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Zanina A, Kondratenko VA, Lund H, Li J, Chen J, Li Y, Jiang G, Kondratenko EV. The Role of Adsorbed and Lattice Oxygen Species in Product Formation in the Oxidative Coupling of Methane over M 2WO 4/SiO 2 (M = Na, K, Rb, Cs). ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zanina
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059Rostock, Germany
| | - Vita A. Kondratenko
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059Rostock, Germany
| | - Henrik Lund
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059Rostock, Germany
| | - Jianshu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum Beijing, Beijing102249, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum Beijing, Beijing102249, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum Beijing, Beijing102249, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guiyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum Beijing, Beijing102249, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Metal Ions (Li, Mg, Zn, Ce) Doped into La2O3 Nanorod for Boosting Catalytic Oxidative Coupling of Methane. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12070713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of La2O3 nanorod catalysts with doping of active metal ions (Li, Mg, Zn and Ce) were synthesized successfully by the hydrothermal method. The La2O3 nanorods show a uniform size with the length of 50–200 nm and the width of 5–20 nm, and the {110} crystal facet is a preferentially exposed surface. The active metal ions (Li, Mg, Zn and Ce) doped into the lattice of La2O3 nanorods enhance the selectivity of the desired products during oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) and decrease the reaction temperature. Among these catalysts, the Mg-La2O3 catalyst exhibits the best catalytic performance during the OCM reaction, i.e., its selectivity and yield of C2 products at 780 °C is 73% and 21%, respectively. The effect of doped metal ions on catalytic activity for OCM was systematically investigated. Insight into the fabrication strategy and promoting factors of the OCM reaction indicates the potential to further design a high-efficient catalyst in the future.
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Si J, Zhao G, Sun W, Liu J, Guan C, Yang Y, Shi XR, Lu Y. Oxidative Coupling of Methane: Examining the Inactivity of the MnO x -Na 2 WO 4 /SiO 2 Catalyst at Low Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117201. [PMID: 35181983 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) catalyzed by MnOx -Na2 WO4 /SiO2 has great industrial promise to convert methane directly to C2-3 products, but its high light-off temperature is the most challenging obstacle to commercialization and its working mechanism is still a mystery. We report the discovery of a low-temperature active and selective MnOx -Na2 WO4 /SiO2 catalyst enriched with Q2 units in the SiO2 carrier, being capable of converting 23 % CH4 with 72 % C2-3 selectivity at 660 °C. From experiments and theoretical calculations, a large number of Q2 units in the MnOx -Na2 WO4 /SiO2 catalyst is a trigger for markedly lowering the light-off temperature of the Mn3+ ↔Mn2+ redox cycle involved in the OCM reaction because of the easy formation of MnSiO3 . Notably, the MnSiO3 formation proceeds merely through the SiO2 -involved reaction in the presence of Na2 WO4 : Mn7 SiO12 +6 SiO2 ↔7 MnSiO3 +1.5 O2 . The Na2 WO4 not only drives the light-off of this cycle but also gets it working with substantial selectivity toward C2-3 products. Our findings shine a light on the rational design of more advanced MnOx -Na2 WO4 based OCM catalysts through establishing new Mn3+ ↔Mn2+ redox cycles with lowered light-off temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Si
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Guofeng Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Weidong Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jincun Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Cairu Guan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xue-Rong Shi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yong Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, 202162, China
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Ortiz-Bravo CA, Figueroa SJ, Portela R, Chagas CA, Bañares MA, Toniolo FS. Elucidating the structure of the W and Mn sites on the Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst for the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) at real reaction temperatures. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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5
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Si J, Zhao G, Sun W, Liu J, Guan C, Yang Y, Shi XR, Lu Y. Oxidative Coupling of Methane: Examining the Inactivity of the MnOx‐Na2WO4/SiO2 Catalyst at Low Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Si
- East China Normal University School of chemistry and molecular engineering CHINA
| | - Guofeng Zhao
- East China Normal University School of chemistry and molecular engineering CHINA
| | - Weidong Sun
- East China Normal University School of chemistry and molecular engineering CHINA
| | - Jincun Liu
- East China Normal University Scool of chemistry and molecular engineering CHINA
| | - Cairu Guan
- ShanghaiTech University - Zhangjiang Campus: ShanghaiTech University School of physical Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Yong Yang
- ShanghaiTech University - Zhangjiang Campus: ShanghaiTech University School of physical science and technology CHINA
| | - Xue-Rong Shi
- Shanghai University of Engineering Science - Songjiang Campus: Shanghai University of Engineering Science Department of Materials Engineering CHINA
| | - Yong Lu
- East China Normal University School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering 3663 North Zhongshan Road 200062 Shanghai CHINA
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6
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Oxidative coupling of methane-comparisons of MnTiO 3-Na 2WO 4 and MnO x-TiO 2-Na 2WO 4 catalysts on different silica supports. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2595. [PMID: 35173240 PMCID: PMC8850452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) converts CH4 to value-added chemicals (C2+), such as olefins and paraffin. For a series of MnTiO3-Na2WO4 (MnTiO3-NW) and MnOx-TiO2-Na2WO4 (Mn-Ti-NW), the effect of loading of MnTiO3 or MnOx-TiO2, respectively, on two different supports (sol-gel SiO2 (SG) and commercial fumed SiO2 (CS)) was examined. The catalyst with the highest C2+ yield (21.6% with 60.8% C2+ selectivity and 35.6% CH4 conversion) was 10 wt% MnTiO3-NW/SG with an olefins/paraffin ratio of 2.2. The catalyst surfaces with low oxygen-binding energies were associated with high CH4 conversion. Stability tests conducted for over 24 h revealed that SG-supported catalysts were more durable than those on CS because the active phase (especially Na2WO4) was more stable in SG than in CS. With the use of SG, the activity of MnTiO3-NW was not substantially different from that of Mn-Ti-NW, especially at high metal loading.
