site (Traveler's World; TW) and a downwind/suburban site (University of Texas at San Antonio; UTSA). The results indicated that acetone (2.52 ± 1.17 and 2.39 ± 1.27 ppbv), acetaldehyde (1.45 ± 1.02 and 0.93 ± 0.45 ppbv) and isoprene (0.64 ± 0.49 and 1.21 ± 0.85 ppbv; TW and UTSA, respectively) were the VOCs with the highest concentrations. Additionally, positive matrix factorization showed three dominant factors of VOC emissions: biogenic, aged urban mixed source, and acetone. Methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein (MVK + MACR) exhibited contributions from both secondary photooxidation of isoprene and direct emissions from traffic. The C2H6:CH4 demonstrated potential influence of oil and gas activities in San Antonio. Moreover, the high O3 days during the campaign were in the NOx-limited O3 formation regime and were preceded by evening peaks in select VOCs, NOx and CO. Overall, quantification of the concentration and trends of VOCs and trace gases in a major city in Texas offers vital information for general air quality management and supports strategies for reducing O3 pollution. The SAFS campaign VOC results will also add to the growing body of literature on urban sources and concentrations of VOCs in major urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Shrestha
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Subin Yoon
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew H Erickson
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; TerraGraphics Environmental Engineering, Pasco, WA, USA
| | - Fangzhou Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, TX, USA
| | - Manisha Mehra
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Alexander A T Bui
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin C Schulze
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, TX, USA; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Kotsakis
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Universities Space Research Association, NASA/GSFC, Columbia, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sergio Alvarez
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James H Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, TX, USA
| | - George P Cobb
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Sascha Usenko
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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Zhang B, Meng F, Li D. Intermediates formed during natural attenuation of C9 aromatics under simulated marine conditions: Identification, transformation pathway, and toxicity to microalgae. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112558. [PMID: 34932976 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
C9 aromatics - benzene hydrocarbon containing nine carbon atoms among - leakage accident has caused serious damage to the marine ecology near Quangang District, Fujian Province, China. The ecological restoration of the accident sea area is basically realized through natural attenuation. To determine whether the natural attenuation of C9 aromatics in the marine environment will generate highly toxic intermediates, and thus cause more serious harm to marine ecology, the intermediates of C9 aromatics (n-propylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, 2-ethyltoluene, 3-ethyltoluene, 4-ethyltoluene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, and indene) in the process of natural attenuation were studied under the marine conditions simulated by a microcosm. The acute toxic effects of 12 intermediates with longer residual time on Phaeodactylum tricornutum were also ascertained. Twenty natural attenuation intermediates of C9 aromatics were identified. These products primarily include the derivatives of phenols, aromatic alcohols, aromatic aldehydes, aromatic ketones, and aromatic acids, as well as an aromatic lactone compound. No intermediates of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and indene during the attenuation process were determined. The indirect photooxidation initiated by hydroxyl radical might play an essential role in the formation of intermediates of C9 aromatic. Based on the 96-h EC50 values for P. tricornutum, the toxicity of the 12 intermediates, in descending order, was: 4-ethylphenol, 2-methylacetophenone, 2,3-dimethylbenzyl alcohol, 4-methylacetophenone, 3-methylacetophenone, 1-phenyl-1-propanol, 1-(2-methylphenyl) ethanol, 2-phenyl-2-propanol, 3,4-dimethylbenzoic acid, 2,4-dimethylbenzoic acid, 2,5-dimethylbenzoic acid, then 4-tolylacetic acid. The 96-h EC50 values of the intermediates of C9 aromatics to P. tricornutum ranged from 8.4 to 199.1 mg/L, which were lower than that of their corresponding parent compound. The findings provided essential fundamental insights for the assessment of marine environmental risk of C9 aromatics leakage accidents, and subsequent emergency disposal countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Shandong Province, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Fanping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Shandong Province, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Dawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Shandong Province, Qingdao, PR China
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8
