1
|
Genix AC, Bocharova V, Carroll B, Dieudonné-George P, Chauveau E, Sokolov AP, Oberdisse J. Influence of the Graft Length on Nanocomposite Structure and Interfacial Dynamics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:748. [PMID: 36839117 PMCID: PMC9960434 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Both the dispersion state of nanoparticles (NPs) within polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) and the dynamical state of the polymer altered by the presence of the NP/polymer interfaces have a strong impact on the macroscopic properties of PNCs. In particular, mechanical properties are strongly affected by percolation of hard phases, which may be NP networks, dynamically modified polymer regions, or combinations of both. In this article, the impact on dispersion and dynamics of surface modification of the NPs by short monomethoxysilanes with eight carbons in the alkyl part (C8) is studied. As a function of grafting density and particle content, polymer dynamics is followed by broadband dielectric spectroscopy and analyzed by an interfacial layer model, whereas the particle dispersion is investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering and analyzed by reverse Monte Carlo simulations. NP dispersions are found to be destabilized only at the highest grafting. The interfacial layer formalism allows the clear identification of the volume fraction of interfacial polymer, with its characteristic time. The strongest dynamical slow-down in the polymer is found for unmodified NPs, while grafting weakens this effect progressively. The combination of all three techniques enables a unique measurement of the true thickness of the interfacial layer, which is ca. 5 nm. Finally, the comparison between longer (C18) and shorter (C8) grafts provides unprecedented insight into the efficacy and tunability of surface modification. It is shown that C8-grafting allows for a more progressive tuning, which goes beyond a pure mass effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Caroline Genix
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Vera Bocharova
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Bobby Carroll
- Department of Physics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | - Edouard Chauveau
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Alexei P. Sokolov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Julian Oberdisse
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Genix AC, Bocharova V, Carroll B, Dieudonné-George P, Chauveau E, Sokolov AP, Oberdisse J. How Tuning Interfaces Impacts the Dynamics and Structure of Polymer Nanocomposites Simultaneously. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:7496-7510. [PMID: 36700938 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental understanding of the macroscopic properties of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) remains difficult due to the complex interplay of microscopic dynamics and structure, namely interfacial layer relaxations and three-dimensional nanoparticle (NP) arrangements. The effect of surface modification by alkyl methoxysilanes at different grafting densities has been studied in PNCs made of poly(2-vinylpyridine) and spherical 20 nm silica NPs. The segmental dynamics has been probed by broadband dielectric spectroscopy and the filler structure by small-angle X-ray scattering and reverse Monte Carlo simulations. By combining the particle configurations with the interfacial layer properties, it is shown how surface modification tunes the attractive polymer-particle interactions: bare NPs slow down the polymer interfacial layer dynamics over a thickness of ca. 5 nm, while grafting screens these interactions. Our analysis of interparticle spacings and segmental dynamics provides unprecedented insights into the effect of surface modification on the main characteristics of PNCs: particle interactions and polymer interfacial layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Caroline Genix
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095Montpellier, France
| | - Vera Bocharova
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Bobby Carroll
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | | | - Edouard Chauveau
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095Montpellier, France
| | - Alexei P Sokolov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - Julian Oberdisse
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kramarczyk D, Knapik-Kowalczuk J, Smolka W, Monteiro MF, Tajber L, Paluch M. Inhibition of celecoxib crystallization by mesoporous silica – molecular dynamics studies leading to the discovery of the stabilization origin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 171:106132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
4
|
Sattar MA. Interface Structure and Dynamics in Polymer‐Nanoparticle Hybrids: A Review on Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Improved Interfaces. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abdul Sattar
- R&D Centre MRF Limited Chennai 600019 India
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hoffmann R, Strodtmann L, Thiel K, Sloboda L, Urbaniak T, Hubley AN, Hartwig A. Highly porous nanocoatings tailored for inverse nanoparticle‐polymer composites. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ron Hoffmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM) Bremen Germany
- Department 2 Biology/Chemistry University of Bremen Bremen Germany
| | - Laura Strodtmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM) Bremen Germany
- Faculty of Engineering Institute for Materials Science Kiel University Kiel Germany
| | - Karsten Thiel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM) Bremen Germany
| | - Laura Sloboda
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM) Bremen Germany
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Tobias Urbaniak
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM) Bremen Germany
| | - Austin N. Hubley
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM) Bremen Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Andreas Hartwig
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM) Bremen Germany
- Department 2 Biology/Chemistry University of Bremen Bremen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Musino D, Oberdisse J, Sztucki M, Alegria A, Genix AC. Partition of Coating Agents between Nanoparticle Interfaces and the Polymer in Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Musino
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Julian Oberdisse
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Sztucki
