1
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Li TZ, Wu SF, Wang NY, Hong CS, Zhang YC, Shi F. Catalytic Atroposelective Synthesis of N-N Axially Chiral Indolylamides. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39189641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
The catalytic atroposelective synthesis of N-N axially chiral indolylamides was established via dynamic kinetic resolution, which makes use of chiral Lewis base-catalyzed asymmetric acylation of N-acylaminoindoles as a new type of platform molecule with anhydrides. By this strategy, a series of N-N axially chiral indolylamides were synthesized in overall good yields (up to 98%) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee). Moreover, some of these N-N axially chiral indolylamides display some extent of anticancer activity, which demonstrates their potential application in medicinal chemistry. Therefore, this work has not only provided a new strategy for the synthesis of N-N axially chiral monoaryl indoles but also offered a new member of N-N axially chiral monoaryl indoles with configurational stability and promising application, thereby solving the challenges in atroposelective synthesis and application of N-N axially chiral monoaryl indoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Zhen Li
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Shu-Fang Wu
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Ning-Yi Wang
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Chen-Shengping Hong
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yu-Chen Zhang
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Research Center of Chiral Functional Heterocycles, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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2
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Lin Z, Yu Y, Liu R, Zi W. Design, Preparation, and Implementation of Axially Chiral Benzotetramisoles as Lewis Base Catalysts for Asymmetric Cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401181. [PMID: 38725281 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Developing novel catalysts with potent activity is of great importance in organocatalysis. In this study, we designed and prepared a new class of benzotetramisole Lewis base catalysts (AxBTM) that have both central and axial chirality. This unique feature of these catalysts results in a three-dimensional microenvironment with multi-layers of chirality. The performance of the developed catalysts was tested in a series of cycloaddition reactions. These included the AxBTM-catalyzed (2+2) cycloaddition between α-fluoro-α-aryl anhydride with imines or oxindoles, and the sequential gold/AxBTM-catalyzed (4+2) cycloaddition of enynamides with pentafluorophenyl esters. The interplay between axial and central chirality had a collaborative effect in regulating the stereochemistry in these cycloadditions, leading to high levels of stereoselectivity that would otherwise be challenging to achieve using conventional BTM catalysts. However, the (2+2) and (4+2) cycloadditions have different predilections for axial and central chirality combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Lin
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Rixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Weiwei Zi
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300071, China
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3
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Conboy A, Goodfellow AS, Kasten K, Dunne J, Cordes DB, Bühl M, Smith AD. De-epimerizing DyKAT of β-lactones generated by isothiourea-catalysed enantioselective [2 + 2] cycloaddition. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8896-8904. [PMID: 38873072 PMCID: PMC11168096 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01410c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
An enantioselective isothiourea-catalysed [2 + 2] cycloaddition of C(1)-ammonium enolates with pyrazol-4,5-diones is used to construct spirocyclic β-lactones in good yields, excellent enantioselectivity (99 : 1 er) but with modest diastereocontrol (typically 70 : 30 dr). Upon ring-opening with morpholine or alternative nucleophilic amines and alcohols β-hydroxyamide and β-hydroxyester products are generated with enhanced diastereocontrol (up to >95 : 5 dr). Control experiments show that stereoconvergence is observed in the ring-opening of diastereoisomeric β-lactones, leading to a single product (>95 : 5 dr, >99 : 1 er). Mechanistic studies and DFT analysis indicate a substrate controlled Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Transformation (DyKAT) involving epimerisation at C(3) of the β-lactone under the reaction conditions, coupled with a hydrogen bond-assisted nucleophilic addition to the Si-face of the β-lactone and stereodetermining ring-opening. The scope and limitations of a one-pot protocol consisting of isothiourea-catalysed enantio-determining [2 + 2] cycloaddition followed by diastereo-determining ring-opening are subsequently developed. Variation within the anhydride ammonium enolate precursor, as well as N(1) and C(3) within the pyrazol-4,5-dione scaffold is demonstrated, giving a range of functionalised β-hydroxyamides with high diastereo- and enantiocontrol (>20 examples, up to >95 : 5 dr and >99 : 1 er) via this DyKAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aífe Conboy
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Alister S Goodfellow
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Kevin Kasten
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Joanne Dunne
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - David B Cordes
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Michael Bühl
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
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4
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Zhao K, Wang H, Li T, Liu S, Benassi E, Li X, Yao Y, Wang X, Cui X, Shi F. Identification of a potent palladium-aryldiphosphine catalytic system for high-performance carbonylation of alkenes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2016. [PMID: 38443382 PMCID: PMC10914764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of stable and efficient ligands is of vital significance to enhance the catalytic performance of carbonylation reactions of alkenes. Herein, an aryldiphosphine ligand (L11) bearing the [Ph2P(ortho-C6H4)]2CH2 skeleton is reported for palladium-catalyzed regioselective carbonylation of alkenes. Compared with the industrially successful Pd/1,2-bis(di-tert-butylphosphinomethyl)benzene catalyst, catalytic efficiency catalyzed by Pd/L11 on methoxycarbonylation of ethylene is obtained, exhibiting better catalytic performance (TON: >2,390,000; TOF: 100,000 h-1; selectivity: >99%) and stronger oxygen-resistance stability. Moreover, a substrate compatibility (122 examples) including chiral and bioactive alkenes or alcohols is achieved with up to 99% yield and 99% regioselectivity. Experimental and computational investigations show that the appropriate bite angle of aryldiphosphine ligand and the favorable interaction of 1,4-dioxane with Pd/L11 synergistically contribute to high activity and selectivity while the electron deficient phosphines originated from electron delocalization endow L11 with excellent oxygen-resistance stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Lanzhou, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Teng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Enrico Benassi
- Novosibirsk State University, No. 2, Pigorova ul, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
| | - Xiao Li
- Nanjing Chengzhi Clean Energy Co., LTD., Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yao Yao
- Nanjing Chengzhi Clean Energy Co., LTD., Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Nanjing Chengzhi Clean Energy Co., LTD., Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xinjiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Lanzhou, PR China.
| | - Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Lanzhou, PR China.