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Yang Z, Du L, Li Y, Ge X. Secondary organic aerosol formation from monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: insights from laboratory studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:351-379. [PMID: 35171163 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00409c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) are key anthropogenic pollutants and often dominate the volatile organic compound emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation especially in the urban atmosphere. To evaluate the environmental impacts of SOA formed from the oxidation of MAHs (aromatic SOA), it is of great importance to elucidate their chemical composition, formation mechanism, and physicochemical properties under various atmospheric conditions. Here we seek to compile a common framework for the current studies on aromatic SOA formation and summarize the knowledge on what has been primarily learned from laboratory studies. This review begins with a brief summary of MAHs' emission characteristics, followed by an overview of atmospheric degradation mechanisms for MAHs as well as gas- and particle-phase reactions involving aromatic SOA formation. SOA formation processes highlighted in this review are complex and depend highly on environmental conditions, posing a substantial challenge for theoretical description of aromatic SOA formation. Therefore, the following issues are further discussed in detail: the response of gas-phase chemistry and aromatic SOA mass yield as well as composition to NOx levels, particle-phase reactions and molecular characterization of aromatic SOA in the presence of acidic sulfate, and physicochemical processes of SOA formation involving gas- or particle-phase water. Building on this current understanding, available experimental studies on the effects of environmental conditions were explored. A brief description of the atmospheric importance of aromatic SOA including their optical properties and health influences is also presented. Finally, we highlight the current challenges in laboratory studies and outline directions for future aromatic SOA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomin Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, 266000, Qingdao, China.
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, 266000, Qingdao, China.
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044, Nanjing, China
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9
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Zhu B, Lv X, Zhang M, Wang H, Chen S, Zhu J. MnO2 Coated Nanotheranostic LDH for Synergistic Cascade Chemo/Chemodynamic Cancer Therapy under the Guidance of MRI-Targeted Diagnosis. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:1317-1325. [DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01806j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Integrating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-targeted diagnosis with synergistic cascade treatments, such as chemo/chemodynamic therapy (CT/CDT), is highly desired to promote the antitumor performance; However, the rational design of such “all-in-one”...
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10
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Feng Y, Chen S, Jiang D, Li H, Hua K, Zhao D, Deng M, Ren J. Thermal-Oxidative Membranes Based on Block Hydroxyl Polyimide for H2 Separation. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Feng
- National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Shuhui Chen
- National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Dong Jiang
- National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Kaisheng Hua
- National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Dan Zhao
- National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Maicun Deng
- National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Jizhong Ren
- National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
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11
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Sun Y, Chen X, Liu L, Xu F, Zhang X. Mechanisms and kinetics studies of the atmospheric oxidation of eugenol by hydroxyl radicals and ozone molecules. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145203. [PMID: 33736372 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Eugenol is a representative methoxyphenol derived from the pyrolysis of lignin containing a branched alkene group. Its concentration in the atmosphere is equivalent to guaiacol and syringol. In this present paper, the gas phase reaction mechanisms and kinetic parameters of eugenol with hydroxyl radicals (OH) and ozone molecules (O3) were calculated at the M06-2×/6-311+G(3df,2p)//M06-2×/6-311+G(d,p) level. There are two distinct reaction types between eugenol and OH. In particular, Path2 is most favorable in the OH additions, whereas IM16 is most advantageous in H atom abstraction pathways. OH additions have more advantages than H abstraction reactions. Thus, the comprehensive and detailed reaction schemes for the further reactions of IM2 were presented. The main products generated by IM2 are methyl (Z)-3-(2-formylpenta-1,4-dien-1-yl)-2-hydroxyoxirane-2-carboxylate (P2B-4), 2-methoxy-2-oxoacetic acid (P2B-10), 2-allylmalealdehyde (P2B-11) and other carbonyl or carboxyl compounds. As for the reaction of eugenol with O3, the cycloaddition reactions and subsequent oxidative degradation processes were also explored, which yielded the most dominant product 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) acetaldehyde (P8-1). The reaction constants of the primary reactions for eugenol with OH and O3 under the temperature range of 225- 375 K were successively calculated by POLYRATE and MESMER program. At 298 K and 1 atm, the respective rate coefficients are 5.91 × 10-11 and 5.48 × 10-16 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 and the corresponding atmospheric lifetimes are 4.70 h and 0.72 h. The short lifetimes suggest that once eugenol enters the atmosphere, it is likely to be rapidly degraded. This work aims to provide theoretical guidance for the photochemical reaction mechanisms of eugenol with OH and O3, and present a reference for more experimental researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Sun