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7
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Nishimura S, Le SD, Miyazato I, Fujima J, Taniike T, Ohyama J, Takahashi K. High-Throughput Screening and Literature Data Driven Machine Learning Assisting Investigation of Multi-component La2O3-based Catalysts for Oxidative Coupling of Methane. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy02206g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multi-component La2O3-based catalysts for oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) were designed based on high-throughput screening (HTS) and literature datasets with multi-output machine learning (ML) approaches including random forest regression (RFR),...
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9
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Yoon S, Lim S, Choi JW, Suh DJ, Song KH, Ha JM. Study on the unsteady state oxidative coupling of methane: effects of oxygen species from O 2, surface lattice oxygen, and CO 2 on the C 2+ selectivity. RSC Adv 2020; 10:35889-35897. [PMID: 35517104 PMCID: PMC9056964 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06065h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of oxygen species on the unsteady-state oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) using a lengthy catalyst bed of Na2WO4/Mn/SiO2. The reaction conditions, including the methane-to-oxygen ratio, ratio of feed gas dilution by N2, quantity of catalyst, and feed flow rate were adjusted for the continuous flow fixed bed reaction system. While the O2 gas initiated methyl radical formation from methane, the surface lattice oxygen atoms improved the dehydrogenation of paraffins to olefins without significant activation of methane. The addition of CO2 as a mild oxidizing agent was also tested and slightly improved OCM selectivity with slightly lower methane conversion were observed. This study examined the effects of oxygen species on the unsteady-state oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) using a lengthy catalyst bed of Na2WO4/Mn/SiO2.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Yoon
- Clean Energy Research Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyeon Lim
- Clean Energy Research Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Choi
- Clean Energy Research Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Suh
- Clean Energy Research Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea .,Graduate School of Energy and Environment (Green School), Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Song
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Energy and Environment (Green School), Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Myeong Ha
- Clean Energy Research Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea .,Graduate School of Energy and Environment (Green School), Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea.,Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
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Nishimura S, Ohyama J, Kinoshita T, Dinh Le S, Takahashi K. Revisiting Machine Learning Predictions for Oxidative Coupling of Methane (OCM) based on Literature Data. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Nishimura
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Junya Ohyama
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology Kumamoto University Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Takaaki Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Kumamoto University Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Son Dinh Le
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
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11
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Real-time multi-length scale chemical tomography of fixed bed reactors during the oxidative coupling of methane reaction. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Godini HR, Azadi M, Penteado A, Khadivi M, Wozny G, Repke JU. A multi-perspectives analysis of methane oxidative coupling process based on miniplant-scale experimental data. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Ohyama J, Nishimura S, Takahashi K. Data Driven Determination of Reaction Conditions in Oxidative Coupling of Methane via Machine Learning. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junya Ohyama
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology Kumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami Chuo-ku Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB) Kyoto University Katsura Kyoto 615-8520 Japan
| | - Shun Nishimura
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 1-1 Asahidai Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Keisuke Takahashi
- Center for Materials research by Information Integration (CMI2) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-2-1 Sengen Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
- Institute for Catalysis Hokkaido University N21,W10 Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
- Department of Chemistry Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-8510 Japan
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14
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Gim MY, Song C, Lim YH, Lee KY, Kim DH. Effect of the Si/Al ratio in Ga/mesoporous HZSM-5 on the production of benzene, toluene, and xylene via coaromatization of methane and propane. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01619h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a series of GaOy supported on mesoporous HZSM-5 (GaOy/meso-XHZSM-5; Si/Al (X), X = 10, 20, 30, and 40) catalysts with different Si/Al molar ratios were prepared for use in the coaromatization of methane and propane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yeong Gim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Institute of Chemical Processes
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- South Korea
| | - Changyeol Song
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Institute of Chemical Processes
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- South Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Lim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Institute of Chemical Processes