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5
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Piringer M, Stockhammer L, Vogl L, Weinzierl D, Zebrowski P, Waser M. Enantioselective α-heterofunctionalization reactions of catalytically generated C1-Lewis base enolates. TETRAHEDRON CHEM 2024; 9:100063. [PMID: 38846753 PMCID: PMC7616070 DOI: 10.1016/j.tchem.2024.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Chiral Lewis base (LB) organocatalysis has emerged as a powerful covalent catalysis concept which allows for highly selective asymmetric C-C and C-heteroatom bond formations. Considering significant recent progress in the development of strategies to access α-heterofunctionalized carboxylic acid derivatives under chiral LB catalysis, we wish to summarize the most significant concepts and advances in this field within this mini review now.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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6
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Sayed M, Shi Z, Han ZY, Gong LZ. Asymmetric construction of phosphono dihydropyranones from α-ketophosphonates enabled by Pd/chiral isothiourea relay catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7305-7310. [PMID: 37668247 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01267k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly enantio- and diastereoselective approach has been developed for the synthesis of chiral phosphono dihydropyranones. This approach is enabled by Pd/chiral isothiourea relay catalysis under mild reaction conditions, starting from readily available benzyl bromides, CO, and α-ketophosphonates. The cascade reaction involves the generation of a ketene intermediate from Pd-catalyzed carbonylation of benzyl bromide and subsequent chiral Lewis base catalyzed formal [4 + 2] reaction. Phosphono lactone products can also be transformed to chiral 1,5-diester products in good yield and high stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Sayed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, El-Kharja 72511, Egypt
| | - Zhipeng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Zhi-Yong Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Liu-Zhu Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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7
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Nimmo AJ, Bitai J, Young CM, McLaughlin C, Slawin AMZ, Cordes DB, Smith AD. Enantioselective isothiourea-catalysed reversible Michael addition of aryl esters to 2-benzylidene malononitriles. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7537-7544. [PMID: 37449062 PMCID: PMC10337745 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02101g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective transformations usually rely upon optimal enantioselectivity being observed in kinetically controlled reaction processes, with energy differences between diastereoisomeric transition state energies translating to stereoisomeric product ratios. Herein, stereoselectivity resulting from an unusual reversible Michael addition of an aryl ester to 2-benzylidene malononitrile electrophiles using an isothiourea as a Lewis base catalyst is demonstrated. Notably, the basicity of the aryloxide component and reactivity of the isothiourea Lewis base both affect the observed product selectivity, with control studies and crossover experiments indicating the feasibility of a constructive reversible Michael addition from the desired product. When this reversible addition is coupled with a crystallisation-induced diastereomer transformation (CIDT) it allows isolation of products in high yield and stereocontrol (14 examples, up to 95 : 5 dr and 99 : 1 er). Application of this process to gram scale, plus derivatisations to provide further useful products, is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J Nimmo
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Jacqueline Bitai
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Claire M Young
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Calum McLaughlin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - David B Cordes
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
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8
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Stockhammer L, Craik R, Monkowius U, Cordes DB, Smith AD, Waser M. Isothiourea-Catalyzed Enantioselective Functionalisation of Glycine Schiff Base Aryl Esters via 1,6- and 1,4-Additions. CHEMISTRYEUROPE 2023; 1:e202300015. [PMID: 38882579 PMCID: PMC7616101 DOI: 10.1002/ceur.202300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The enantioselective α-functionalisation of glycine Schiff base aryl esters through isothiourea catalysis is successfully demonstrated for 1,6-additions to para-quinone methides (21 examples, up to 95:5 dr and 96:4 er) and 1,4-additions to methylene substituted dicarbonyl or disulfonyl Michael acceptors (17 examples, up to 98:2 er). This nucleophilic organocatalysis approach gives access to a range of α-functionalised α-amino acid derivatives and further transformations of the activated aryl ester group provide a straightforward entry to advanced amino acid-based esters, amides or thioesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Stockhammer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz (Austria)
| | - Rebecca Craik
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, KY16 9ST St Andrews, Fife, (UK)
| | - Uwe Monkowius
- School of Education, Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz (Austria)
| | - David B Cordes
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, KY16 9ST St Andrews, Fife, (UK)
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, KY16 9ST St Andrews, Fife, (UK)
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz (Austria)
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9
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Weinzierl D, Piringer M, Zebrowski P, Stockhammer L, Waser M. Photochemical Wolff Rearrangement Initiated Generation and Subsequent α-Chlorination of C1 Ammonium Enolates. Org Lett 2023; 25:3126-3130. [PMID: 37098273 PMCID: PMC10167681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective synthesis of α-chlorinated carboxylic acid esters with er up to 99:1 and yields up to 82% was achieved via a one-pot multistep protocol starting from α-diazoketones. This process proceeds via a photochemical Wolff rearrangement, trapping of the generated ketene with a chiral Lewis base catalyst, subsequent enantioselective α-chlorination, and a final nucleophilic displacement of the bound catalyst. The obtained products were successfully utilized for stereospecific nucleophilic displacement reactions with N- and S-nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Weinzierl
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Magdalena Piringer
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Paul Zebrowski
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Lotte Stockhammer
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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10
