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Silori GK, Thoka S, Ho KC. Morphological Features of SiO 2 Nanofillers Address Poor Stability Issue in Gel Polymer Electrolyte-Based Electrochromic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37205840 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanofillers' applicability in gel polymer electrolyte (GPE)-based devices skyrocketed in the last decade as soon as their remarkable benefits were realized. However, their applicability in GPE-based electrochromic devices (ECDs) has hardly seen any development due to challenges such as optical inhomogeneity brought by incompetent nanofiller sizes, transmittance drop due to higher filler loading (usually required), and poor methodologies of electrolyte fabrication. To address such issues, herein, we demonstrate a reinforced polymer electrolyte tailored through poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP),1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4), and four types of mesoporous SiO2 nanofillers, porous (distinct morphologies) and nonporous, two each. The synthesized electrochromic species 1,1'-bis(4-fluorobenzyl)-4,4'-bipyridine-1,1'-diium tetrafluoroborate (BzV, 0.05 M), counter redox species ferrocene (Fc, 0.05 M), and supporting electrolyte (TBABF4, 0.5 M) were first dissolved in propylene carbonate (PC) and then immobilized in an electrospun PVDF-HFP/BMIMBF4/SiO2 host. We distinctly observed that spherical (SPHS) and hexagonal pore (MCMS) morphologies of fillers endowed higher transmittance change (ΔT) and coloration efficiency (CE) in utilized ECDs; particularly for the MCMS-incorporated ECD (GPE-MCMS/BzV-Fc ECD), ΔT reached ∼62.5% and CE soared to 276.3 cm2/C at 603 nm. The remarkable benefit of filler's hexagonal morphology was also seen in the GPE-MCMS/BzV-Fc ECD, which not only marked an astounding ionic conductivity (σ) of ∼13.5 × 10-3 S cm-1 at 25 °C, thus imitating the solution-type ECD's behavior, but also retained ∼77% of initial ΔT after 5000 switching cycles. The enhancement in ECD's performance resulted from merits brought by filler geometries such as the proliferation of Lewis acid-base interaction sites due to the high surface-to-volume ratio, the creation of percolating tunnels, and the emergence of capillary forces triggering facile ion transportation in the electrolyte matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar Silori
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | | | - Kuo-Chuan Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center of Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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2
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Zhong C, Shang Z, Zhao C, Luo H, Cao Y, Yan D, You K. Co-Catalyst Ti3C2TX MXene-Modified ZnO Nanorods Photoanode for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. Top Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-022-01619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Boudjemaa A, Nongwe I, Mutuma B, Matsoso B, Bachari K, Coville N. TiO2@hollow carbon spheres: A photocatalyst for hydrogen generation under visible irradiation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Nguyen TT, Patel M, Kim S, Dao VA, Kim J. Transparent Stacked Photoanodes with Efficient Light Management for Solar-Driven Photoelectrochemical Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:10181-10190. [PMID: 33617239 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solar-driven hydrogen generation is one of the most promising approaches for building a sustainable energy system. Photovoltaic-assisted photoanodes can help to reduce the overpotential of water splitting in photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells. Transparent photoanodes can improve light-conversion efficiency by absorbing high-energy photons while transmitting lower energy photons to the photocathode for hydrogen production. In this work, transparent photoanodes were implemented by forming metal-oxide junctions of NiO/TiO2 heterostructures for creating the photovoltaic effect. The photovoltaic-induced transparent photoelectrode (PTPE) provides the photovoltage (0.7 V), which efficiently reduces the onset potential voltage by -0.38 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), as compared to 0.17 V versus RHE for a single-TiO2 photoanode. The PEC cell has a high photocurrent of 1.68 mA at 1.23 V with respect to the RHE. The chemical endurance of metal-oxides maintains the stability of the PTPE for over 100 h in an alkaline electrolyte of 0.1 M KOH. The results of this study reveal that combining multiple PTPE cells to create a stacked photoanode enhances the photocurrent roughly in proportion to the number of PTPE cells. This design scheme for optimizing the light-conversion efficiency in a PTPE-photoanode system is promising for creating robust systems for on-site energy producers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vinh-Ai Dao
- Future Materials & Devices Lab., Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Electrical-Electronic Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
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5
