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Chovnik O, Cohen SR, Pinkas I, Houben L, Gorelik TE, Feldman Y, Shimon LJW, Iron MA, Lahav M, van der Boom ME. Noncovalent Bonding Caught in Action: From Amorphous to Cocrystalline Molecular Thin Films. ACS NANO 2021; 15:14643-14652. [PMID: 34516094 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the solvent-free amorphous-to-cocrystalline transformations of nanoscale molecular films. Exposing amorphous films to vapors of a haloarene results in the formation of a cocrystalline coating. This transformation proceeds by gradual strengthening of halogen-bonding interactions as a result of the crystallization process. The gas-solid diffusion mechanism involves formation of an amorphous metastable phase prior to crystallization of the films. In situ optical microscopy shows mass transport during this process, which is confirmed by cross-section analysis of the final structures using focused ion beam milling combined with scanning electron microscopy. Nanomechanical measurements show that the rigidity of the amorphous films influences the crystallization process. This surface transformation results in molecular arrangements that are not readily obtained through other means. Cocrystals grown in solution crystallize in a monoclinic centrosymmetric space group, whereas the on-surface halogen-bonded assembly crystallizes into a noncentrosymmetric material with a bulk second-order nonlinear optical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Chovnik
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sidney R Cohen
- Department of Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Iddo Pinkas
- Department of Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lothar Houben
- Department of Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tatiana E Gorelik
- Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Yishay Feldman
- Department of Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Linda J W Shimon
- Department of Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Mark A Iron
- Department of Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Michal Lahav
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Milko E van der Boom
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Davidson JA, Sacchi M, Gorrec F, Clarke SM, Jenkins SJ. Halogen Bonding in Bicomponent Monolayers: Self-Assembly of a Homologous Series of Iodinated Perfluoroalkanes with Bipyridine. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:627-635. [PMID: 33404242 PMCID: PMC8397337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A homologous series of halogen bonding monolayers based on terminally iodinated perfluoroalkanes and 4,4'-bipyridine have been observed on a graphitic surface and noninvasively probed using powder X-ray diffraction. An excellent agreement is observed between the X-ray structures and density functional theory calculations with dispersion force corrections. Theoretical analysis of the binding energies of the structures indicate that these halogen bonds are strong (25 kJ mol-1), indicating that the layers are highly stable. The monolayer structures are found to be distinct from any plane of the corresponding bulk structures, with limited evidence of partitioning of hydrocarbon and perfluoro tectons. The interchain interactions are found to be slightly stronger than those in related aromatic systems, with important implications for 2D crystal engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Sacchi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrice Gorrec
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M. Clarke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- BP
Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Jenkins
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Lawrence J, Sosso GC, Đorđević L, Pinfold H, Bonifazi D, Costantini G. Combining high-resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy and first-principles simulations to identify halogen bonding. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2103. [PMID: 32355173 PMCID: PMC7192931 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) is commonly used to identify on-surface molecular self-assembled structures. However, its limited ability to reveal only the overall shape of molecules and their relative positions is not always enough to fully solve a supramolecular structure. Here, we analyse the assembly of a brominated polycyclic aromatic molecule on Au(111) and demonstrate that standard STM measurements cannot conclusively establish the nature of the intermolecular interactions. By performing high-resolution STM with a CO-functionalised tip, we clearly identify the location of rings and halogen atoms, determining that halogen bonding governs the assemblies. This is supported by density functional theory calculations that predict a stronger interaction energy for halogen rather than hydrogen bonding and by an electron density topology analysis that identifies characteristic features of halogen bonding. A similar approach should be able to solve many complex 2D supramolecular structures, and we predict its increasing use in molecular nanoscience at surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Gabriele C Sosso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
- Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Luka Đorđević
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Harry Pinfold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Giovanni Costantini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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Pinfold H, Pattison G, Costantini G. Fluorination as a route towards unlocking the hydrogen bond donor ability of phenolic compounds in self-assembled monolayers. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00213e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fluorination turns a prototypical diphenol into an effective hydrogen-bond-donating building block for the formation of 2D phenol–pyridine cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Pinfold
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
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Pinfold H, Greenland C, Pattison G, Costantini G. Fluorinated carboxylic acids as powerful building blocks for the formation of bimolecular monolayers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 56:125-128. [PMID: 31793952 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08361h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We compare the ability of a prototypical dicarboxylic acid and its fluorinated analogue to act as molecular building blocks for the formation of self-assembled monolayers. Whilst fluorination is found to prevent homomolecular self-assembly, it greatly increases the ability of the carboxylic acid to act as a hydrogen bond donor for the formation of bimolecular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Pinfold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Christopher Greenland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Graham Pattison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Giovanni Costantini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Saccone
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Catalano
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Samperi M, Hirsch BE, Diaz Fernandez YA. Exploring the science of thinking independently together: Faraday Discussion Volume 204 - Complex Molecular Surfaces and Interfaces, Sheffield, UK, July 2017. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:12601-12607. [PMID: 29139496 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc90389h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 2017 Faraday Discussion on Complex Molecular Surfaces and Interfaces brought together theoreticians and experimentalists from both physical and chemical backgrounds to discuss the relevant applied and fundamental research topics within the broader field of chemical surface analysis and characterization. Main discussion topics from the meeting included the importance of "disordered" two-dimensional (2D) molecular structures and the utility of kinetically trapped states. An emerging need for new experimental tools to address dynamics and kinetic pathways involved in self-assembled systems, as well as the future prospects and current limitations of in silico studies were also discussed. The following article provides a brief overview of the work presented and the challenges discussed during the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Samperi
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, NG7 2TU, UK.
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