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Ding WW, Zhou Y, Han ZY, Gong LZ. Asymmetric Cascade Carbonylation/Annulation of Benzyl Bromides, CO, and Vinyl Benzoxazinanones Enabled by Pd/Chiral Lewis-Base Relay Catalysis. J Org Chem 2022; 88:5187-5193. [PMID: 36507840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A highly enantioselective cascade carbonylation/annulation of benzyl bromides, CO, and vinyl benzoxazinanones under mild conditions has been established by Pd/chiral Lewis base relay catalysis, providing an efficient method to assemble chiral quinolinones from readily available starting materials in good yields with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities. The palladium catalyst plays two roles in this reaction, enabling both the carbonylation process and the generation of the zwitterionic π-allyl palladium intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liu-Zhu Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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11
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Zhang XY, Lu K, Guo BK, Shao YP, Wang H, Zhang FM, Tu YQ, Zhang XM. Catalytic Enantioselective Steglich-Type Rearrangement of Enol Lactones: Asymmetric Synthesis of Spirocyclic 1,3-Diketones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15031-15041. [PMID: 36325975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An example of asymmetric Steglich-type rearrangement of enol lactones is reported. This highly enantioselective acyl transfer reaction is catalyzed by chiral isothiourea at ambient temperature and provides a useful synthetic approach to access enantioenriched spirotricyclic β,β'-diketones from a broad range of indanone or tetralone-derived lactones. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest the initial formation of an N-acylated iminium cation intermediate that induces a following facial selective condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Ka Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Kuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ping Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100109, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100109, P. R. China
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12
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Wu X, Chi YR. Exploring Molecular Complexity by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Organocatalysis: New Activation and Reaction Diversity. CHEM REC 2022:e202200219. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggui Liu
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Ministry of Education Guizhou University, Huaxi District Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Ministry of Education Guizhou University, Huaxi District Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Xingxing Wu
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Ministry of Education Guizhou University, Huaxi District Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Ministry of Education Guizhou University, Huaxi District Guiyang 550025 China
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
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13
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Jia H, Ritter T. α-Thianthrenium Carbonyl Species: The Equivalent of an α-Carbonyl Carbocation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208978. [PMID: 35895980 PMCID: PMC9804271 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Here we report an α-thianthrenium carbonyl species, as the equivalent of an α-carbonyl carbocation, which is generated by the radical conjugate addition of a trifluoromethyl thianthrenium salt to Michael acceptors. The reactivity allows for the synthesis of Cα -tetrasubstituted α- and β-amino acid analogues via a Ritter reaction by addition of acetonitrile. Addition of hydroxide, methoxide, and even fluoride can afford α-heteroatom substituted α-phenylpropanoates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jia
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany,Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
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14
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Wang Y, Young CM, Liu H, Hartley WC, Wienhold M, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Smith AD. A Desilylative Approach to Alkyl Substituted C(1)‐Ammonium Enolates: Application in Enantioselective [2+2] Cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208800. [PMID: 35833471 PMCID: PMC9543305 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic generation of C(1)‐ammonium enolates from the corresponding α‐silyl‐α‐alkyl substituted carboxylic acids using the isothiourea HyperBTM is reported. This desilylative approach grants access to α‐unsubstituted and α‐alkyl substituted C(1)‐ammonium enolates, which are typically difficult to access through traditional methods reliant upon deprotonation. The scope and limitations of this process is established in enantioselective [2+2]‐cycloaddition processes with perfluoroalkylketones (31 examples, up to 96 % yield and >99 : 1 er), as well as selective [2+2]‐cycloaddition with trifluoromethyl enones (4 examples, up to 75 % yield and >99 : 1 er). Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate this process proceeds through an initial kinetic resolution of an in situ prepared (±)‐α‐silyl‐α‐alkyl substituted anhydride, while the reaction process exhibits overall pseudo zero‐order kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Wang
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Claire M. Young
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Honglei Liu
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Will C. Hartley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Max Wienhold
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - David. B. Cordes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | | | - Andrew D. Smith
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
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15
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Wang Z, Yang T, Liu D, Chen R, Wang N, Liu H, Li J, Wang K, Liu H. Catalyst-Controlled Selectivity Switch in Three-Component Reaction: An NHC-Catalyzed Strategy for the Synthesis of δ-Lactone-Fused Spirobenzofuran-3-ones. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185952. [PMID: 36144686 PMCID: PMC9503435 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient, three-component reaction of aldehydes and benzofuran-3-ones was developed. This process provides a new approach for the preparation of synthetically and biologically important spirobenzofuran-3-one derivatives with moderate-to-good yields under mild conditions. A switch of intramolecular to intermolecular domino Michael–aldol–lactonization leading to differential product formation was achieved by different NHCs catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Nursing College, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Xinxiang Runyu Material Co., Ltd., Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Rongxiang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Hong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Jiarong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Kaikai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Hongxin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Institute of New Materials & Industrial Technology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (H.L.)