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Pulipaka S, Koushik AKS, Deepa M, Meduri P. Enhanced photoelectrochemical activity of Co-doped β-In2S3nanoflakes as photoanodes for water splitting. RSC Adv 2019; 9:1335-1340. [PMID: 35518026 PMCID: PMC9059628 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09660k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work is primarily focused on indium sulfide (β-In2S3) and cobalt (Co)-doped β-In2S3 nanoflakes as photoanodes for water oxidation. The incorporation of cobalt introduces new dopant energy levels increasing visible light absorption and leading to improved photo-activity. In addition, cobalt ion centers in β-In2S3 act as potential catalytic sites to promote electro-activity. 5 mol% Co-doped β-In2S3 nanoflakes when tested for photoelectrochemical water splitting exhibited a photocurrent density of 0.69 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V, much higher than that of pure β-In2S3. Doped indium sulfide as an efficient photocatalyst for water oxidation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Pulipaka
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
- India
| | - A. K. S. Koushik
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
- India
| | - Melepurath Deepa
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
- India
| | - Praveen Meduri
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
- India
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6
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Chen Q, Wang Z, Chen K, Fu Q, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Li D, Pan C. TiO2/graphene/CuSbS2 mixed-dimensional array with high-performance photoelectrochemical properties. RSC Adv 2019; 9:33747-33754. [PMID: 35528909 PMCID: PMC9073703 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07237c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing demands for reproducible and clean sources of power has prompted the exploitation of novel materials for solar-energy conversion; in any case, the improvement of their conversion efficiency remains a big challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyuan Chen
- School of Physics and Technology
- MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Zhongchi Wang
- School of Physics and Technology
- MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Keqiang Chen
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science and Technology
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Memory Materials and Devices
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
| | - Qiang Fu
- Center for Electron Microscopy
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Yueli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science and Technology
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Memory Materials and Devices
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
| | - Delong Li
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science and Technology
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Memory Materials and Devices
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
| | - Chunxu Pan
- School of Physics and Technology
- MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
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7
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TiO2 nanocrystals decorated Z-schemed core-shell CdS-CdO nanorod arrays as high efficiency anodes for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 521:216-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yang JS, Wu JJ. Toward Eco-Friendly and Highly Efficient Solar Water Splitting Using In 2S 3/Anatase/Rutile TiO 2 Dual-Staggered-Heterojunction Nanodendrite Array Photoanode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:3714-3722. [PMID: 29299916 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b19139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The TiO2-based heterojunction nanodendrite (ND) array composed of anatase nanoparticles (ANPs) on the surface of the rutile ND (RND) array is selected as the model photoanode to demonstrate the strategies toward eco-friendly and efficient solar water splitting using neutral electrolyte and seawater. Compared with the performances in alkaline electrolyte, a non-negligible potential drop across the electrolyte as well as impeded charge injection and charge separation is monitored in the ANP/RND array photoanode with neutral electrolyte, which are, respectively, ascribed to the series resistance of neutral electrolyte, the fundamentally pH-dependent water oxidation mechanism on TiO2 surface, as well as the less band bending at the interface of TiO2 and neutral electrolyte. Accordingly, a TiO2-based dual-staggered heterojunction ND array photoanode is further designed in this work to overcome the issue of less band bending with the neutral electrolyte. The improvement of charge separation efficiency is realized by the deposition of a transparent In2S3 layer on the ANP/RND array photoanode for constructing additional staggered heterojunction. Under illumination of AM 1.5G (100 mW cm-2), the improved photocurrent densities acquired both in neutral electrolyte and seawater at 1.23 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), which approach the theoretical value for rutile TiO2, are demonstrated in the dual-staggered-heterojunction ND array photoanode. Faradaic efficiencies of ∼95 and ∼32% for solar water oxidation in neutral electrolyte and solar seawater oxidation for 2 h are acquired at 1.23 V vs RHE, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jih-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jen Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
