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Ismael AK. 20-State Molecular Switch in a Li@C 60 Complex. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19767-19771. [PMID: 37305247 PMCID: PMC10249121 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A substantial potential advantage of industrial electric and thermoelectric devices utilizing endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) is their ability to accommodate metallic moieties inside their empty cavities. Experimental and theoretical studies have elucidated the merit of this extraordinary feature with respect to developing electrical conductance and thermopower. Published research studies have demonstrated multiple state molecular switches initiated with 4, 6, and 14 distinguished switching states. Through comprehensive theoretical investigations involving electronic structure and electric transport, we report 20 molecular switching states that can be statistically recognized employing the endohedral fullerene Li@C60 complex. We propose a switching technique that counts on the location of the alkali metal that encapsulates inside a fullerene cage. The 20 switching states correspond to the 20 hexagonal rings that the Li cation energetically prefers to reside close to. We demonstrate that the multiswitching feature of such molecular complexes can be controlled by taking advantage of the off-center displacement and charge transfer from the alkali metal to the C60 cage. The most energetically favorable optimization suggests 1.2-1.4 Å off-center displacement, and Mulliken, Hirshfeld, and Voronoi simulations articulate that the charge migrates from the Li cation to C60 fullerene; however, the amount of the charge transferred depends on the nature and location of the cation within the complex. We believe that the proposed work suggests a relevant step toward the practical application of molecular switches in organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali K. Ismael
- Department
of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
- Department
of Physics, College of Education for Pure Science, Tikrit University, Salahuddin, Al-Qadissiya street 34001, Tikrit, Iraq
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2
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Miller A, Halstead M, Besley E, Stace AJ. Designing stable binary endohedral fullerene lattices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10044-10052. [PMID: 35415738 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle lattices and endohedral fullerenes have both been identified as potential building blocks for future electronic, magnetic and optical devices; here it is proposed that it could be possible to combine those concepts and design stable nanoparticle lattices composed from binary collections of endohedral fullerenes. The inclusion of an atom, for example Ca or F, within a fullerene cage is known to be accompanied by a redistribution of surface charge, whereby the cage can acquire either a negative (Ca) or positive (F) charge. From calculations involving a combination of van der Waals and many-body electrostatic interactions, it is predicted that certain binary combinations, for example a metal (A) and a halogen (B), could result in the formation of stable nanoparticle lattices with the familiar AB and AB2 stoichiometries. Much of the stability is due to Coulomb interactions, however, charge-induced and van der Waals interactions, which always enhance stability, are found to extend the range of charge on a cage over which lattices are stable. Some lattice types are shown to be three or four times more stable than an equivalent neutral C60 structure. An extension of the calculations to the fabrication of structures involving endohedral C84 is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Miller
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Matthew Halstead
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Elena Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Anthony J Stace
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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Cao Y, Khan A, Balakheyli H, Lup ANK, Ramezani Taghartapeh M, Mirzaei H, Reza Khandoozi S, Soltani A, Aghaei M, Heidari F, Sarkar SM, Albadarin AB. Penicillamine functionalized B12N12 and B12CaN12 nanocages act as potential inhibitors of proinflammatory cytokines: A combined DFT analysis, ADMET and molecular docking study. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Ando H, Nakao Y. Quantum states of the endohedral fullerene Li +@C 60 surrounded by anions: energy decomposition analysis of nuclear wave functions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9785-9803. [PMID: 33908486 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00056j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lithium is the lightest metal element. To date, little is known about its quantized nuclear motion in nanoscale porous structures. Endohedral fullerene Li+@C60 is an ideal porous system for studying such a quantized motion. Recent studies suggest that the anions surrounding the C60 cage exterior and a slight cage distortion can alter the potential field in the cage interior and thus the nuclear wave function of Li+. It has yet to be clarified how the electronic state, particularly the flexible π electron cloud of the C60 cage, is associated with (de)localization of the Li+ wave function. Focusing on the [Li+@C60]PF6- crystal, we constructed a local structure model considering the PF6- coordination and the cage distortion. We developed model functions that fit the post-Hartree-Fock potential energy surface for the Li+ motion and its decomposed components, four interaction energy surfaces. The decomposition clarified the origins of the shell-like adsorbent potential and the potential wells therein. The Fourier grid Hamiltonian method allowed us to obtain low-energy Li+ wave functions. The ground state is nearly two-fold degenerate, and its wave functions are mostly localized underneath two C6 rings, near the disordered sites of Li+ in the X-ray crystal structure. By extending the energy decomposition analysis within the clamped-nuclei approximation to incorporate the delocalization of nuclear wave functions, we demonstrated that the ground state is stabilized by the polarization, dispersion, and electrostatic interactions. Beyond the common picture of Li+ moving in a classical electrostatic field, our approach will deepen the understanding of the flexible Li+ wave function confined in a polarizable porous structure by various intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ando
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan.
