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Xian Z, Chen Y, Li N, Zhu T. Advances in the synthesis of heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials and their application in sensors, adsorbents and catalysis. Analyst 2023; 148:6201-6222. [PMID: 37921459 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01401k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, as a new type of carbon material, graphene has attracted much attention owing to its high conductivity, large specific surface area and excellent chemical stability. After introducing heteroatoms into graphene, the physical, chemical and biological properties of doped graphene are significantly enhanced. This review focuses on synthesis methods for N, B, P and S co-doped graphene and graphene-based composites and comprehensively discusses their recent applications in the fields of sensors, adsorbents and catalysis. The challenges and application prospects of heteroatom doped graphene materials are also proposed. This study provides a reference and guidance for the development and application of new doped graphene materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Xian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
| | - Yanmei Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
| | - Na Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
| | - Tao Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
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2
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Denis PA. Heteroatom Codoped Graphene: The Importance of Nitrogen. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:45935-45961. [PMID: 36570263 PMCID: PMC9773818 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although graphene has exceptional properties, they are not enough to solve the extensive list of pressing world problems. The substitutional doping of graphene using heteroatoms is one of the preferred methods to adjust the physicochemical properties of graphene. Much effort has been made to dope graphene using a single dopant. However, in recent years, substantial efforts have been made to dope graphene using two or more dopants. This review summarizes all the hard work done to synthesize, characterize, and develop new technologies using codoped, tridoped, and quaternary doped graphene. First, I discuss a simple question that has a complicated answer: When can an atom be considered a dopant? Then, I briefly discuss the single atom doped graphene as a starting point for this review's primary objective: codoped or dual-doped graphene. I extend the discussion to include tridoped and quaternary doped graphene. I review most of the systems that have been synthesized or studied theoretically and the areas in which they have been used to develop new technologies. Finally, I discuss the challenges and prospects that will shape the future of this fascinating field. It will be shown that most of the graphene systems that have been reported involve the use of nitrogen, and much effort is needed to develop codoped graphene systems that do not rely on the stabilizing effects of nitrogen. I expect that this review will contribute to introducing more researchers to this fascinating field and enlarge the list of codoped graphene systems that have been synthesized.
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Choong ZY, Lin KYA, Lisak G, Lim TT, Oh WD. Multi-heteroatom-doped carbocatalyst as peroxymonosulfate and peroxydisulfate activator for water purification: A critical review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128077. [PMID: 34953256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxydisulfate (PDS) (or collectively known as persulfate, PS) using carbocatalyst is increasingly gaining attention as a promising technology for sustainable recalcitrant pollutant removal in water. Single heteroatom doping using either N, S, B or P is widely used to enhance the performance of the carbocatalyst for PS activation. However, the performance enhancement from single heteroatom doping is limited by the type of heteroatom used. To further enhance the performance of the carbocatalyst beyond the limit of single heteroatom doping, multi-heteroatom doping can be conducted. This review aims to provide a state-of-the-art overview on the development of multi-heteroatom-doped carbocatalyst for PS activation. The potential synergistic and antagonistic interactions of various heteroatoms including N and B, N and S, N and P, and N and halogen for PS activation are evaluated. Thereafter, the preparation strategies to develop multi-heteroatom-doped carbocatalyst including one-step and multi-step preparation approaches along with the characterization techniques are discussed. Evidence and summary of the performance of multi-heteroatom-doped carbocatalyst for various recalcitrant pollutants removal via PS activation are also provided. Finally, the prospects of employing multi-heteroatom-doped carbocatalyst including the need to study the correlation between different heteroatom combination, surface moiety type, and amount of dopant with the PS activation mechanism, identifying the best heteroatom combination, improving the durability of the carbocatalyst, evaluating the feasibility for full-scale application, developing low-cost multi-heteroatom-doped carbocatalyst, and assessing the environmental impact are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yi Choong
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Grzegorz Lisak
- Resource and Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Teik-Thye Lim
- Resource and Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Wen-Da Oh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
