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Jafari M, Pedersen JO, Barhemat S, Ederth T. In Situ Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy on Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors: Tracking Dynamic Doping in Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:28938-28948. [PMID: 38780164 PMCID: PMC11163397 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In the domain of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs), simultaneous transport and coupling of ionic and electronic charges are crucial for the function of electrochemical devices in organic electronics. Understanding conduction mechanisms and chemical reactions in operational devices is pivotal for performance enhancement and is necessary for the informed and systematic development of more promising materials. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a potent tool for monitoring electrochemical evolution and dynamic doping in operational devices, offering enhanced sensitivity to subtle spectral changes. We demonstrate the utility of SERS for in situ tracking of doping in OMIECs in an organic light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) containing a conjugated polymer (poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene]; MEH-PPV), a molecular anion (lithium triflate), and an electrolyte network (poly(ethylene oxide); PEO). SERS enhancement is achieved via an interleaved layer of gold particles formed by spontaneous breakup of a deposited thin gold film. The results successfully highlight the ability of SERS to unveil time-resolved MEH-PPV doping and polaron formation, elucidating the effects of triflate ion transfer in the operating device and validating the electrochemical doping model in LECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
Javad Jafari
- Division
of Biophysics and Bioengineering, IFM, Linköping
University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Jonas Oshaug Pedersen
- Division
of Biophysics and Bioengineering, IFM, Linköping
University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Samira Barhemat
- Department
of Vision Inspection, Mabema AB, Linköping 584 22, Sweden
| | - Thomas Ederth
- Division
of Biophysics and Bioengineering, IFM, Linköping
University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
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2
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Kim JH, Liu M, Chen Y, Murphy R, Choi Y, Liu Y, Liu M. Understanding the Impact of Sulfur Poisoning on the Methane-Reforming Activity of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hyuk Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Mingfei Liu
- Energy Research & Innovation, Phillips 66 Company, 2331 CityWest Blvd., Houston, Texas 77042, United States
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ryan Murphy
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - YongMan Choi
- College of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan 71150, Taiwan
| | - Ying Liu
- Energy Research & Innovation, Phillips 66 Company, 2331 CityWest Blvd., Houston, Texas 77042, United States
| | - Meilin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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3
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Liu Y, Lu J, Tao Y, Li N, Yang M, Shao J. Ag-Embedded Silica Core–Shell Nanospheres for Operando Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of High-Temperature Processes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9566-9573. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiamei Lu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Youkun Tao
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ni Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Mengting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jing Shao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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4
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Hartman T, Geitenbeek RG, Wondergem CS, van der Stam W, Weckhuysen BM. Operando Nanoscale Sensors in Catalysis: All Eyes on Catalyst Particles. ACS NANO 2020; 14:3725-3735. [PMID: 32307982 PMCID: PMC7199205 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
An era of circularity requires robust and flexible catalysts and reactors. We need profound knowledge of catalytic surface reactions on the local scale (i.e., angstrom-nanometer), whereas the reaction conditions, such as reaction temperature and pressure, are set and controlled on the macroscale (i.e., millimeter-meter). Nanosensors operating on all relevant length scales can supply this information in real time during operando working conditions. In this Perspective, we demonstrate the potential of nanoscale sensors, with special emphasis on local molecular sensing with shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) and local temperature sensing with luminescence thermometry, to acquire new insights of the reaction pathways. We also argue that further developments should be focused on local pressure measurements and on expanding the applications of these local sensors in other areas, such as liquid-phase catalysis, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis. Ideally, a combination of sensors will be applied to monitor catalyst and reactor "health" and serve as feedback to the reactor conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hartman
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis,
Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robin G. Geitenbeek
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis,
Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caterina S. Wondergem
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis,
Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ward van der Stam
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis,
Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis,
Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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5
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Kim JH, Chern ZY, Yoo S, deGlee B, Wang J, Liu M. Unraveling the Mechanism of Water-Mediated Sulfur Tolerance via Operando Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:2370-2379. [PMID: 31845795 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While several proton-conducting anode materials have shown excellent tolerance to sulfur poisoning, the mechanism is still unclear due largely to the inability to probe miniscule amounts of sulfur-containing species using conventional surface characterization techniques. Here we present our findings in unraveling the mechanism of water-mediated sulfur tolerance of a proton conductor under operating conditions empowered by surface-sensitive, operando surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) coupled with impedance spectroscopy. Contrary to the conventional view that surface-adsorbed sulfur is removed mainly by oxygen anions, it is found that -SO4 groups on the surface of the proton conductor are converted to SO2 by a water-mediated process, as confirmed by operando SERS analysis and density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations. The combination of operando SERS performed on a model electrode and theoretical computation offers an effective approach to investigate into complex mechanisms of electrode processes in various electrochemical systems, providing information vital to achieve the rational design of better electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hyuk Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0245 , United States
