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Chakrabarti R, Verma L, Hadjiev VG, Palmer JC, Vekilov PG. The elementary reactions for incorporation into crystals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320201121. [PMID: 38315836 PMCID: PMC10873555 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320201121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The growth rates of crystals are largely dictated by the chemical reaction between solute and kinks, in which a solute molecule severs its bonds with the solvent and establishes new bonds with the kink. Details on this sequence of bond breaking and rebuilding remain poorly understood. To elucidate the reaction at the kinks we employ four solvents with distinct functionalities as reporters on the microscopic structures and their dynamics along the pathway into a kink. We combine time-resolved in situ atomic force microscopy and x-ray and optical methods with molecular dynamics simulations. We demonstrate that in all four solvents the solute, etioporphyrin I, molecules reach the steps directly from the solution; this finding identifies the measured rate constant for step growth as the rate constant of the reaction between a solute molecule and a kink. We show that the binding of a solute molecule to a kink divides into two elementary reactions. First, the incoming solute molecule sheds a fraction of its solvent shell and attaches to molecules from the kink by bonds distinct from those in its fully incorporated state. In the second step, the solute breaks these initial bonds and relocates to the kink. The strength of the preliminary bonds with the kink determines the free energy barrier for incorporation into a kink. The presence of an intermediate state, whose stability is controlled by solvents and additives, may illuminate how minor solution components guide the construction of elaborate crystal architectures in nature and the search for solution compositions that suppress undesirable or accelerate favored crystallization in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajshree Chakrabarti
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX77204-4004
| | - Lakshmanji Verma
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX77204-4004
| | - Viktor G. Hadjiev
- Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX77004-50024
| | - Jeremy C. Palmer
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX77204-4004
| | - Peter G. Vekilov
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX77204-4004
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX77204-5003
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Gibbons DJ, Boh A, Habermeyer B, Villandier N, Leroy-Lhez S, Williams RM. Photo-activated thin films of porphyrins for reactive oxygen species generation. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424622500183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Verma L, Warzecha M, Chakrabarti R, Hadjiev VG, Palmer JC, Vekilov PG. How to Identify the Crystal Growth Unit. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmanji Verma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston 4726 Calhoun Rd. Houston, TX 77204-4004 USA
| | - Monika Warzecha
- EPSRC CMAC Future Manufacturing Research Hub c/o Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences Technology and Innovation Centre 99 George Street Glasgow G1 1RD U.K
| | - Rajshree Chakrabarti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston 4726 Calhoun Rd. Houston, TX 77204-4004 USA
| | - Viktor G. Hadjiev
- Texas Center for Superconductivity University of Houston 3369 Cullen Blvd., Suite 202 Houston Texas 77004-50024 USA
| | - Jeremy C. Palmer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston 4726 Calhoun Rd. Houston, TX 77204-4004 USA
| | - Peter G. Vekilov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Houston 4726 Calhoun Rd. Houston, TX 77204-4004 USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd. Houston, TX 77204-5003 USA
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Heidary N, Morency M, Chartrand D, Ly KH, Iftimie R, Kornienko N. Electrochemically Triggered Dynamics within a Hybrid Metal–Organic Electrocatalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12382-12393. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Heidary
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Roger-Gaudry Building, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mathieu Morency
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Roger-Gaudry Building, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Daniel Chartrand
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Roger-Gaudry Building, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Khoa H. Ly
- Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Radu Iftimie
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Roger-Gaudry Building, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Nikolay Kornienko
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Roger-Gaudry Building, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Thomassen IK, Ghosh A. Protonation-Induced Hyperporphyrin Spectra of meso-Aminophenylcorroles. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:9023-9030. [PMID: 32337467 PMCID: PMC7178790 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
UV-vis spectrophotometric titrations have been carried out on meso-tris(o/m/p-aminophenyl)corrole (H3[o/m/p-TAPC]) and meso-triphenylcorrole (H3[TPC]) in dimethyl sulfoxide with methanesulfonic acid (MSA). Monoprotonation was found to result in hyperporphyrin spectra characterized by new, red-shifted, and intense Q bands. The effect was particularly dramatic for H3[p-TAPC] for which the Q band red-shifted from ∼637 nm for the neutral species to 764 nm in the near-IR for H4[p-TAPC]+. Upon further protonation, the Q band was found to blue-shift back to 687 nm. A simple explanation of the phenomena has been offered in terms of quinonoid resonance forms.