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China; Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Fei Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
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12
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Ma F, Guo X, Xia D, Xie HB, Wang Y, Elm J, Chen J, Niu J. Atmospheric Chemistry of Allylic Radicals from Isoprene: A Successive Cyclization-Driven Autoxidation Mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4399-4409. [PMID: 33769798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric chemistry of isoprene has broad implications for regional air quality and the global climate. Allylic radicals, taking 13-17% yield in the isoprene oxidation by •Cl, can contribute as much as 3.6-4.9% to all possible formed intermediates in local regions at daytime. Considering the large quantity of isoprene emission, the chemistry of the allylic radicals is therefore highly desirable. Here, we investigated the atmospheric oxidation mechanism of the allylic radicals using quantum chemical calculations and kinetics modeling. The results indicate that the allylic radicals can barrierlessly combine with O2 to form peroxy radicals (RO2•). Under ≤100 ppt NO and ≤50 ppt HO2• conditions, the formed RO2• mainly undergo two times "successive cyclization and O2 addition" to finally form the product fragments 2-alkoxy-acetaldehyde (C2H3O2•) and 3-hydroperoxy-2-oxopropanal (C3H4O4). The presented reaction illustrates a novel successive cyclization-driven autoxidation mechanism. The formed 3-hydroperoxy-2-oxopropanal product is a new isomer of the atmospheric C3H4O4 family and a potential aqueous-phase secondary organic aerosol precursor. Under >100 ppt NO condition, NO can mediate the cyclization-driven autoxidation process to form C5H7NO3, C5H7NO7, and alkoxy radical-related products. The proposed novel autoxidation mechanism advances our current understanding of the atmospheric chemistry of both isoprene and RO2•.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Xirui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Deming Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
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13
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Song M, Liu Y, Li X, Lu S. Advances on Atmospheric Oxidation Mechanism of Typical Aromatic Hydrocarbons. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a21050224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Koss AR, Canagaratna MR, Zaytsev A, Krechmer JE, Breitenlechner M, Nihill KJ, Lim CY, Rowe JC, Roscioli JR, Keutsch FN, Kroll JH. Dimensionality-reduction techniques for complex mass spectrometric datasets: application to laboratory atmospheric organic oxidation experiments. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:1021-1041. [PMID: 33777125 PMCID: PMC7995644 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-1021-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of organic compounds in the atmosphere produces an immensely complex mixture of product species, posing a challenge for both their measurement in laboratory studies and their inclusion in air quality and climate models. Mass spectrometry techniques can measure thousands of these species, giving insight into these chemical processes, but the datasets themselves are highly complex. Data reduction techniques that group compounds in a chemically and kinetically meaningful way provide a route to simplify the chemistry of these systems but have not been systematically investigated. Here we evaluate three approaches to reducing the dimensionality of oxidation systems measured in an environmental chamber: positive matrix factorization (PMF), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), and a parameterization to describe kinetics in terms of multigenerational chemistry (gamma kinetics parameterization, GKP). The evaluation is implemented by means of two datasets: synthetic data consisting of a three-generation oxidation system with known rate constants, generation numbers, and chemical pathways; and the measured products of OH-initiated oxidation of a substituted aromatic compound in a chamber experiment. We find that PMF accounts for changes in the average composition of all products during specific periods of time but does not sort compounds into generations or by another reproducible chemical process. HCA, on the other hand, can identify major groups of ions and patterns of behavior and maintains bulk chemical properties like carbon oxidation state that can be useful for modeling. The continuum of kinetic behavior observed in a typical chamber experiment can be parameterized by fitting species' time traces to the GKP, which approximates the chemistry as a linear, first-order kinetic system. The fitted parameters for each species are the number of reaction steps with OH needed to produce the species (the generation) and an effective kinetic rate constant that describes the formation and loss rates of the species. The thousands of species detected in a typical laboratory chamber experiment can be organized into a much smaller number (10-30) of groups, each of which has a characteristic chemical composition and kinetic behavior. This quantitative relationship between chemical and kinetic characteristics, and the significant reduction in the complexity of the system, provides an approach to understanding broad patterns of behavior in oxidation systems and could be exploited for mechanism development and atmospheric chemistry modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R. Koss