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Zou Y, Guo D, Yang B, Zhou L, Lin P, Wang J, Chen X, Wang S. Toward High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Efficient Anchoring and Catalytic Conversion of Polysulfides Using P-Doped Carbon Foam. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:50093-50100. [PMID: 34649425 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rational design of the sulfur cathode structure enables effective adsorption of polysulfides and accelerates the sulfur reduction reaction, which is of great significance to the practical application of lithium-sulfur batteries. Here, P-doped carbon foam (PCF) as a sulfur host for the lithium-sulfur battery cathode was successfully synthesized by a facile strategy. The tailored hierarchical pore structure combined with P doping not only facilitates Li+ diffusion but also enhances the adsorption and accelerates the catalytic conversion of lithium polysulfides, thus significantly improving lithium storage performance of the PCF/S cathode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Zou
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Daying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Peirong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jinyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xi'an Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Yang F, Qiu M, Miao Z, Zhang T, Zhang S, Wu Z. N, P-Codoped Carbon Film Derived from Phosphazenes and Its Printing Integration with a Polymer Carpet Via "Molecular Welding" for Flexible Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:29894-29905. [PMID: 34128633 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although high-performance graphene-based micro/nano flexible electronic devices have shown promising applications in numerous fields, there are still many problems in converting graphene into practical applications. Heteroatom-doped graphene materials are of huge importance because heteroatom doping can significantly change the electronic structure and introduce the active site, which benefits the integration with a promising substrate and achieves nondestructive transfer of carbon materials. Herein, we analyze in detail the pyrolysis gas composition of heteroatom-enriched phosphazenes with different structures and prepare a series of high-quality in situ N, P-codoped carbon-based films from phosphazene solid sources on a low-cost glass substrate by a convenient one-step method. The N, P-codoped carbon film shows reflectivity, good conductivity, and transparency. In addition, with the help of in situ "molecular welding", we achieve nondestructive transfer of a conductive carbon-based film from a glass substrate to promising layer-polyimide (PI) and prepare a flexible free-standing carbon/PI hybrid film with an excellent binding interface. The flexible conductive hybrid film shows excellent durability under an extremely low temperature environment and superior bending stability after 800 bending cycles. The results suggest that a phosphazene precursor is an amazing choice for constructing high-quality heteroatom-doped conductive carbon films. Besides, this work provides a promising way for nondestructive transfer of the conductive carbon-based films and large-scale preparation of large-area patterned conductive thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Munan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhenwei Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Teng Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Shuangkun Zhang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhanpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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6
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Chen G, Yuan B, Wang Y, Chen X, Huang C, Shang S, Tao H, Liu J, Sun W, Yang P, Shi G. Nacre-biomimetic graphene oxide paper intercalated by phytic acid and its ultrafast fire-alarm application. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 578:412-421. [PMID: 32535423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.05.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel nacre-like flame-retardant paper based on graphene oxide (GO), and phytic acid (PTA) is fabricated via evaporation-induced self-assembly. This facile method is time saving and low energy consuming. A facile approach is proposed to improve thermal oxidative stability of GO paper by in situ phosphorus doping during flame exposure. Then fire-alarm system is designed based on the high-temperature thermal reduction characteristic of GO. The GO paper functionalized with PTA (GO-PTA) can provide ultrasensitive, reliable and longtime fire early-warning signal. Fire alarm can be triggered at approximately 0.50 s when GO-PTA samples are attacked by fire. Phosphorus atoms are in situ doped into graphene layers during fire exposure, endowing GO-PTA paper with outstanding thermal oxidative stability, and thus alarm duration time of GO is greatly improved. The work develops advanced fire detection and early-warning sensors that provide reliable and continuous signals, which provide more available time for fire evacuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongqing Chen
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bihe Yuan
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chuyuan Huang
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sheng Shang
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongji Tao
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Weikang Sun
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pan Yang
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guibin Shi
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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7