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- South Korea
| | - Kwan-Young Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul 02841
- South Korea
| | - Do Heui Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Institute of Chemical Processes
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- South Korea
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15
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Karakaya C, Zhu H, Loebick C, Weissman JG, Kee RJ. A detailed reaction mechanism for oxidative coupling of methane over Mn/Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst for non-isothermal conditions. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Parishan S, Littlewood P, Arinchtein A, Fleischer V, Schomäcker R. Chemical looping as a reactor concept for the oxidative coupling of methane over the MnxOy-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst, benefits and limitation. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Fleischer V, Simon U, Parishan S, Colmenares MG, Görke O, Gurlo A, Riedel W, Thum L, Schmidt J, Risse T, Dinse KP, Schomäcker R. Investigation of the role of the Na2WO4/Mn/SiO2 catalyst composition in the oxidative coupling of methane by chemical looping experiments. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Li Z, He L, Wang S, Yi W, Zou S, Xiao L, Fan J. Fast Optimization of LiMgMnO x/La 2O 3 Catalysts for the Oxidative Coupling of Methane. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2017; 19:15-24. [PMID: 28064477 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of efficient catalyst for oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction represents a grand challenge in direct conversion of methane into other useful products. Here, we reported that a newly developed combinatorial approach can be used for ultrafast optimization of La2O3-based multicomponent metal oxide catalysts in OCM reaction. This new approach integrated inkjet printing assisted synthesis (IJP-A) with multidimensional group testing strategy (m-GT) tactfully takes the place of conventionally high-throughput synthesis-and-screen experiment. Just within a week, 2048 formulated LiMgMnOx-La2O3 catalysts in a 64·8·8·8·8 = 262 144 compositional space were fabricated by IJP-A in a four-round synthesis-and-screen process, and an optimized formulation has been successfully identified through only 4·8 = 32 times of tests via m-GT screening strategy. The screening process identifies the most promising ternary composition region is Li0-0.48Mg0-6.54Mn0-0.62-La100Ox with an external C2 yield of 10.87% at 700 °C. The yield of C2 is two times as high as the pure nano-La2O3. The good performance of the optimized catalyst formulation has been validated by the manual preparation, which further prove the effectiveness of the new combinatorial methodology in fast discovery of heterogeneous catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhinian Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, HangZhou 310027, China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, HangZhou 310027, China
| | - Shenliang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, HangZhou 310027, China
| | - Wuzhong Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, HangZhou 310027, China
| | - Shihui Zou
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, HangZhou 310027, China
| | - Liping Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, HangZhou 310027, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, HangZhou 310027, China
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Nipan GD, Buzanov GA, Zhizhin KY, Kuznetsov NT. Phase states of Li(Na,K,Rb,Cs)/W/Mn/SiO2 composite catalysts for oxidative coupling of methane. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023616140035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Fleischer V, Steuer R, Parishan S, Schomäcker R. Investigation of the surface reaction network of the oxidative coupling of methane over Na2WO4/Mn/SiO2 catalyst by temperature programmed and dynamic experiments. J Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Vamvakeros A, Jacques SDM, Di Michiel M, Senecal P, Middelkoop V, Cernik RJ, Beale AM. Interlaced X-ray diffraction computed tomography. J Appl Crystallogr 2016; 49:485-496. [PMID: 27047305 PMCID: PMC4815873 DOI: 10.1107/s160057671600131x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An X-ray diffraction computed tomography data-collection strategy that allows, post experiment, a choice between temporal and spatial resolution is reported. This strategy enables time-resolved studies on comparatively short timescales, or alternatively allows for improved spatial resolution if the system under study, or components within it, appear to be unchanging. The application of the method for studying an Mn-Na-W/SiO2 fixed-bed reactor in situ is demonstrated. Additionally, the opportunities to improve the data-collection strategy further, enabling post-collection tuning between statistical, temporal and spatial resolutions, are discussed. In principle, the interlaced scanning approach can also be applied to other pencil-beam tomographic techniques, like X-ray fluorescence computed tomography, X-ray absorption fine structure computed tomography, pair distribution function computed tomography and tomographic scanning transmission X-ray microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Vamvakeros
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, England
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, England
| | - Simon D. M. Jacques
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, England
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, England
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, England
| | | | - Pierre Senecal
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, England
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, England
| | - Vesna Middelkoop
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research, VITO NV, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Robert J. Cernik
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, England
| | - Andrew M. Beale
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, England
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, England
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