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16
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Cromwell S, Sutio R, Zhang C, Such GK, Lupton DW. Lewis Base Catalyzed Synthesis of Sulfur Heterocycles via the C1‐Pyridinium Enolate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206647. [PMID: 35718884 PMCID: PMC9545057 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
While the addition of C1‐Lewis base enolates to carbonyls and related structures are well established, the related addition to thiocarbonyls compounds are unknown. Herein, we report a reaction cascade in which a C1‐pyridinium enolate undergos addition to dithioesters, trithiocarbonates and xanthates. The reaction provides access to a range of dihydrothiophenes and dihydrothiopyrans (28‐examples). Mechanistic investigations, including isolation of intermediates, electronic correlation, and kinetic isotope effect studies support the viability of an activated acid intermediate giving rise to the C1‐pyridinium enolate which undergoes turnover limiting cyclization. Subsequent formation of a β‐thiolactone regenerates the catalyst with loss of carbon oxysulfide providing the observed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Cromwell
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton 3800, Victoria Australia
| | - Randy Sutio
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton 3800, Victoria Australia
| | - Changhe Zhang
- School of Chemistry University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Georgina K. Such
- School of Chemistry University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - David W. Lupton
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton 3800, Victoria Australia
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17
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Wicker G, Zhou R, Schoch R, Paradies J. Sigmatropic [1,5] Carbon Shift of Transient C3 Ammonium Enolates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204378. [PMID: 35535567 PMCID: PMC9401041 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The stereospecific sigmatropic [1,5] carbon shift of C3 ammonium enolates is discovered. According to mechanistic, kinetic and computational experiments, this new rearrangement proceeds via the catalytic generation of a transient C3 ammonium enolate by intramolecular aza‐Michael addition. This intermediate rapidly undergoes [1,5] sigmatropic carbon migration to furnish the respective tetrahydroquinoline‐4‐ones with excellent diastereoselectivities of d.r. >99 : 1 and in 61–98 % yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrit Wicker
- Department of Chemistry Paderborn University Warburger Strasse 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Rundong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry Paderborn University Warburger Strasse 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Roland Schoch
- Department of Chemistry Paderborn University Warburger Strasse 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Jan Paradies
- Department of Chemistry Paderborn University Warburger Strasse 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
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18
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Jia H, Ritter T. α‐Thianthrenium Carbonyl Species: The Equivalent of an α‐Carbonyl Carbocation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jia
- Max-Planck-Institute für Kohlenforschung: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kohlenforschung Chemistry Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Muelheim an der Ruhr GERMANY
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kohlenforschung Department of Organic Chemistry Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Muelheim an der Ruhr GERMANY
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19
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Smith AD, Wang Y, Young CM, Liu H, Hartley WC, Wienhold M, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ. A Desilylative Approach to Alkyl Substituted C(1)‐Ammonium Enolates: Application in Enantioselective [2+2] Cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew David Smith
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry North Haugh FIFE, KY10 3TH St. Andrews UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Yihong Wang
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Honglei Liu
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Max Wienhold
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
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20
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Qaroush AK, Eftaiha AF, Smadi AH, Assaf KI, Al-Qaisi FM, Alsoubani F. CS 2/CO 2 Utilization Using Mukaiyama Reagent as a (Thio)carbonylating Promoter: A Proof-of-Concept Study. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:22511-22521. [PMID: 35811893 PMCID: PMC9260919 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report on the reaction of ethylene-terminated heteroatoms (C2X; X = N, O, and S) with CS2/CO2 using Mukaiyama reagent (2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide, CMPI) as a promoter for the preparation of imidazolidin-2-one, oxazolidin-2-one, 1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 1,3-dithiolan-2-one, and their thione counterparts at ambient temperature and pressure. Spectroscopic measurements, viz., 1H/13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ex situ attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy methods verified the reaction of CS2/CO2 with the ethylene-based substrates and subsequently the formation of cyclic products. The experimental data indicated the formation of the enol-form of imidazolidin-2-one and oxazolidin-2-one, while the keto-form was obtained for their thione correspondents. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations revealed the stability of the keto- over the enol-form for all reactions and pointed out the solvent effect in stabilizing the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdussalam K. Qaroush
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University
of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Ala’a F. Eftaiha
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite
University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Amneh H. Smadi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite
University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Khaleel I. Assaf
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa
Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Feda’a M. Al-Qaisi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite
University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Fatima Alsoubani
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite
University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
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21
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Wang J, Chen Y, Yao C, Zhang K. Catalyst‐free Synthesis of Benzothiazolopyrimidines
via
Visible‐Light‐Induced Wolff Rearrangement/[4+2] Cycloaddition Process. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao‐Mei Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering Xuzhou University of Technology Xuzhou 221018 P. R China
| | - Yang‐Xu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116 P. R. China
| | - Chang‐Sheng Yao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116 P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116 P. R. China
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22
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Bitai J, Nimmo AJ, Slawin AMZ, Smith AD. Cooperative Palladium/Isothiourea Catalyzed Enantioselective Formal (3+2) Cycloaddition of Vinylcyclopropanes and α,β-Unsaturated Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202621. [PMID: 35389553 PMCID: PMC9324207 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A protocol for the enantioselective synthesis of substituted vinylcyclopentanes has been realised using cooperative palladium and isothiourea catalysis. Treatment of vinylcyclopropanes with Pd(PPh3 )4 generates a zwitterionic π-allyl palladium intermediate that intercepts a catalytically generated α,β-unsaturated acyl ammonium species prepared from the corresponding α,β-unsaturated para-nitrophenyl ester and the isothiourea (R)-BTM. Intermolecular formal (3+2) cycloaddition between these reactive intermediates generates functionalised cyclopentanes in generally good yields and excellent diastereo- and enantiocontrol (up to >95 : 5 dr, 97 : 3 er), with the use of LiCl as an additive proving essential for optimal stereocontrol. To the best of our knowledge a dual transition metal/organocatalytic process involving α,β-unsaturated acyl ammonium intermediates has not been demonstrated previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Bitai