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9
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Tang N, Li Y, Chen F, Han Z. In situ fabrication of a direct Z-scheme photocatalyst by immobilizing CdS quantum dots in the channels of graphene-hybridized and supported mesoporous titanium nanocrystals for high photocatalytic performance under visible light. RSC Adv 2018; 8:42233-42245. [PMID: 35558760 PMCID: PMC9092058 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the considerable advantages of direct Z-scheme photocatalysts by immobilizing high-quality CdS quantum dots (QDs) in the channels of graphene-hybridized and supported mesoporous titania (GMT) nanocrystals (CdS@GMT/GR) under facile hydrothermal conditions. The photocatalysts have been characterized by XRD, PL, XPS, SEM, DRS, TEM, EIS, and N2 adsorption. CdS QDs primarily serve as photosensitizers with a unique pore-embedded structure for the effective utilization of the light source. This direct Z-scheme CdS@GMT/GR exhibits higher photocatalytic activity than CdS/GR, GMT/GR, or CdS@MT. In addition, the rate constant of CdS@GMT/GR-2 is approximately twice the sum of those of CdS@MT and GMT/GR, because GR played the role of hole-transporting and collection layer as well as the hybridization level formation in terms of hybridizing MT and serving as a support. Therefore, the GR content tunes the energy band, affects the surface area, and controls the interfacial hole transfer and collection rate of the direct Z-scheme system. Furthermore, CdS@GMT/GR retains its high performance in repeated photocatalytic processes. This can be attributed to the fact that GR prevents QDs from photocorrosion by means of the hole-transporting and collection effect. A possible reaction mechanism is proposed. This work provides a promising strategy for the construction of highly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts to reduce the growing menace of environmental pollution. CdS@GMT/GR exhibits high photocatalytic activity due to its direct Z-scheme structure obtained by immobilizing CdS quantum dots in the channels of GMT nanocrystals.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningmei Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jishou University
- P. R. China
| | - Youji Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jishou University
- P. R. China
| | - Feitai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jishou University
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenying Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jishou University
- P. R. China
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10
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Li CJ, Tseng CM, Lai SN, Yang CR, Hung WH. Photocatalytic Activities Enhanced by Au-Plasmonic Nanoparticles on TiO 2 Nanotube Photoelectrode Coated with MoO 3. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 12:560. [PMID: 28986769 PMCID: PMC5630543 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-2327-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although TiO2 was formerly a common material for photocatalysis reactions, its wide band gap (3.2 eV) results in absorbing only ultraviolet light, which accounts for merely 4% of total sunlight. Modifying TiO2 has become a focus of photocatalysis reaction research, and combining two metal oxide semiconductors is the most common method in the photocatalytic enhancement process. When MoO3 and TiO2 come into contact to form a heterogeneous interface, the photogenerated holes excited from the valence band of MoO3 should be transferred to the valence band of TiO2 to effectively reduce the charge recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. This can efficiently separate the pairs and promote photocatalysis efficiency. In addition, photocurrent enhancement is attributed to the strong near-field and light-scattering effects from plasmonic Ag nanoparticles. In this work, we fabricated MoO3-coated TiO2 nanotube heterostructures with a 3D hierarchical configuration through two-step anodic oxidation and a facile hydrothermal method. This 3D hierarchical structure consists of a TiO2 nanotube core and a MoO3 shell (referred to as TNTs@MoO3), as characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jui Li
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Ming Tseng
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Sz-Nian Lai
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Ru Yang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsuan Hung
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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11
