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Choi J, Song CE, Lim E. Optimizing Alkyl Side Chains in Difluorobenzene-Rhodanine Small-Molecule Acceptors for Organic Solar Cells. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1875. [PMID: 38673232 PMCID: PMC11052290 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
A series of small molecules, T-2FB-T-ORH, T-2FB-T-BORH, and T-2FB-T-HDRH, were synthesized to have a thiophene-flanked difluorobenzene (T-2FB-T) core and alkyl-substituted rhodanine (RH) end groups for their use as nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) in organic solar cells (OSCs). Octyl, 2-butyloctyl (BO), and 2-hexyldecyl (HD) alkyl side chains were introduced into RHs to control the material's physical properties based on the length and size of the alkyl chains. The optical properties of the three NFAs were found to be almost the same, irrespective of the alkyl chain length, whereas the molecular crystallinity and material solubility significantly differed depending on the alkyl side chains. Owing to the sufficient solubility of T-2FB-T-HDRH, OSCs based on PTB7-Th and T-2FB-T-HDRH were fabricated. A power conversion efficiency of up to 4.49% was obtained by solvent vapor annealing (SVA). The AFM study revealed that improved charge mobility and a smooth and homogeneous film morphology without excessive aggregation could be obtained in the SVA-treated film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongchan Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Eun Song
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eunhee Lim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
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Mustonen P, Mackenzie DMA, Lipsanen H. Review of fabrication methods of large-area transparent graphene electrodes for industry. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2020; 13:91-113. [PMID: 36641556 PMCID: PMC7362318 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-020-1011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is a two-dimensional material showing excellent properties for utilization in transparent electrodes; it has low sheet resistance, high optical transmission and is flexible. Whereas the most common transparent electrode material, tin-doped indium-oxide (ITO) is brittle, less transparent and expensive, which limit its compatibility in flexible electronics as well as in low-cost devices. Here we review two large-area fabrication methods for graphene based transparent electrodes for industry: liquid exfoliation and low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD). We discuss the basic methodologies behind the technologies with an emphasis on optical and electrical properties of recent results. State-of-the-art methods for liquid exfoliation have as a figure of merit an electrical and optical conductivity ratio of 43.5, slightly over the minimum required for industry of 35, while CVD reaches as high as 419.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Mustonen
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland.
| | - David M A Mackenzie
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Harri Lipsanen
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
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3
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Katz EA, Visoly-Fisher I, Feuermann D, Tenne R, Gordon JM. Concentrated Sunlight for Materials Synthesis and Diagnostics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800444. [PMID: 29717785 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the use of highly concentrated sunlight for materials science research is reviewed. Specific research directions include: (1) the generation of inorganic nanostructures, some of which had eluded experimental realization with conventional synthetic processes, and (2) elucidating the processes governing the degradation of organic and perovskite-based photovoltaic materials and devices, along with accelerated assessment of their stability. Both approaches employ solar concentrators capable of producing flux densities exceeding those of terrestrial solar radiation by up to three orders of magnitude, and are geared toward either creating extensive ultrahot reactor conditions conducive to the rapid, safe synthesis of unusual nanomaterials or judiciously interrogating photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene A Katz
- Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Iris Visoly-Fisher
- Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Daniel Feuermann
- Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel
| | - Reshef Tenne
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Jeffrey M Gordon
- Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel
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Eliminating light soaking effect of inverted polymer solar cells functionalized with a conjugated macroelectrolyte electron-collecting interlayer. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yu L, Shearer C, Shapter J. Recent Development of Carbon Nanotube Transparent Conductive Films. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13413-13453. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- LePing Yu
- Centre for Nanoscale Science
and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia 5042
| | - Cameron Shearer
- Centre for Nanoscale Science
and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia 5042
| | - Joseph Shapter
- Centre for Nanoscale Science
and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia 5042