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Alastair J Nimmo
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
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23
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Cromwell S, Sutio R, Zhang C, Such GK, Lupton DW. Lewis Base Catalyzed Synthesis of Sulfur Heterocycles via the C1‐Pyridinium Enolate.**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Randy Sutio
- Monash University School of Chemistry AUSTRALIA
| | - Changhe Zhang
- University of Melbourne School of Chemistry School of Chemistry AUSTRALIA
| | - Georgina K. Such
- University of Melbourne School of Chemistry School of Chemistry AUSTRALIA
| | - David W Lupton
- Monash University School of Chemistry Science RoadClayton 3800 Melbourne AUSTRALIA
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24
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Wicker G, Zhou R, Schoch R, Paradies J. Sigmatrope [1,5]‐Kohlenstoffverschiebung transienter C3‐Ammoniumenolate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Garrit Wicker
- Department Chemie Universität Paderborn Warburger Strasse 100 33098 Paderborn Deutschland
| | - Rundong Zhou
- Department Chemie Universität Paderborn Warburger Strasse 100 33098 Paderborn Deutschland
| | - Roland Schoch
- Department Chemie Universität Paderborn Warburger Strasse 100 33098 Paderborn Deutschland
| | - Jan Paradies
- Department Chemie Universität Paderborn Warburger Strasse 100 33098 Paderborn Deutschland
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25
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Mondal S, Ghosh A, Biju AT. N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC)-Catalyzed Transformations Involving Azolium Enolates. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200054. [PMID: 35562645 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-organocatalyzed generation of azolium enolate intermediates and their subsequent interception with electrophiles are highlighted. The NHC-bound azolium intermediates are generated by the addition of NHCs to suitably substituted aldehydes, acid derivatives or ketenes. A broad range of coupling partners can intercept the azolium enolates to form [2+n] cycloadducts (n=2,3,4) and various α-functionalized compounds. The enantioselective synthesis of the target compounds are achieved with the use of chiral NHCs. Herein, we summarized the development that occurred in this subclass of NHC catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santigopal Mondal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012
| | - Arghya Ghosh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012
| | - Akkattu T Biju
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012
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26
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Kurihara T, Kojima M, Yoshino T, Matsunaga S. Achiral Cp*Rh(III)/Chiral Lewis Base Cooperative Catalysis for Enantioselective Cyclization via C–H Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7058-7065. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takumaru Kurihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Yoshino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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27
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Bitai J, Nimmo AJ, Slawin AMZ, Smith AD. Cooperative Palladium/Isothiourea Catalyzed Enantioselective Formal (3+2) Cycloaddition of Vinylcyclopropanes and a,b‐Unsaturated Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrew David Smith
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry North Haugh FIFE, KY10 3TH St. Andrews UNITED KINGDOM
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28
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Nielsen CDT, Linfoot JD, Williams AF, Spivey AC. Recent progress in asymmetric synergistic catalysis - the judicious combination of selected chiral aminocatalysts with achiral metal catalysts. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2764-2778. [PMID: 35298581 PMCID: PMC9082520 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00025c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this review we survey recent synergistic applications of a chiral organocatalyst with an achiral metal to perform stereoselective transformations of synthetic utility (since 2016). The transformations are classified by the modes of reactivity deployed, focussing on organocatalytic activation of carbonyl substrates as chiral nucleophiles via the α-position (e.g., as enamines) and as chiral electrophiles via the β-position (e.g., as iminium ions) combined with complementary activation of their reaction partners by an achiral metal co-catalyst (e.g., Pd or Cu-based). Corresponding radical reactions are also presented in which photocatalysis mediated by achiral metal complexes replaces the metal co-catalyst. Certain privileged structures are revealed and opportunities to develop this exciting field are highlighted. A critical survey of recent synergistic applications of a chiral organocatalyst with an achiral metal to perform stereoselective transformations of synthetic utility.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian D-T Nielsen
- Imperial College London, White City Campus, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (MSRH), 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Joshua D Linfoot
- Imperial College London, White City Campus, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (MSRH), 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Alexander F Williams
- Imperial College London, White City Campus, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (MSRH), 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Alan C Spivey
- Imperial College London, White City Campus, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (MSRH), 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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29
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Chen DF, Gong LZ. Organo/Transition-Metal Combined Catalysis Rejuvenates Both in Asymmetric Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2415-2437. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Feng Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liu-Zhu Gong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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30
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Guo L, Wang J, Luo J, Shi Q, Wei D, Chen X. Prediction on chemoselectivity for selected organocatalytic reactions by the DFT version of the Hückel-defined free valence index. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy01118b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The DFT version of the Hückel-defined free valence (HFV) index has been suggested and successfully used for predicting the origin of chemoselectivity in the selected organocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Guo
- College of Chemistry, Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing 100875, China
- Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Luo
- College of Chemistry, Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- College of Chemistry, Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry, Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- College of Chemistry, Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing 100875, China
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31