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Jaroš A, Bonab EF, Straka M, Foroutan-Nejad C. Fullerene-Based Switching Molecular Diodes Controlled by Oriented External Electric Fields. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19644-19654. [PMID: 31744293 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Employing multiscale in silico modeling, we propose switching molecular diodes on the basis of endohedral fullerenes (fullerene switching diode, FSD), encapsulated with polar molecules of general type MX (M: metal, X: nonmetal) to be used for data storage and processing. Here, we demonstrate for MX@C70 systems that the relative orientation of enclosed MX with respect to a set of electrodes connected to the system can be controlled by application of oriented external electric field(s). We suggest systems with two- and four-terminal electrodes, in which the source and drain electrodes help the current to pass through the device and help the switching between the conductive states of FSD via applied voltage. The gate electrodes then assist the switching by effectively lowering the energy barrier between local minima via stabilizing the transition state of switching process if the applied voltage between the source and drain is insufficient to switch the MX inside the fullerene. Using nonequilibrium Green's function combined with density functional theory (DFT-NEGF) computations, we further show that conductivity of the studied MX@C70 systems depends on the relative orientation of MX inside the cage with respect to the electrodes. Therefore, the orientation of the MX inside C70 can be both enforced ("written") and retrieved ("read") by applied voltage. The studied systems thus behave like voltage-sensitive switching molecular diodes, which is reminiscent of a molecular memristor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jaroš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo nám. 2 , CZ-16610 Prague , Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science , Charles University , Albertov 2038/6 , CZ-12843 Prague 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Esmaeil Farajpour Bonab
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology , Masaryk University , Kamenice 5/A4 , CZ-62500 Brno , Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 5 , CZ-62500 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Michal Straka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo nám. 2 , CZ-16610 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Cina Foroutan-Nejad
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology , Masaryk University , Kamenice 5/A4 , CZ-62500 Brno , Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 5 , CZ-62500 Brno , Czech Republic.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 5 , CZ-62500 Brno , Czech Republic
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Chandler HJ, Stefanou M, Campbell EEB, Schaub R. Li@C 60 as a multi-state molecular switch. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2283. [PMID: 31123258 PMCID: PMC6533348 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of molecular electronics aims at advancing the miniaturization of electronic devices, by exploiting single molecules to perform the function of individual components. A molecular switch is defined as a molecule that displays stability in two or more states (e.g. "on" and "off" involving conductance, conformation etc.) and upon application of a controlled external perturbation, electric or otherwise, undergoes a reversible change such that the molecule is altered. Previous work has shown multi-state molecular switches with up to four and six distinct states. Using low temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy, we report on a multi-state single molecule switch using the endohedral fullerene Li@C60 that displays 14 molecular states which can be statistically accessed. We suggest a switching mechanism that relies on resonant tunnelling via the superatom molecular orbitals (SAMOs) of the fullerene cage as a means of Li activation, thereby bypassing the typical vibronic excitation of the carbon cage that is known to cause molecular decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Chandler
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Minas Stefanou
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Eleanor E B Campbell
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.,Division of Quantum Phases and Devices, School of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Renald Schaub
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
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Raggi G, Besley E, Stace AJ. The influence hydrogen atom addition has on charge switching during motion of the metal atom in endohedral Ca@C60H4 isomers. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:rsta.2015.0319. [PMID: 27501967 PMCID: PMC4978743 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory has been applied in a study of charge transfer between an endohedral calcium atom and the fullerene cage in Ca@C60H4 and [Ca@C60H4](+) isomers. Previous calculations on Ca@C60 have shown that the motion of calcium within a fullerene is accompanied by large changes in electron density on the carbon cage. Based on this observation, it has been proposed that a tethered endohedral fullerene might form the bases of a nanoswitch. Through the addition of hydrogen atoms to one hemisphere of the cage it is shown that, when compared with Ca@C60, asymmetric and significantly reduced energy barriers can be generated with respect to motion of the calcium atom. It is proposed that hydrogen atom addition to a fullerene might offer a route for creating a bi-stable nanoswitch that can be fine-tuned through the selection of an appropriate isomer and number of atoms attached to the cage of an endohedral fullerene.This article is part of the themed issue 'Fullerenes: past, present and future, celebrating the 30th anniversary of Buckminster Fullerene'.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Raggi
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - E Besley
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - A J Stace
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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Chaban VV, Fileti EE. Strong electronic polarization of the C60 fullerene by imidazolium-based ionic liquids: accurate insights from Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamic simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:15739-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00350d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fullerenes are known to be polarizable due to their strained carbon–carbon bonds and high surface curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly V. Chaban
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo
- São José dos Campos
- Brazil
| | - Eudes Eterno Fileti
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo
- São José dos Campos
- Brazil
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