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Xu W, Xia R, Ye T, Zhao L, Kan Z, Mei Y, Yan C, Zhang XW, Lai WY, Keivanidis PE, Huang W. Understanding the Light Soaking Effects in Inverted Organic Solar Cells Functionalized with Conjugated Macroelectrolyte Electron-Collecting Interlayers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2016; 3:1500245. [PMID: 27981016 PMCID: PMC5115465 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Three kinds of charged star-shaped conjugated macroelectrolytes, named as PhNBr, TPANBr, and TrNBr, are synthesized as electron-collecting interlayers for inverted polymer solar cells (i-PSCs). Based on these well-defined structured interlayer materials, the light soaking (LS) effect observed in i-PSCs was studied systematically and accurately. The general character of the LS effect is further verified by studying additional i-PSC devices functionalized with other common interlayers. The key-role of UV photons was confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and electron-only devices. In addition, the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicate that the work function of the indium tin oxide (ITO)/interlayer cathode is significantly reduced after UV treatment. In these i-PSC devices the LS effect originates from the adsorbed oxygen on the ITO substrates when oxygen plasma is used; however, even a small amount of oxygen from the ambient is also enough for triggering the LS effect, albeit with a weaker intensity. Our results suggest that the effect of adsorbed oxygen on ITO needs to be considered with attention while preparing i-PSCs. This is an important finding that can aid the large-scale manufacturing of organic solar cells via printing technologies, which do not always ensure the full protection of the device electrode substrates from oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Xu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Ruidong Xia
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Tengling Ye
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Cyprus University of Technology Dorothea Bldg 51145 Kitiou Kyprianou Street Limassol 3041 Cyprus; Department of Chemistry Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Zhipeng Kan
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi Istituto Italiano di Tecnologlia Via G. Pascoli 70/3 I-20133 Milan Italy
| | - Yang Mei
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Congfei Yan
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xin-Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wen-Yong Lai
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China; Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Panagiotis E Keivanidis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Cyprus University of Technology Dorothea Bldg 511 45 Kitiou Kyprianou Street Limassol 3041 Cyprus
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications 9 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 China; Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
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Polino G, Shanmugam S, Bex GJP, Abbel R, Brunetti F, Di Carlo A, Andriessen R, Galagan Y. Photonic Flash Sintering of Ink-Jet-Printed Back Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:2325-2335. [PMID: 26704172 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b11394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A study of the photonic flash sintering of a silver nanoparticle ink printed as the back electrode for organic solar cells is presented. A number of sintering settings with different intensities and pulse durations have been tested on both full-area and grid-based silver electrodes, using the complete emission spectrum of the flash lamps from UV-A to NIR. However, none of these settings was able to produce functional devices with performances comparable to those of reference cells prepared using thermally sintered ink. Different degradation mechanisms were detected in the devices with a flash-sintered back electrode. The P3HT:PCBM photoactive layer appears to be highly heat-sensitive and turned out to be severely damaged by the high temperatures generated in the silver layer during the sintering. In addition, UV-induced photochemical degradation of the functional materials was identified as another possible source of performance deterioration in the devices with grid-based electrodes. Reducing the light intensity does not provide a proper solution because in this case the Ag electrode is not sintered sufficiently. For both types of devices, with full-area and grid-based electrodes, these problems could be solved by excluding the short wavelength contribution from the flash light spectrum using a filter. Optimized sintering parameters allowed manufacture of OPV devices with performance equal to those of the reference devices. Photonic flash sintering of the top electrode in organic solar cells was demonstrated for the first time. It reveals the great potential of this sintering method for the future roll-to-roll manufacturing of organic solar cells from solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Polino
- Holst Centre , High Tech Campus 31, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Santhosh Shanmugam
- Holst Centre - Solliance , High Tech Campus 21, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Guy J P Bex
- Holst Centre , High Tech Campus 31, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Abbel
- Holst Centre , High Tech Campus 31, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Brunetti
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Di Carlo
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ronn Andriessen
- Holst Centre - Solliance , High Tech Campus 21, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yulia Galagan
- Holst Centre - Solliance , High Tech Campus 21, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Abstract
This review highlights the factors limiting the stability of organic solar cells and recent developments in strategies to increase the stability of organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
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