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Ji DS, Liang H, Yang KX, Feng ZT, Luo YC, Xu GQ, Gu Y, Xu PF. Solvent directed chemically divergent synthesis of β-lactams and α-amino acid derivatives with chiral isothiourea. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1801-1807. [PMID: 35282623 PMCID: PMC8826511 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06127e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A protocol for the chemically divergent synthesis of β-lactams and α-amino acid derivatives with isothiourea (ITU) catalysis by switching solvents was developed. The stereospecific Mannich reaction occurring between imine and C(1)-ammonium enolate generated zwitterionic intermediates, which underwent intramolecular lactamization and afforded β-lactam derivatives when DCM and CH3CN were used as solvents. However, when EtOH was used as the solvent, the intermediates underwent an intermolecular esterification reaction, and α-amino acid derivatives were produced. Detailed mechanistic experiments were conducted to prove that these two kinds of products came from the same intermediates. Furthermore, chemically diversified transformations of β-lactam and α-amino acid derivatives were achieved. A protocol for the solvent directed chemically divergent synthesis of β-lactam and α-amino acid derivatives with chiral isothiourea was reported.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Xuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Tao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Yong-Chun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yucheng Gu
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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32
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Niu R, He Y, Lin JB. Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of α-stereogenic carboxylic acids: recent advances. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:37-54. [PMID: 34854454 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02038b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chiral carboxylic acids bearing an α-stereogenic center constitute the backbone of many natural products and therapeutic reagents as well as privileged chiral ligands and catalysts. Hence, it is not surprising that a large number of elegant catalytic asymmetric strategies have been developed toward the efficient synthesis of α-chiral carboxylic acids, such as α-hydroxy acids and α-amino acids. In this review, the recent advances in asymmetric synthesis of α-stereogenic free carboxylic acids via organocatalysis and transition metal catalysis are summarized (mainly from 2010 to 2020). The content is organized by the reaction type of the carboxyl source involved, including asymmetric functionalization of substituted carboxylic acids, cyclic anhydrides, α-keto acids, substituted α,β-unsaturated acids and so on. We hope that this review will motivate further interest in catalytic asymmetric synthesis of chiral α-substituted carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Niu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China.
| | - Yi He
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China.
| | - Jun-Bing Lin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China.
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33
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Yuan S, Zheng WH. Enantioselective Construction of Tertiary α-Alkyl Fluoride via BTM-Catalyzed Fluorination of α-Alkynyl-Substituted Acetic Acids. J Org Chem 2021; 87:713-720. [PMID: 34927437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The isothiourea-catalyzed enantioselective construction of tertiary α-fluoro stereogenic centers has been demonstrated by using branched alkynyl-substituted acetic acids as starting materials, providing a broad range of optically active tertiary α-alkyl fluorides in high enantioselectivity (up to 97% ee). Furthermore, this methodology was proven to be scaled up to a Gram scale without loss of enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiru Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wen-Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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34
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Shen J, Tian F, Yang W, Deng W. Synergistic Copper and Chiral Lewis Base Catalysis for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2‐
a
]indoles. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Huan Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Fei Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Wu‐Lin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Wei‐Ping Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
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35
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Arokianathar JN, Hartley WC, McLaughlin C, Greenhalgh MD, Stead D, Ng S, Slawin AMZ, Smith AD. Isothiourea-Catalyzed Enantioselective α-Alkylation of Esters via 1,6-Conjugate Addition to para-Quinone Methides. Molecules 2021; 26:6333. [PMID: 34770741 PMCID: PMC8588318 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The isothiourea-catalyzed enantioselective 1,6-conjugate addition of para-nitrophenyl esters to 2,6-disubstituted para-quinone methides is reported. para-Nitrophenoxide, generated in situ from initial N-acylation of the isothiourea by the para-nitrophenyl ester, is proposed to facilitate catalyst turnover in this transformation. A range of para-nitrophenyl ester products can be isolated, or derivatized in situ by addition of benzylamine to give amides at up to 99% yield. Although low diastereocontrol is observed, the diastereoisomeric ester products are separable and formed with high enantiocontrol (up to 94:6 er).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude N. Arokianathar
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (J.N.A.); (W.C.H.); (C.M.); (M.D.G.); (A.M.Z.S.)
| | - Will C. Hartley
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (J.N.A.); (W.C.H.); (C.M.); (M.D.G.); (A.M.Z.S.)
| | - Calum McLaughlin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (J.N.A.); (W.C.H.); (C.M.); (M.D.G.); (A.M.Z.S.)
| | - Mark D. Greenhalgh
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (J.N.A.); (W.C.H.); (C.M.); (M.D.G.); (A.M.Z.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Darren Stead
- AstraZeneca, Oncology R&D, Research & Early Development, Darwin Building, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK;
| | - Sean Ng
- Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell RG42 6EY, UK;
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (J.N.A.); (W.C.H.); (C.M.); (M.D.G.); (A.M.Z.S.)
| | - Andrew D. Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (J.N.A.); (W.C.H.); (C.M.); (M.D.G.); (A.M.Z.S.)
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36
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McLaughlin C, Bitai J, Barber LJ, Slawin AMZ, Smith AD. Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines via the addition of C(1)-ammonium enolates to pyridinium salts. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12001-12011. [PMID: 34667566 PMCID: PMC8457386 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03860e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The regio- and stereoselective addition of C(1)-ammonium enolates - generated in situ from aryl esters and the isothiourea catalyst (R)-BTM - to pyridinium salts bearing an electron withdrawing substituent in the 3-position allows the synthesis of a range of enantioenriched 1,4-dihydropyridines. This represents the first organocatalytic approach to pyridine dearomatisation using pronucleophiles at the carboxylic acid oxidation level. Optimisation studies revealed a significant solvent dependency upon product enantioselectivity, with only toluene providing significant asymmetric induction. Using DABCO as a base also proved beneficial for product enantioselectivity, while investigations into the nature of the counterion showed that co-ordinating bromide or chloride substrates led to higher product er than the corresponding tetrafluoroborate or hexafluorophosphate. The scope and limitations of this process are developed, with enantioselective addition to 3-cyano- or 3-sulfonylpyridinium salts giving the corresponding 1,4-dihydropyridines (15 examples, up to 95 : 5 dr and 98 : 2 er).