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Alexander Zaytsev
- Harvard University, Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Martin Breitenlechner
- Harvard University, Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kevin J. Nihill
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Y. Lim
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James C. Rowe
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Frank N. Keutsch
- Harvard University, Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jesse H. Kroll
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA
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15
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Zaytsev A, Koss AR, Breitenlechner M, Krechmer JE, Nihill KJ, Lim CY, Rowe JC, Cox JL, Moss J, Roscioli JR, Canagaratna MR, Worsnop DR, Kroll JH, Keutsch FN. Mechanistic study of the formation of ring-retaining and ring-opening products from the oxidation of aromatic compounds under urban atmospheric conditions. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2019; 19:15117-15129. [PMID: 32256548 PMCID: PMC7133713 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-15117-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic hydrocarbons make up a large fraction of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds and contribute significantly to the production of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Four toluene and four 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (1,2,4-TMB) photooxidation experiments were performed in an environmental chamber under relevant polluted conditions (NO x ~ 10ppb). An extensive suite of instrumentation including two proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometers (PTR-MS) and two chemical ionisation mass spectrometers (NH 4 + CIMS and I- CIMS) allowed for quantification of reactive carbon in multiple generations of hydroxyl radical (OH)-initiated oxidation. Oxidation of both species produces ring-retaining products such as cresols, benzaldehydes, and bicyclic intermediate compounds, as well as ring-scission products such as epoxides and dicarbonyls. We show that the oxidation of bicyclic intermediate products leads to the formation of compounds with high oxygen content (an O : C ratio of up to 1.1). These compounds, previously identified as highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs), are produced by more than one pathway with differing numbers of reaction steps with OH, including both auto-oxidation and phenolic pathways. We report the elemental composition of these compounds formed under relevant urban high-NO conditions. We show that ring-retaining products for these two precursors are more diverse and abundant than predicted by current mechanisms. We present the speciated elemental composition of SOA for both precursors and confirm that highly oxygenated products make up a significant fraction of SOA. Ring-scission products are also detected in both the gas and particle phases, and their yields and speciation generally agree with the kinetic model prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zaytsev
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138, USA
| | - Abigail R. Koss
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
- now at: TOFWERK USA, Boulder, CO80301, USA
| | - Martin Breitenlechner
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138, USA
| | | | - Kevin J. Nihill
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - Christopher Y. Lim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - James C. Rowe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - Joshua L. Cox
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138, USA
| | - Joshua Moss
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jesse H. Kroll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - Frank N. Keutsch
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138, USA
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16
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Sun Y, Xu F, Li X, Zhang Q, Gu Y. Mechanisms and kinetic studies of OH-initiated atmospheric oxidation of methoxyphenols in the presence of O 2 and NO x. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:21856-21866. [PMID: 31553018 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03246k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methoxyphenols, as the main products and tracers of biomass burning, have been demonstrated to play an important role in the formation of secondary organic aerosols. However, their chemical transformation and migration in the atmosphere haven't been well characterized. In this study, detailed gas-phase reaction mechanisms and kinetics of three representative methoxyphenols (guaiacol, creosol and syringol) with OH radicals were investigated by using density functional theory (DFT). The initial reactions of methoxyphenols with OH radicals proceed via two different patterns, including OH-addition and H-atom abstraction. Subsequent reaction schemes of the active intermediates in the presence of O2/NOx are thoughtfully modeled. Catechol, methyl glyoxylate, malealdehyde and carbonyl or carboxyl compounds were confirmed as the dominant oxidation products for guaiacol. As a supplementary study, the formation pathways for the expected products nitroguaiacol and nitrocatechol were presented in high-NO2 conditions. Total and individual rate coefficients are calculated using the MESMER program at 294 K and 1 atm. The lifetimes of guaiacol, creosol and syringol were estimated to be 4.27, 3.56 and 2.98 hours, respectively, which are strongly competitive with the solar photolysis of methoxyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Sun