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Sharma N, Dey AK, Sathe RY, Kumar A, Krishnan V, Kumar TJD, Nagaraja CM. Highly efficient visible-light-driven reduction of Cr(vi) from water by porphyrin-based metal–organic frameworks: effect of band gap engineering on the photocatalytic activity. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00969e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient visible-light-assisted photocatalytic reduction of Cr(vi) to Cr(iii) from aqueous phase using Zr(iv)-porphyrin MOFs, Zr6(μ3-OH)8(OH)8(MTCPP)2, (PCN-222(M)) (M = H2, ZnII, CuII, NiII, CoII, FeIIICl, and MnIIICl) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayuesh Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
- Rupnagar 140001
- India
| | - Arnab Kumar Dey
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
- Rupnagar 140001
- India
| | - Rohit Y. Sathe
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
- Rupnagar 140001
- India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- School of Basic Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Center
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
- Mandi 175075
- India
| | - Venkata Krishnan
- School of Basic Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Center
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
- Mandi 175075
- India
| | - T. J. Dhilip Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
- Rupnagar 140001
- India
| | - C. M. Nagaraja
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
- Rupnagar 140001
- India
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Yang D, Zhang Q, Song X, Zhang T. Investigation of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions and excited state proton transfer mechanism for both Br-BTN and CN-BTN systems. RSC Adv 2019; 9:23004-23011. [PMID: 35514474 PMCID: PMC9067100 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04258j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, two novel Br-BTN and CN-BTN compounds have been investigated theoretically. We in-depth explore the excited state hydrogen bonding interactions and the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) behaviors for the Br-BTN and CN-BTN system. We firstly verify the formation of hydrogen bond effects of O–H⋯N based on reduced density gradient (RDG) versus sign(λ2)ρ. The simulated primary bond lengths and bond angles as well as infrared (IR) vibrational spectra reveal that the hydrogen bond O–H⋯N should be strengthened in the excited state. Combining the frontier molecular orbital (MO) investigations, we infer that the charge transfer phenomenon (from HOMO to LUMO) around hydrogen bonding moieties reveals the tendency of ESIPT reaction. Particularly, the increased electronic densities around proton acceptor atoms facilitate attracting a hydrogen proton, which plays a decisive role in opening the ESIPT reaction. Via constructing potential energy curves in both S0 and S1 states, the ultrafast ESIPT process can be verified which explains previous experimental characteristics. Furthermore, via searching the transition state (TS) structure and constructing the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) reaction path, we check and confirm the ESIPT mechanism for both Br-BTN and CN-BTN systems. We sincerely hope that our theoretical work could guide novel applications based on Br-BTN and CN-BTN compounds in future. In the present work, two novel Br-BTN and CN-BTN compounds have been investigated theoretically.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Yang
- College of Physics and Electronics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power Zhengzhou 450046 P. R. China .,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Qiaoli Zhang
- College of Physics and Electronics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power Zhengzhou 450046 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Song
- College of Physics and Electronics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power Zhengzhou 450046 P. R. China
| | - Tianjie Zhang
- College of Physics and Electronics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power Zhengzhou 450046 P. R. China
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Sánchez-Bojorge NA, Flores-Armendáriz S, Fuentes-Montero ME, Ramos-Sánchez VH, Zaragoza-Galán G, Rodríguez-Valdez LM. Theoretical and experimental analysis of porphyrin derivatives with suitable anchoring groups for DSSC applications. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424617500109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, different porphyrin derivatives were experimentally synthesized and theoretically analyzed using several electronic structure methods to study the geometrical and electronic properties of A4, trans-A2B[Formula: see text]and A3B porphyrins bearing several functional groups (–OH, –COOH, -3,5-di-[Formula: see text]Bu, –OCH2CH2CH2COOEt and –OMe) suitable to be employed as dyes in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC). A4 (R [Formula: see text] -H, -OMe, -OH, -3,5-di-tert-butyl, –OCH2CH2CH2COOEt) and A3B (R[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]R[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]R[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]–H; R[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]–OH and R[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]-3,5-di-[Formula: see text]Bu) porphyrins were synthesized and characterized by UV-vis and 1H NMR spectroscopies for comparison. The geometrical parameters were analyzed in the ground state and gas phase using the semiempirical method PM6 and the DFT functionals M06-2X and B3LYP, in combination with the 6-31G(d), DZVP and TZVP basis set. For calculations of the electronic and excited state properties, CAM-B3LYP, M06-2X and HSE06, using SMD as solvation model, were applied. This study revealed that HSE06/DZVP protocol is the best methodology to simulate electronic spectra in these porphyrin derivatives. Indeed, whereas substituent groups did not significantly affect the geometrical structure of the porphyrin derivatives studied, they do influence their electronic structures, mainly in the LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A. Sánchez-Bojorge
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario, S/N, Chihuahua C.P. 31125, México
| | - Simón Flores-Armendáriz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario, S/N, Chihuahua C.P. 31125, México
| | - María E. Fuentes-Montero
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario, S/N, Chihuahua C.P. 31125, México
| | - Victor H. Ramos-Sánchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario, S/N, Chihuahua C.P. 31125, México
| | - Gerardo Zaragoza-Galán
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario, S/N, Chihuahua C.P. 31125, México
| | - Luz M. Rodríguez-Valdez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario, S/N, Chihuahua C.P. 31125, México
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Dyrda G, Słota R, Broda MA, Mele G. meso-Aryl-substituted free-base porphyrins: formation, structure and photostability of diprotonated species. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-2245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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