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum McLaughlin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Jacqueline Bitai
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Lydia J Barber
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
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37
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Abstract
The asymmetric alkylation of enolates is a particularly versatile method for the construction of α-stereogenic carbonyl motifs, which are ubiquitous in synthetic chemistry. Over the past several decades, the focus has shifted to the development of new catalytic methods that depart from classical stoichiometric stereoinduction strategies (e.g., chiral auxiliaries, chiral alkali metal amide bases, chiral electrophiles, etc.). In this way, the enantioselective alkylation of prochiral enolates greatly improves the step- and redox-economy of this process, in addition to enhancing the scope and selectivity of these reactions. In this review, we summarize the origin and advancement of catalytic enantioselective enolate alkylation methods, with a directed emphasis on the union of prochiral nucleophiles with carbon-centered electrophiles for the construction of α-stereogenic carbonyl derivatives. Hence, the transformative developments for each distinct class of nucleophile (e.g., ketone enolates, ester enolates, amide enolates, etc.) are presented in a modular format to highlight the state-of-the-art methods and current limitations in each area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - P Andrew Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.,Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, P. R. of China
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38
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Stockhammer L, Weinzierl D, Bögl T, Waser M. Enantioselective α-Chlorination Reactions of in Situ Generated C1 Ammonium Enolates under Base-Free Conditions. Org Lett 2021; 23:6143-6147. [PMID: 34319102 PMCID: PMC8353620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The asymmetric α-chlorination
of activated aryl acetic acid
esters can be carried out with high levels of enantioselectivities
utilizing commercially available isothiourea catalysts under base-free
conditions. The reaction, which proceeds via the in situ formation
of chiral C1 ammonium enolates, is best carried out under cryogenic
conditions combined with a direct trapping of the activated α-chlorinated
ester derivative to prevent epimerization, thus allowing for enantioselectivities
of up to e.r. 99:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Stockhammer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - David Weinzierl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Bögl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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39
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Yuan S, Liao C, Zheng WH. [2.2]Paracyclophane-Based Isothiourea-Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective α-Fluorination of Carboxylic Acids. Org Lett 2021; 23:4142-4146. [PMID: 33988375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane-based isothiourea catalysts have been prepared over a few simple steps in high yields. In the presence of these catalysts, highly efficient catalytic enantioselective fluorination of carboxylic acids has been accomplished, providing a broad range of optically active α-fluoroesters in high yield and excellent enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiru Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
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40
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Zhao F, Shu C, Young CM, Carpenter‐Warren C, Slawin AMZ, Smith AD. Enantioselective Synthesis of α-Aryl-β 2 -Amino-Esters by Cooperative Isothiourea and Brønsted Acid Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11892-11900. [PMID: 33646631 PMCID: PMC8252622 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of α-aryl-β2 -amino esters through enantioselective aminomethylation of an arylacetic acid ester in high yields and enantioselectivity via cooperative isothiourea and Brønsted acid catalysis is demonstrated. The scope and limitations of this process are explored (25 examples, up to 94 % yield and 96:4 er), with applications to the synthesis of (S)-Venlafaxine⋅HCl and (S)-Nakinadine B. Mechanistic studies are consistent with a C(1)-ammonium enolate pathway being followed rather than an alternative dynamic kinetic resolution process. Control studies indicate that (i) a linear effect between catalyst and product er is observed; (ii) an acyl ammonium ion can be used as a precatalyst; (iii) reversible isothiourea addition to an in situ generated iminium ion leads to an off-cycle intermediate that can be used as a productive precatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Chang Shu
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Claire M. Young
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | | | | | - Andrew D. Smith
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
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41
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Zhao F, Shu C, Young CM, Carpenter‐Warren C, Slawin AMZ, Smith AD. Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Aryl‐β
2
‐Amino‐Esters by Cooperative Isothiourea and Brønsted Acid Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Chang Shu
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Claire M. Young
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | | | | | - Andrew D. Smith
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
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42
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Ma Y, He X, Yang Q, Boucherif A, Xuan J. Recent Advances in Organocatalytic Asymmetric Cycloaddition Reactions Through
Ortho
‐Quinone Methide Scaffolds. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Hong Ma
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials China Three Gorges University Yichang Hubei 443002 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Yu He
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials China Three Gorges University Yichang Hubei 443002 P. R. China
| | - Qing‐Qing Yang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials China Three Gorges University Yichang Hubei 443002 P. R. China
| | - Amina Boucherif
- Department of biology Aboubeker Belkaïd University BP119 Tlemcen 13000 Algeria
| | - Jun Xuan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials Anhui University Anhui Hefei 230601 P. R. China
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43
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Wang G, Zhang Q, Wei C, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Huang J, Wei D, Fu Z, Huang W. Asymmetric Carbene‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Functionalized Aldimines as 1,4‐Dipoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202017017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Qiao‐Chu Zhang
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University 100 Science Avenue Zhengzhou Henan Province 450001 China
| | - Chenlong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Linxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Juhui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University 100 Science Avenue Zhengzhou Henan Province 450001 China
| | - Zhenqian Fu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
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44
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Bitai J, Westwood MT, Smith AD. α,β-Unsaturated acyl ammonium species as reactive intermediates in organocatalysis: an update. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2366-2384. [PMID: 33650626 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02208j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
α,β-Unsaturated acyl ammonium species are versatile intermediates that have been applied in a variety of transformations including Michael additions, domino reactions and cycloadditions. Many of these transformations are promoted by chiral Lewis base catalysts, enabling the rapid generation of molecular complexity with high stereochemical control. This review highlights recent developments in the generation and application of α,β-unsaturated acyl ammonium intermediates reported since a previous review of this area in 2016. Particular emphasis will be placed on reports providing mechanistic insight into catalytic transformations and observed selectivities. A perspective on current challenges and potential future developments in the field of α,β-unsaturated acyl ammonium catalysis is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Bitai
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK.