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
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17
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Li Y, Sun Y, Zhang Q. Theoretical and Kinetic Properties of OH Radical-Initiated Oxidation of Galaxolide in the Atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:9151-9159. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b07456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Sun
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Liu Y, Li M, Wang L. Mechanism and fate of cyclohexadienyl radicals with O2 in the atmosphere. A theoretical study. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Large unexplained suite of chemically reactive compounds present in ambient air due to biomass fires. Sci Rep 2018; 8:626. [PMID: 29330495 PMCID: PMC5766614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass fires impact global atmospheric chemistry. The reactive compounds emitted and formed due to biomass fires drive ozone and organic aerosol formation, affecting both air quality and climate. Direct hydroxyl (OH) Reactivity measurements quantify total gaseous reactive pollutant loadings and comparison with measured compounds yields the fraction of unmeasured compounds. Here, we quantified the magnitude and composition of total OH reactivity in the north-west Indo-Gangetic Plain. More than 120% increase occurred in total OH reactivity (28 s-1 to 64 s-1) and from no missing OH reactivity in the normal summertime air, the missing OH reactivity fraction increased to ~40 % in the post-harvest summertime period influenced by large scale biomass fires highlighting presence of unmeasured compounds. Increased missing OH reactivity between the two summertime periods was associated with increased concentrations of compounds with strong photochemical source such as acetaldehyde, acetone, hydroxyacetone, nitromethane, amides, isocyanic acid and primary emissions of acetonitrile and aromatic compounds. Currently even the most detailed state-of-the art atmospheric chemistry models exclude formamide, acetamide, nitromethane and isocyanic acid and their highly reactive precursor alkylamines (e.g. methylamine, ethylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine). For improved understanding of atmospheric chemistry-air quality-climate feedbacks in biomass-fire impacted atmospheric environments, future studies should include these compounds.
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20
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Yuan Y, Zhao X, Wang S, Wang L. Atmospheric Oxidation of Furan and Methyl-Substituted Furans Initiated by Hydroxyl Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:9306-9319. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b09741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yuan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaocan Zhao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Sainan Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Liming Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution
Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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21
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Wang Y, Zeng X. OH-initiated atmospheric oxidation mechanism of 1-chloropyrene: A theoretical study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Wang S, Wu R, Berndt T, Ehn M, Wang L. Formation of Highly Oxidized Radicals and Multifunctional Products from the Atmospheric Oxidation of Alkylbenzenes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8442-8449. [PMID: 28682596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic hydrocarbons contribute significantly to tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Despite large efforts in elucidating the formation mechanism of aromatic-derived SOA, current models still substantially underestimate the SOA yields when comparing to field measurements. Here we present a new, up to now undiscovered pathway for the formation of highly oxidized products from the OH-initiated oxidation of alkyl benzenes based on theoretical and experimental investigations. We propose that unimolecular H-migration followed by O2-addition, a so-called autoxidation step, can take place in bicyclic peroxy radicals (BPRs), which are important intermediates of the OH-initiated oxidation of aromatic compounds. These autoxidation steps lead to the formation of highly oxidized multifunctional compounds (HOMs), which are able to form SOA. Our theoretical calculations suggest that the intramolecular H-migration in BPRs of substituted benzenes could be fast enough to compete with bimolecular reactions with HO2 radicals or NO under atmospheric conditions. The theoretical findings are experimentally supported by flow tube studies using chemical ionization mass spectrometry to detect the highly oxidized peroxy radical intermediates and closed-shell products. This new unimolecular BPR route to form HOMs in the gas phase enhances our understanding of the aromatic oxidation mechanism, and contributes significantly to a better understanding of aromatic-derived SOA in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sainan Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Runrun Wu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Torsten Berndt