| | - Zhao-Ying Chern
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan Normal University , 88, Section 4, Ting-Zhou Road , Taipei 11677 , Taiwan , R.O.C
| | - Seonyoung Yoo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0245 , United States
| | - Ben deGlee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0245 , United States
| | - Jenghan Wang
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan Normal University , 88, Section 4, Ting-Zhou Road , Taipei 11677 , Taiwan , R.O.C
| | - Meilin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0245 , United States
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6
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Zhang Y, Cao C, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Liu X, Yang Z, Zhu M, Meng B, Xu J, Han YF. The study of structure-performance relationship of iron catalyst during a full life cycle for CO2 hydrogenation. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Chen Y, Yoo S, Zhang W, Kim JH, Zhou Y, Pei K, Kane N, Zhao B, Murphy R, Choi Y, Liu M. Effective Promotion of Oxygen Reduction Reaction by in Situ Formation of Nanostructured Catalyst. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Seonyoung Yoo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Weilin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Jun Hyuk Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Yucun Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Kai Pei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Nicholas Kane
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Bote Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Ryan Murphy
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - YongMan Choi
- College of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Tainan 71150, Taiwan
| | - Meilin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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8
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Controlling the Nanoscale Gaps on Silver Island Film for Efficient Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9030470. [PMID: 30897840 PMCID: PMC6474112 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We control the nanoscale gaps on silver island films by different processing methods and investigate the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) efficiency on the films. We propose a facile technique to control the film morphology by substrate bending while keeping the evaporation rate constant. The films developed by our new method are compared to the films developed by traditional methods at various evaporation rates. The SERS signals generated on the samples prepared by the new method have similar strengths as the traditional methods. Substrate bending allows us to reduce the gap sizes while using a higher evaporation rate, hence the film can be developed in a shorter time. This cost-effective and time-efficient method is suitable for the mass production of large-area SERS sensors with good sensitivity. Scanning electron microscope images are analyzed to quantify the gap densities and widths to elucidate the relationship between the film morphology and the SERS intensity. While the gap size appears to be the major factor influencing the enhancement, the shape of the nano-island also seems to influence the SERS efficiency.
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9
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In Situ and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Study of Electrode Materials in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-018-0017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Opitz AK, Nenning A, Rameshan C, Kubicek M, Götsch T, Blume R, Hävecker M, Knop-Gericke A, Rupprechter G, Klötzer B, Fleig J. Surface Chemistry of Perovskite-Type Electrodes During High Temperature CO 2 Electrolysis Investigated by Operando Photoelectron Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:35847-35860. [PMID: 28933825 PMCID: PMC5740481 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Any substantial move of energy sources from fossil fuels to renewable resources requires large scale storage of excess energy, for example, via power to fuel processes. In this respect electrochemical reduction of CO2 may become very important, since it offers a method of sustainable CO production, which is a crucial prerequisite for synthesis of sustainable fuels. Carbon dioxide reduction in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) is particularly promising owing to the high operating temperature, which leads to both improved thermodynamics and fast kinetics. Additionally, compared to purely chemical CO formation on oxide catalysts, SOECs have the outstanding advantage that the catalytically active oxygen vacancies are continuously formed at the counter electrode, and move to the working electrode where they reactivate the oxide surface without the need of a preceding chemical (e.g., by H2) or thermal reduction step. In the present work, the surface chemistry of (La,Sr)FeO3-δ and (La,Sr)CrO3-δ based perovskite-type electrodes was studied during electrochemical CO2 reduction by means of near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) at SOEC operating temperatures. These measurements revealed the formation of a carbonate intermediate, which develops on the oxide surface only upon cathodic polarization (i.e., under sufficiently reducing conditions). The amount of this adsorbate increases with increasing oxygen vacancy concentration of the electrode material, thus suggesting vacant oxygen lattice sites as the predominant adsorption sites for carbon dioxide. The correlation of carbonate coverage and cathodic polarization indicates that an electron transfer is required to form the carbonate and thus to activate CO2 on the oxide surface. The results also suggest that acceptor doped oxides with high electron concentration and high oxygen vacancy concentration may be particularly suited for CO2 reduction. In contrast to water splitting, the CO2 electrolysis reaction was not significantly affected by metallic particles, which were exsolved from the perovskite electrodes upon cathodic polarization. Carbon formation on the electrode surface was only observed under very strong cathodic conditions, and the carbon could be easily removed by retracting the applied voltage without damaging the electrode, which is particularly promising from an application point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K. Opitz
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164-EC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Nenning
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164-EC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Rameshan
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna
University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/165-PC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Kubicek
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164-EC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Götsch