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45
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Wang G, Zhang Q, Wei C, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Huang J, Wei D, Fu Z, Huang W. Asymmetric Carbene‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Functionalized Aldimines as 1,4‐Dipoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7913-7919. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202017017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Qiao‐Chu Zhang
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University 100 Science Avenue Zhengzhou Henan Province 450001 China
| | - Chenlong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Linxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Juhui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University 100 Science Avenue Zhengzhou Henan Province 450001 China
| | - Zhenqian Fu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
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46
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Biswas A, Neudörfl JM, Schlörer NE, Berkessel A. Acyl Donor Intermediates in N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis: Acyl Azolium or Azolium Enolate? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4507-4511. [PMID: 33140529 PMCID: PMC7986403 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Azolium enolates and acyl azolium cations have been proposed as intermediates in numerous N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalyzed transformations. Acetyl azolium enolates were generated from the reaction of 2‐propenyl acetate with both saturated (SIPr) and aromatic (IPr) NHCs, isolated, and characterized (NMR, XRD). Protonation with triflic acid gave the corresponding acetyl azolium triflates which were isolated and characterized (NMR, XRD). Acyl azolium cations have been proposed as immediate precursors of the ester product, for example, in the redox esterification of α,β‐enals. Studies with d3‐acetyl azolium triflate suggest that ester formation originates instead from an azolium enolate intermediate. Furthermore, the acetyl azolium enolate selectively reacted with alcohol nucleophiles in the presence of amines. While the acetyl azolium cation did not react with alcohols, an ester‐selective reaction was induced by addition of base, by intermediate formation of the acetyl azolium enolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Biswas
- Department of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry), University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg-M Neudörfl
- Department of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry), University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nils E Schlörer
- Department of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry), University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Albrecht Berkessel
- Department of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry), University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
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47
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Biswas A, Neudörfl J, Schlörer NE, Berkessel A. Acyl Donor Intermediates in N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis: Acyl Azolium or Azolium Enolate? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Biswas
- Department of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) University of Cologne Greinstraße 4 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Jörg‐M. Neudörfl
- Department of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) University of Cologne Greinstraße 4 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Nils E. Schlörer
- Department of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) University of Cologne Greinstraße 4 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Albrecht Berkessel
- Department of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) University of Cologne Greinstraße 4 50939 Cologne Germany
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48
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McLaughlin C, Smith AD. Generation and Reactivity of C(1)-Ammonium Enolates by Using Isothiourea Catalysis. Chemistry 2021; 27:1533-1555. [PMID: 32557875 PMCID: PMC7894297 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
C(1)-Ammonium enolates are powerful, catalytically generated synthetic intermediates applied in the enantioselective α-functionalisation of carboxylic acid derivatives. This minireview describes the recent developments in the generation and application of C(1)-ammonium enolates from various precursors (carboxylic acids, anhydrides, acyl imidazoles, aryl esters, α-diazoketones, alkyl halides) using isothiourea Lewis base organocatalysts. Their synthetic utility in intra- and intermolecular enantioselective C-C and C-X bond forming processes on reaction with various electrophiles will be showcased utilising two distinct catalyst turnover approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum McLaughlin
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughFifeKY16 9STScotland
| | - Andrew D. Smith
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughFifeKY16 9STScotland
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49
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Nie G, Huang X, Wang Z, Pan D, Zhang J, Chi YR. Umpolung of donor–acceptor cyclopropanes via N-heterocyclic carbene organic catalysis. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00826a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A carbene-catalyzed formal umpolung of donor–acceptor (D–A) cyclopropanes is disclosed with chiral spirocyclic lactones bearing multiple functional groups afforded with excellent enantio- and diastereoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Nie
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhongyao Wang
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Dingwu Pan
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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Kim B, Kim Y, Lee SY. Stereodivergent Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation between Iminium and Enolate Intermediates by Synergistic Organocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:73-79. [PMID: 33356216 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report here a stereodivergent method for the Michael addition of aryl acetic acid esters to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes catalyzed by a combination of a chiral pyrrolidine and a chiral Lewis base. This reaction proceeds through a synergistic catalytic cycle which consists of one cycle leading to a chiral iminium electrophile and a second cycle generating a nucleophilic chiral enolate for the construction of a carbon-carbon bond. By varying the combinations of catalyst enantiomers, all four stereoisomers of the products with two vicinal stereocenters are accessible with high enantio- and diastereoselectivity. The products of the Michael addition, 1,5-aldehyde esters, can be readily transformed into a variety of other valuable enantioenriched structures, including those bearing three contiguous stereocenters in an acyclic system, thus providing an efficient route to an array of structural and stereochemical diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarah Yunmi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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