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Feng L, Qin Z, Huang Y, Peng K, Wang F, Yan Y, Chen Y. Boron-, sulfur-, and phosphorus-doped graphene for environmental applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134239. [PMID: 31505340 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The control of environmental pollutants is a global concern. Recently, heteroatom-doped graphene has drawn increasing attention due to their widespread applications in removing and detecting environmental pollutants. Owing to the introduction of heteroatoms into pristine graphene, the properties of heteroatom-doped graphene have been significantly enhanced in physic, chemistry, and biology. This review focuses on the approaches for synthesis and characterization of boron-, sulfur-, and phosphorus-doped graphene and their applications in the fields of adsorption, catalysis, and detection for environmental pollutants. The mechanisms of environmental applications, including π-π interactions, complexation, hydrophobic interactions, electronic conductivity, and active sites and reactive radicals, are elaborated. Furthermore, the challenges associated with the use of heteroatom-doped graphene materials and their prospective applications are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiyi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yujun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kangshou Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224002, China
| | - Yinguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
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8
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He SM, Huang CC, Liou JW, Woon WY, Su CY. Spectroscopic and Electrical Characterizations of Low-Damage Phosphorous-Doped Graphene via Ion Implantation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:47289-47298. [PMID: 31746197 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Development of n-/p-type semiconducting graphenes is a critical route to implement in graphene-based nanoelectronics and optronics. Compared to the p-type graphene, the n-type graphene is more difficult to be prepared. Recently, phosphorous doping was reported to achieve air-stable and high mobility of n-typed graphene. The phosphorous-doped graphene (P-Gra) by ion implantation is considered as an ideal method for tailoring graphene due to its IC compatible process; however, for a conventional ion implanter, the acceleration energy is in the order of kiloelectron volts (keV), thus severely destroys the sp2 bonding of graphene owing to its high energy of accelerated ions. The introduced defects, therefore, degrade the electrical performance of graphene. Here, for the first time, we report a low-damage n-typed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene by an industrial-compatible ion implanter with an energy of 20 keV where the designed protection layer (thin Au film) covered on as-grown CVD graphene is employed to efficiently reduce defect formation. The additional post-annealing is found to heal the crystal defects of graphene. Moreover, this method allows transferring ultraclean and residue-free P-Gra onto versatile target substrates directly. The doping configuration, crystallinity, and electrical properties on P-Gra were comprehensively studied. The results indicate that the low-damaged P-Gra with a controllable doping concentration of up to 4.22 at % was achieved, which is the highest concentration ever recorded. The doped graphenes with tunable work functions (4.85-4.15 eV) and stable n-type doping while keeping high-carrier mobility are realized. This work contributes to the proof-of-concept for tailoring graphene or 2D materials through doping with an exceptional low defect density by the low energy ion implantation, suggesting a great potential for unconventional doping technologies for next-generation 2D-based nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ching-Yuan Su
- Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic Module , National central University , Tao-Yuan 32001 , Taiwan
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9
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Studies of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia adsorption on P- and Si-doped graphene: density functional theory calculations. J Mol Model 2019; 25:94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-3974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Alattas M, Schwingenschlögl U. Band Gap Control in Bilayer Graphene by Co-Doping with B-N Pairs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17689. [PMID: 30523269 PMCID: PMC6283863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic band structure of bilayer graphene is studied systematically in the presence of substitutional B and/or N doping, using density functional theory with van der Waals correction. We show that introduction of B-N pairs into bilayer graphene can be used to create a substantial band gap, stable against thermal fluctuations at room temperature, but otherwise leaves the electronic band structure in the vicinity of the Fermi energy largely unaffected. Introduction of B-N pairs into B and/or N doped bilayer graphene likewise hardly modifies the band dispersions. In semiconducting systems (same amount of B and N dopants), however, the size of the band gap is effectively tuned in the presence of B-N pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alattas
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - U Schwingenschlögl
