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Metaj I, Hajdini D, Gliha K, Košir IJ, Ocvirk M, Kolar M, Cerar J. Extraction of Polyphenols from Slovenian Hop ( Humulus lupulus L.) Aurora Variety Using Deep Eutectic Solvents: Choice of the Extraction Method vs. Structure of the Solvent. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2890. [PMID: 37631102 PMCID: PMC10459876 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols from Slovenian hops (Humulus lupulus L.) of the Aurora variety were extracted by different methods and using classical solvents and several deep eutectic solvents (DES) based on choline chloride as the hydrogen bond acceptor component. The obtained extract solutions were analyzed by HPLC for the content of extracted α- and β-acids and extracted xanthohumol. It was found that choline chloride:phenol DES concentrated aqueous solution had an extraction efficiency close to that of diethyl ether, which is considered one of the best classical extraction solvents for polyphenols from hops. The comparison of the extraction efficiency with other choline chloride-based DESs showed that the chemical similarity of the phenol ring in the solvent DES with the polyphenols in hops may be crucial for a highly efficient extraction with choline chloride:phenol DES. On the other hand, the choice of extraction method and the viscosity of the solvents tested seem to play only a minor role in this respect. As far as we know, this is the first study to attempt to relate extraction efficiency in the extraction of hydrophobic solutes to the compressibility of the DES extractants, the latter of which may be correlated with the extent of hydrophobic hydration around the DES components. In addition, using the heating and stirring method for the preparation of choline chloride-based DES concentrated aqueous solutions we found no support for the occurrence of water in two different roles (in the structural and in the dilution role) in these solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilir Metaj
- Department of Food Technology with Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo; (I.M.); (D.H.)
| | - Drilon Hajdini
- Department of Food Technology with Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo; (I.M.); (D.H.)
| | - Kaja Gliha
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.G.); (M.K.)
| | - Iztok Jože Košir
- Department for Agrochemistry and Brewing, Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, 3310 Zalec, Slovenia; (I.J.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Miha Ocvirk
- Department for Agrochemistry and Brewing, Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, 3310 Zalec, Slovenia; (I.J.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Mitja Kolar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.G.); (M.K.)
| | - Janez Cerar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.G.); (M.K.)
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Džudžević Čančar H, Belak Vivod M, Vlachy V, Lukšič M. Phase stability of aqueous mixtures of bovine serum albumin with low molecular mass salts in presence of polyethylene glycol. J Mol Liq 2022; 349:118477. [PMID: 35082451 PMCID: PMC8786219 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The stability of bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions against phase separation caused by cooling the system is studied under the combined influence of added poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and alkali halide salts in water as solvent. The phase stability of the system depends on the concentration of the added PEG and its molecular mass, the concentration of the low molecular mass electrolyte and its nature, as also on the pH of the solution. More specifically, the addition of NaCl to the BSA-PEG mixture promotes phase separation at pH = 4.0, where BSA carries the net positive charge in aqueous solution, and it increases the stability of the solution at pH=4.6, i.e., near the isoionic point of the protein. Moreover, at pH = 4.6, the cloud-point temperature decreases in the order from NaF to NaI and from LiCl to CsCl. The order of the salts at pH = 4.0 is exactly reversed: LiCl and NaF show the weakest effect on the cloud-point temperature and the strongest decrease in stability is caused by RbCl and NaNO3. An attempt is made to correlate these observations with the free energies of hydration of the added salt ions and with the effect of adsorption of salt ions on the protein surface on the protein-protein interactions. Kosmotropic salt ions decrease the phase stability of BSA-PEG-salt solutions at pH < pI, while exactly the opposite is true at pH = pI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hurija Džudžević Čančar
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zmaja od Bosne 8, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Matic Belak Vivod
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vojko Vlachy
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Lukšič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Hostnik G, Podlipnik Č, Mériguet G, Cerar J. Specificity of Counterion Binding to a Conjugated Polyelectrolyte: A Combined Molecular Dynamics and NOESY Investigation. Macromolecules 2020; 53:1119-1128. [PMID: 32587418 PMCID: PMC7307957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly(thiophen-3-ylacetic acid) (PTAA) is a representative of conjugated polyelectrolytes which are used in many optoelectronics devices. The performance of these devices is affected by the polymer conformation, which, among others, depends on the nature of the counterion. In this study, the binding of tetrabutylammonium counterions (TBA+) on PTAA was determined using a combination of nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. It was found that TBA+ ions specifically bind on the hydrophobic main chain of PTAA, while, according to MD simulations, alkali counterions predominantly bind in the vicinity of negatively charged carboxylic groups located on side chains. The MD trajectories were used to compute the relaxation matrices and the NOESY spectra. With the help of these latter calculations, the changes of intensities in experimental NOESY spectra upon binding of TBA+ ions to PTAA were interpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Hostnik
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Črtomir Podlipnik
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Guillaume Mériguet
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Laboratoire PHENIX, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Janez Cerar
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Heat effects measured in aqueous solutions of salts of poly(anethole sulfonic acid) upon mixing with alkali-, alkaline-earth-, and tetraalkylammonium chlorides. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kazim S, Jäger A, Steinhart M, Pfleger J, Vohlídal J, Bondarev D, Štěpánek P. Morphology and Kinetics of Aggregation of Silver Nanoparticles Induced with Regioregular Cationic Polythiophene. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:2-11. [PMID: 26630552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation kinetics of negatively charged borate-stabilized silver nanoparticles (NPs) induced by the cationic regioregular polythiophene polyelectrolyte poly{3-[6-(1-methylimidazolium-3-yl)hexyl]thiophene-2,5-diyl bromide} (PMHT-Br) and the morphology of formed aggregates have been investigated via ultraviolet-visible light (UV-vis) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta (ζ) potential measurements, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Two or three populations of NPs are formed within milliseconds upon mixing the components, which differ in the mean size, extent of polymer coating, and time stability. These characteristics are primarily controlled by the PMHT-Br to Ag-NPs ratio. Population of single NPs of a mean size of ∼5 nm is present in every system and is mostly stable for a long time. At low ratios, the single NPs are most probably almost free of polymer chains and the second population includes slow, but in a limited extent, growing NPs in which single NPs might be interconnected by polymer chains. At the ratios corresponding to the charge balance in the system (ca. zero ζ-potential of NPs), the NPs aggregate, forming a second population that continuously grows in size, and finally undergo sedimentation. At the high ratios, three long-time stable populations of NPs are observed, having mean sizes of ca. 5, 13, and 35 nm; all NPs should be fully coated with PMHT-Br, giving them a positively charged stabilizing shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrana Kazim
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , v.v.i., Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alessandro Jäger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , v.v.i., Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Steinhart
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , v.v.i., Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pfleger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , v.v.i., Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vohlídal
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitrij Bondarev
- Charles University in Prague , Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Štěpánek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , v.v.i., Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Hostnik G, Bončina M, Dolce C, Mériguet G, Rollet AL, Cerar J. Influence of counterions on the conformation of conjugated polyelectrolytes: the case of poly(thiophen-3-ylacetic acid). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:25036-25047. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04193k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Binding of large hydrophobic counterions to poly(thiophen-3-ylacetate) provokes the conformational change of this conjugated polyelectrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Hostnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- University of Ljubljana
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Bončina
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- University of Ljubljana
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Caterina Dolce
- Sorbonne Universités
- UPMC Univ Paris 06
- CNRS
- Laboratoire PHENIX
- Paris
| | | | | | - Janez Cerar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- University of Ljubljana
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
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