- Institute of Physical
Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raoul Blume
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz
Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Hävecker
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz
Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Knop-Gericke
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz
Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Rupprechter
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna
University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/165-PC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Klötzer
- Institute of Physical
Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jürgen Fleig
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164-EC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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11
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Pozzi EA, Goubert G, Chiang N, Jiang N, Chapman CT, McAnally MO, Henry AI, Seideman T, Schatz GC, Hersam MC, Duyne RPV. Ultrahigh-Vacuum Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2016; 117:4961-4982. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nan Jiang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Alessandri
- INSTM
and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - John R. Lombardi
- Department
of Chemistry, The City College of New York, New York 10031, United States
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13
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Hartman T, Wondergem C, Kumar N, van den
Berg A, Weckhuysen BM. Surface- and Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy in Catalysis. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1570-84. [PMID: 27075515 PMCID: PMC4902183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Surface- and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS and TERS) techniques exhibit highly localized chemical sensitivity, making them ideal for studying chemical reactions, including processes at catalytic surfaces. Catalyst structures, adsorbates, and reaction intermediates can be observed in low quantities at hot spots where electromagnetic fields are the strongest, providing ample opportunities to elucidate reaction mechanisms. Moreover, under ideal measurement conditions, it can even be used to trigger chemical reactions. However, factors such as substrate instability and insufficient signal enhancement still limit the applicability of SERS and TERS in the field of catalysis. By the use of sophisticated colloidal synthesis methods and advanced techniques, such as shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, these challenges could be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hartman
- Faculty
of Science, Debye Institute for
Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caterina
S. Wondergem
- Faculty
of Science, Debye Institute for
Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Faculty
of Science, Debye Institute for
Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- National
Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K.
| | - Albert van den
Berg
- BIOS
Lab on a Chip Group and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente,
P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Faculty
of Science, Debye Institute for
Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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14
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Kogler M, Köck EM, Klötzer B, Schachinger T, Wallisch W, Henn R, Huck CW, Hejny C, Penner S. High-Temperature Carbon Deposition on Oxide Surfaces by CO Disproportionation. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2016; 120:1795-1807. [PMID: 26877828 PMCID: PMC4735807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon deposition due to the inverse Boudouard reaction (2CO → CO2 + C) has been studied on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), Y2O3, and ZrO2 in comparison to CH4 by a variety of different chemical, structural, and spectroscopic characterization techniques, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and imaging, Raman spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. Consentaneously, all experimental methods prove the formation of a more or less conducting carbon layer (depending on the used oxide) of disordered nanocrystalline graphite covering the individual grains of the respective pure oxides after treatment in flowing CO at temperatures above ∼1023 K. All measurements show that during carbon deposition, a more or less substantial surface reduction of the oxides takes place. These results, therefore, reveal that the studied pure oxides can act as efficient nonmetallic substrates for CO-induced growth of highly distorted graphitic carbon with possible important technological implications especially with respect to treatment in pure CO or CO-rich syngas mixtures. Compared to CH4, more carbon is generally deposited in CO under otherwise similar experimental conditions. Although Raman and electron microscopy measurements do not show substantial differences in the structure of the deposited carbon layers, in particular, electrochemical impedance measurements reveal major differences in the dynamic growth process of the carbon layer, eventually leading to less percolated islands and suppressed metallic conductivity in comparison to CH4-induced graphite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kogler
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Analytical Chemistry
and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80−82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Köck
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Analytical Chemistry
and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80−82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Klötzer
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Analytical Chemistry
and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80−82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Schachinger
- University
Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy (USTEM), Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, A-1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wallisch
- University
Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy (USTEM), Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, A-1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Raphael Henn
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Analytical Chemistry
and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80−82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian W. Huck
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Analytical Chemistry
and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80−82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Clivia Hejny
- Institute
of Mineralogy and Petrography, University
of Innsbruck, Innrain
52d, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Penner
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Analytical Chemistry
and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80−82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- E-mail: . Phone: 004351250758003. Fax: 004351250758198
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