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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Scardamaglia M, Bittencourt C. Metal-free catalysis based on nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials: a photoelectron spectroscopy point of view. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:2015-2031. [PMID: 30116692 PMCID: PMC6071692 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the use of doped carbon nanomaterials in catalysis, a subject that is currently intensively studied. The availability of carbon nanotubes since the 1990's and of graphene ten years later prompted the development of novel nanotechnologies. We review this topic linking fundamental surface science to the field of catalysis giving a timely picture of the state of the art. The main scientific questions that material scientists have addressed in the last decades are described, in particular the enduring debate on the role of the different nitrogen functionalities in the catalytic activity of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes and graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Scardamaglia
- Chemistry of Plasma Surface Interactions (ChIPS), University of Mons, Belgium
| | - Carla Bittencourt
- Chemistry of Plasma Surface Interactions (ChIPS), University of Mons, Belgium
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12
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Yu C, Liu Z, Meng X, Lu B, Cui D, Qiu J. Nitrogen and phosphorus dual-doped graphene as a metal-free high-efficiency electrocatalyst for triiodide reduction. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:17458-17464. [PMID: 27738679 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00839a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alternative high-performance electrocatalysts for triiodide (I3-) reduction of low-cost dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are urgently sought after. To address the concerned issues, we report a facile strategy for engineering the nitrogen and phosphorus dual-doped graphene (NPG) via an efficient ball-milling process, followed by a simple thermal annealing approach utilizing melamine (C3H6N6) and triphenylphosphine ((C6H5)3P) as the N and P source, respectively. When employed as the counter electrode (CE) in DSSCs, such a metal-free material exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the I3-/I- redox reaction. Dual-doping of N and P heteroatoms can markedly enhance the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs by a synergistic effect and a high conversion efficiency of 8.57% is achieved, which is superior to Pt CE, and much higher than that of the single-component N- or P-doped graphene electrodes. In addition, the NPG CE also shows an outstanding electrochemical stability. The present results demonstrate that the NPG as a low-cost and high-efficiency electrocatalyst for reduction of I3- will be one of the promising CE materials in DSSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Xiangtong Meng
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Bing Lu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Dan Cui
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Jieshan Qiu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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13
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Duan J, Chen S, Jaroniec M, Qiao SZ. Heteroatom-Doped Graphene-Based Materials for Energy-Relevant Electrocatalytic Processes. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Duan
- School
of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Sheng Chen
- School
of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Mietek Jaroniec
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, United States
| | - Shi Zhang Qiao
- School
of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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14
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Kim HS, Kim HS, Kim SS, Kim YH. Atomistic mechanisms of codoping-induced p- to n-type conversion in nitrogen-doped graphene. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:14911-8. [PMID: 25363732 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05024j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
It was recently shown that nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) can exhibit both p- and n-type characters depending on the C-N bonding nature, which represents a significant bottleneck for the development of graphene-based electronics. Based on first-principles calculations, we herein scrutinize the correlations between the atomic and electronic structures of NG and particularly explore the feasibility of converting p-type NG with pyridinic, pyrrolic, and nitrilic N atoms into n- or bipolar type by introducing an additional dopant atom. Of the nine candidates B, C, O, F, Al, Si, P, S, and Cl, we find that B-, Al-, and P-codoping can anneal even relatively large vacancy defects in p-type NG. It will be also shown that, while the NG with pyridinic N can be converted into the n-type via codoping, only a bipolar type conversion can be achieved for the NG with nitrilic or pyrrolic N. The amount of work function reduction was up to 0.64 eV for the pyridinic N next to a monovacancy. The atomistic origin of such diverse type changes is analyzed based on Mulliken and crystal orbital Hamiltonian populations, which provide us with a framework to connect the local bonding chemistry with the macroscopic electronic structure in doped and/or defective graphene. Moreover, we demonstrate that the proposed codoping scheme can recover the excellent charge transport properties of pristine graphene. Both the electronic type conversion and conductance recovery in codoped NG should have significant implications for the electronic and energy device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Seok Kim
- Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water, and Sustainability, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea.
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