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Angel Alegria
- Departamento de Fisica de Materiales (UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics Center (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 5, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Anne-Caroline Genix
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Musino D, Oberdisse J, Farago B, Alegria A, Genix AC. Resolving Segmental Polymer Dynamics in Nanocomposites by Incoherent Neutron Spin-Echo Spectroscopy. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:910-916. [PMID: 35648525 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The segmental dynamics of styrene-butadiene nanocomposites with embedded silica nanoparticles (NPs, ca. 20 vol. %) has been studied by broadband dielectric (BDS) and neutron spin-echo spectroscopy (NSE). It is shown by BDS that overlapping contributions only allow us to conclude on a range of distributions of relaxation times in simplified industrial nanocomposites formed with highly polydisperse NPs. For comparison, structurally similar but less aggregated colloidal nanocomposites have a well-defined distribution of relaxation times due to the reduced influence of interfacial polarization processes. This distribution is widened with respect to the neat polymer, without change in the position of the maximum and at most a small slowing down visible in the average time. We then demonstrate that incoherent NSE can be used to resolve small modifications of segmental dynamics of the industrial samples. By carefully choosing the q-vector of the measurement, experiments with fully hydrogenated polymer give access to the self-dynamics of the polymer in the presence of silica on the scale of approximately 1 nm. Our high-resolution measurements show that the segmental motion is slightly but systematically slowed also by the presence of the industrial filler NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Musino
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Julian Oberdisse
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Bela Farago
- Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, F-38042 Cedex 9 Grenoble, France
| | - Angel Alegria
- Departamento de Fisica de Materiales (UPV/EHU), Materials Physics Center (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 5, San Sebastian 20018, Spain
| | - Anne-Caroline Genix
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Musino D, Genix AC, Chauveau E, Bizien T, Oberdisse J. Structural identification of percolation of nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:3907-3915. [PMID: 32003375 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09395h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We propose a method relying on structural measurements by small-angle scattering to quantitatively follow aggregation of nanoparticles (NPs) in concentrated colloidal assemblies or suspensions up to percolation, regardless of complex structure factors arising due to interactions. As an experimental model system, the dispersion of silica NPs in a styrene-butadiene matrix has been analyzed by small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as a function of particle concentration. A reverse Monte Carlo analysis applied to the NP scattering compared favorably with TEM. By combining it with an aggregate recognition algorithm, series of representative real space structures and aggregation number distribution functions have been determined up to high concentrations, taking into account particle polydispersity. Our analysis demonstrates that the formation of large percolating aggregates on the scale of the simulation box (of linear dimension 1/qmin, here micron-sized) can be mapped onto the macroscopic percolation characterized by rheology. Our method is thus capable of determining aggregate structure in dense NP systems with strong - possibly unknown - interactions visible in scattering. It is hoped to be useful in many other colloidal systems, beyond the case of polymer nanocomposites exemplarily studied here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Musino
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Anne-Caroline Genix
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Edouard Chauveau
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Thomas Bizien
- SOLEIL Synchrotron, L'Orme des Merisiers, Gif-Sur-Yvette, 91192 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Julian Oberdisse
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Genix AC, Bocharova V, Carroll B, Lehmann M, Saito T, Krueger S, He L, Dieudonné-George P, Sokolov AP, Oberdisse J. Understanding the Static Interfacial Polymer Layer by Exploring the Dispersion States of Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:17863-17872. [PMID: 31009193 PMCID: PMC6998785 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic and static properties of the interfacial region between polymer and nanoparticles have wide-ranging consequences on performances of nanomaterials. The thickness and density of the static layer are particularly difficult to assess experimentally due to superimposing nanoparticle interactions. Here, we tune the dispersion of silica nanoparticles in nanocomposites by preadsorption of polymer layers in the precursor solutions, and by varying the molecular weight of the matrix chains. Nanocomposite structures ranging from ideal dispersion to repulsive order or various degrees of aggregation are generated and observed by small-angle scattering. Preadsorbed chains are found to promote ideal dispersion, before desorption in the late stages of nanocomposite formation. The microstructure of the interfacial polymer layer is characterized by detailed modeling of X-ray and neutron scattering. Only in ideally well-dispersed systems a static interfacial layer of reduced polymer density over a thickness of ca. 2 nm is evidenced based on the analysis with a form-free density profile optimized using numerical simulations. This interfacial gradient layer is found to be independent of the thickness of the initially adsorbed polymer, but appears to be generated by out-of-equilibrium packing and folding of the preadsorbed layer. The impact of annealing is investigated to study the approach of equilibrium, showing that initially ideally well-dispersed systems adopt a repulsive hard-sphere structure, while the static interfacial layer disappears. This study thus promotes the fundamental understanding of the interplay between effects which are decisive for macroscopic material properties: polymer-mediated interparticle interactions, and particle interfacial effects on the surrounding polymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Caroline Genix