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research , TROPOS, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mikael Ehn
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Liming Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006, China
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23
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Ponnusamy S, Sandhiya L, Senthilkumar K. The atmospheric oxidation mechanism and kinetics of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene initiated by OH radicals – a theoretical study. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01285c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The atmospheric fate of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene is determined by OH-radical addition, and subsequent bicyclic peroxy radical ring closure and ring breaking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ponnusamy
- Department of Physics
- Bharathiar University
- Coimbatore
- India
| | - L. Sandhiya
- Department of Physics
- Bharathiar University
- Coimbatore
- India
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24
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Sun Y, Zhang Q, Wang H, Wang W. Quantum chemical investigation on the mechanism and kinetics of OH radical-initiated atmospheric oxidation of PCB-47. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 133:53-60. [PMID: 25898309 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The OH radical-initiated atmospheric oxidation degradation of 2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB-47) was investigated by using quantum chemical calculations. All possible pathways involved in the oxidation process were discussed. Potential barriers and reaction heats have been obtained to assess the energetically favorable reaction pathways and the relatively stable products. The study shows that the OH radicals are more likely to attack the C3 and C5 atom of the aromatic ring in the PCB-47 molecule to form PCB-OH adducts. Subsequent reactions are the addition of O2 or NO2 molecule to the PCB-OH adducts at the ortho position of the OH group. Water molecule plays an important role during the whole degradation process. The individual and overall rate constants were calculated by using the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theory over the temperature range of 180-370K. At 298K, the atmospheric lifetime of PCB-47 determined by OH radicals is about 9.1d. The computational results are crucial to risk assessment and pollution prevention of PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
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25
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Priya AM, Senthilkumar L. Reaction of OH radical and ozone with methyl salicylate - a DFT study. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Mano Priya
- Department of Physics; Bharathiar University; Coimbatore 641046 Tamil Nadu India
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26
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Wang L. The Atmospheric Oxidation Mechanism of Benzyl Alcohol Initiated by OH Radicals: The Addition Channels. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:1542-50. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Wu R, Li Y, Pan S, Wang S, Wang L. The atmospheric oxidation mechanism of 2-methylnaphthalene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:23413-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02731d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fate of α- and β-adducts between OH and naphthalene is different in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runrun Wu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Yun Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Shanshan Pan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Sainan Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Liming Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control
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28
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Pan S, Wang L. Atmospheric oxidation mechanism of m-xylene initiated by OH radical. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:10778-87. [PMID: 25320837 DOI: 10.1021/jp506815v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The atmospheric oxidation mechanism of m-xylene (mX) initiated by the OH radical is investigated at M06-2X and ROCBS-QB3 levels, coupled with reaction kinetics calculations by using transition state theory and unimolecular RRKM-ME theory. The calculations show that the reaction between OH and mX is dominated by OH addition to the C2 and C4 positions, forming adducts mX-2-OH (R2) and mX-4-OH (R4). In the atmosphere, R2 and R4 react with O2 by irreversible H-abstraction to dimethylphenols or by reversible additions to bicyclic radical intermediates, which would recombine again with O2 to form bicyclic peroxy radicals, to bicyclic alkoxyl radicals by reacting with NO or HO2, and eventually to final products such as glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and their coproducts. The effects of reaction pressure and temperature are explored by RRKM-ME calculations. A mechanism at 298 K is proposed on the basis of current predictions and previous experimental and modeling results. The predicted product yields support the values in the SAPRC mechanism, even though the predicted yield of 1.0% for glyoxal is lower than the value of ∼11% from the experimental measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Pan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
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