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Cheng X, Kong DS, Wang Z, Feng YY, Li WJ. Inhibiting effect of carbonate on the photoinduced flatband potential shifts during water photooxidation at TiO2/solution interface. J Solid State Electrochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Chen Y, Li A, Yue X, Wang LN, Huang ZH, Kang F, Volinsky AA. Facile fabrication of organic/inorganic nanotube heterojunction arrays for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:13228-13235. [PMID: 26926569 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07893h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic/inorganic heterojunction photoanodes are appealing for making concurrent use of the highly photoactive organic semiconductors, and the efficient dielectric screening provided by their inorganic counterparts. In the present work, organic/inorganic nanotube heterojunction arrays composed of TiO2 nanotube arrays and a semiconducting N,N-(dicyclohexyl) perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PDi) layer were fabricated for photoelectrochemical water splitting. In this arrayed architecture, a PDi layer with a tunable thickness was coated on anodic TiO2 nanotube arrays by physical vapor deposition, which is advantageous for the formation of a uniform layer and an adequate interface contact between PDi and TiO2. The obtained PDi/TiO2 junction exhibited broadened visible light absorption, and an effective interface for enhanced photogenerated electron-hole separation, which is supported by the reduced charge transfer resistance and prolonged excitation lifetime via impedance spectroscopy analysis and fluorescence emission decay investigations. Consequently, such a heterojunction photoanode was photoresponsive to a wide visible light region of 400-600 nm, and thus demonstrated a highly enhanced photocurrent density at 1.23 V vs. a reversible hydrogen electrode. Additionally, the durability of such a photoanode can be guaranteed after long-time illumination because of the geometrical restraint imposed by the PDi aggregates. These results pave the way to discover new organic/inorganic assemblies for high-performance photoelectric applications and device integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Aoxiang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Xiaoqi Yue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Lu-Ning Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Zheng-Hong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Alex A Volinsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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13
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Improving the contact properties of CdS-decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays using an electrochemical/thermal/chemical approach. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Yousefzadeh S, Faraji M, Moshfegh AZ. Constructing BiVO4/Graphene/TiO2 nanocomposite photoanode for photoelectrochemical conversion applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Ikram A, Sahai S, Rai S, Dass S, Shrivastav R, Satsangi VR. Improved charge transportation at PbS QDs/TiO2 interface for efficient PEC hydrogen generation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:15815-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00854b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inclusion of PbS QDs underneath TiO2 thin film has been proven to be an effective strategy in enhancing the PEC response of TiO2 owing to higher number of photogenerated charge carriers & their efficient separation, along with long term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashi Ikram
- Department of Physics & Computer Science
- Dayalbagh Educational Institute
- Agra
- India
| | - Sonal Sahai
- Department of Physics & Computer Science
- Dayalbagh Educational Institute
- Agra
- India
| | - Snigdha Rai
- Department of Physics & Computer Science
- Dayalbagh Educational Institute
- Agra
- India
| | - Sahab Dass
- Department of Chemistry
- Dayalbagh Educational Institute
- Agra
- India
| | | | - Vibha R. Satsangi
- Department of Physics & Computer Science
- Dayalbagh Educational Institute
- Agra
- India
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Devadoss A, Kuragano A, Terashima C, Sudhagar P, Nakata K, Kondo T, Yuasa M, Fujishima A. Single-step electrospun TiO2–Au hybrid electrodes for high selectivity photoelectrocatalytic glutathione bioanalysis. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:220-228. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01740h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One-step electrospun Au nanoparticle decorated TiO2 nanofiber membrane served as effective photoanode for highly selective glutathione analysis with a photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Devadoss
- Photocatalysis International Research Center
- Research Institute for Science & Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| | - Asako Kuragano
- Photocatalysis International Research Center
- Research Institute for Science & Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| | - Chiaki Terashima
- Photocatalysis International Research Center
- Research Institute for Science & Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| | - P. Sudhagar
- Photocatalysis International Research Center
- Research Institute for Science & Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| | - Kazuya Nakata
- Photocatalysis International Research Center
- Research Institute for Science & Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| | - Takeshi Kondo
- Photocatalysis International Research Center
- Research Institute for Science & Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| | - Makoto Yuasa
- Photocatalysis International Research Center
- Research Institute for Science & Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| | - Akira Fujishima
- Photocatalysis International Research Center
- Research Institute for Science & Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
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