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Vera Bocharova
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Bobby Carroll
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Michelle Lehmann
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Tomonori Saito
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Susan Krueger
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Lilin He
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | | | - Alexei P. Sokolov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Julian Oberdisse
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Musino D, Genix AC, Chaussée T, Guy L, Meissner N, Kozak R, Bizien T, Oberdisse J. Aggregate Formation of Surface-Modified Nanoparticles in Solvents and Polymer Nanocomposites. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:3010-3020. [PMID: 29443532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new method based on the combination of small-angle scattering, reverse Monte Carlo simulations, and an aggregate recognition algorithm is proposed to characterize the structure of nanoparticle suspensions in solvents and polymer nanocomposites, allowing detailed studies of the impact of different nanoparticle surface modifications. Experimental small-angle scattering is reproduced using simulated annealing of configurations of polydisperse particles in a simulation box compatible with the lowest experimental q-vector. Then, properties of interest like aggregation states are extracted from these configurations and averaged. This approach has been applied to silane surface-modified silica nanoparticles with different grafting groups, in solvents and after casting into polymer matrices. It is shown that the chemistry of the silane function, in particular mono- or trifunctionality possibly related to patch formation, affects the dispersion state in a given medium, in spite of an unchanged alkyl-chain length. Our approach may be applied to study any dispersion or aggregation state of nanoparticles. Concerning nanocomposites, the method has potential impact on the design of new formulations allowing controlled tuning of nanoparticle dispersion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Musino
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C) , Université de Montpellier, CNRS , F-34095 Montpellier , France
| | - Anne-Caroline Genix
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C) , Université de Montpellier, CNRS , F-34095 Montpellier , France
| | - Thomas Chaussée
- Solvay Silica , 15 rue Pierre Pays BP52 , 69660 Collonges au Mont d'Or , France
| | - Laurent Guy
- Solvay Silica , 15 rue Pierre Pays BP52 , 69660 Collonges au Mont d'Or , France
| | | | - Radoslaw Kozak
- Synthos Spółka Akcyjna , Chemików 1 , 32600 Oświęcim , Poland
| | - Thomas Bizien
- SOLEIL Synchrotron , L'Orme des Merisiers , Gif-Sur-Yvette , 91192 Saint-Aubin France
| | - Julian Oberdisse
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C) , Université de Montpellier, CNRS , F-34095 Montpellier , France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Oberdisse J. Introduction to soft matter and neutron scattering. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201818801001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As an opening lecture to the French-Swedish neutron scattering school held in Uppsala (6th to 9th of December 2016), the basic concepts of both soft matter science and neutron scattering are introduced. Typical soft matter systems like self-assembled surfactants in water, microemulsions, (co-)polymers, and colloids are presented. It will be shown that widely different systems have a common underlying physics dominated by the thermal energy, with astonishing consequences on their statistical thermodynamics, and ultimately rheological properties – namely softness. In the second part, the fundamentals of neutron scattering techniques and in particular small-angle neutron scattering as a powerful method to characterize soft matter systems will be outlined.
Collapse
|
12
|
Genix AC, Oberdisse J. Determination of the local density of polydisperse nanoparticle assemblies. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8144-8155. [PMID: 29105722 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01640a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative characterization of the average structure of dense nanoparticle assemblies and aggregates is a common problem in nanoscience. Small-angle scattering is a suitable technique, but it is usually limited to not too big assemblies due to the limited experimental range, low concentrations to avoid interactions, and monodispersity to keep calculations tractable. In the present paper, a straightforward analysis of the generally available scattered intensity - even for large assemblies, at high concentrations - is detailed, providing information on the local volume fraction of polydisperse particles with hard sphere interactions. It is based on the identical local structure of infinite homogeneous nanoparticle assemblies and their subsets forming finite-sized clusters. This approach is extended to polydispersity, using Monte-Carlo simulations of hard and moderately sticky hard spheres. As a result, a simple relationship between the observed structure factor minimum - termed the correlation hole - and the average local volume fraction κ on the scale of neighboring particles is proposed and validated through independent aggregate simulations. This relationship shall be useful as an efficient tool for the structural analysis of arbitrarily aggregated colloidal systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Caroline Genix
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), UMR 5221 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Genix AC, Schmitt-Pauly C, Alauzun JG, Bizien T, Mutin PH, Oberdisse J. Tuning Local Nanoparticle Arrangements in TiO2–Polymer Nanocomposites by Grafting of Phosphonic Acids. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas Bizien
- SOLEIL Synchrotron,
L’Orme des Merisiers, Gif-Sur-Yvette, 91192 Saint-Aubin, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Baeza GP, Oberdisse J, Alegria A, Saalwächter K, Couty M, Genix AC. Depercolation of aggregates upon polymer grafting in simplified industrial nanocomposites studied with dielectric spectroscopy. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
Structure and dynamics of polymer nanocomposites studied by X-ray and neutron scattering techniques. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|