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de Souza PM, de Sousa LA, Noronha FB, Wojcieszak R. Dehydration of levoglucosan to levoglucosenone over solid acid catalysts. Tuning the product distribution by changing the acid properties of the catalysts. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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2
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Soto R, Oktar N, Fité C, Ramírez E, Bringué R, Tejero J. Experimental Study on the Liquid‐Phase Adsorption Equilibrium of
n
‐Butanol over Amberlyst™15 and Contribution of Diffusion Resistances. Chem Eng Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Soto
- University of Limerick Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences V94 T9PX Limerick Ireland
- University of Barcelona Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry Marti i Franqués 1-11 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Nuray Oktar
- Gazi University Department of Chemical Engineering 06570 Ankara, Maltepe Turkey
| | - Carles Fité
- University of Barcelona Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry Marti i Franqués 1-11 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Eliana Ramírez
- University of Barcelona Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry Marti i Franqués 1-11 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Roger Bringué
- University of Barcelona Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry Marti i Franqués 1-11 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Javier Tejero
- University of Barcelona Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry Marti i Franqués 1-11 08028 Barcelona Spain
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Aguiar LG, Godoy WM, Nápolis L, Faria RPV, Rodrigues AE. Modeling the Effect of Cross-Link Density on Resins Catalytic Activities. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro G. Aguiar
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, 12602-810 Lorena, SP Brazil
| | - William M. Godoy
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, 12602-810 Lorena, SP Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nápolis
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, 12602-810 Lorena, SP Brazil
| | - Rui P. V. Faria
- LSRE−Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-456 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alírio E. Rodrigues
- LSRE−Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-456 Porto, Portugal
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Cabral NM, Lorenti JP, Plass W, Gallo JMR. Solid Acid Resin Amberlyst 45 as a Catalyst for the Transesterification of Vegetable Oil. Front Chem 2020; 8:305. [PMID: 32411662 PMCID: PMC7201088 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial transesterification of vegetable oil to biodiesel using alkaline hydroxides requires expensive refined vegetable oil and anhydrous alcohols to avoid saponification. These issues are not present in the acid-catalyzed process; however, the challenge still lies in developing stable and active solid acid catalysts. Herein, Amberlyst 45, a resin for high-temperature application, was efficiently used for biodiesel production by the methanolysis or ethanolysis of vegetable oil. Yields of up to 80 and 84% were obtained for the fatty acid methyl ester and the fatty acid ethyl ester, respectively. Two processes are proposed and showed to be efficient: (i) incremental addition of alcohol along with the reaction for both methanolysis and ethanolysis; or (ii) one-pot reaction for ethanolysis using oil/ethanol molar ratio of 1/18. The catalytic system used also showed to be compatible with used oil (2.48 ± 0.03 mgNaOHgoil-1) and to the presence of water (10–20 wt. % based on the alcohol), allowing the use of waste oil and hydrated alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mariano Cabral
- Group of Renewable Energy, Nanotechnology, and Catalysis (GreenCat), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Lorenti
- Group of Renewable Energy, Nanotechnology, and Catalysis (GreenCat), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Winfried Plass
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jean Marcel R Gallo
- Group of Renewable Energy, Nanotechnology, and Catalysis (GreenCat), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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Rorrer JE, Bell AT, Toste FD. Synthesis of Biomass-Derived Ethers for Use as Fuels and Lubricants. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:2835-2858. [PMID: 31232521 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ethers synthesized from biomass-derived compounds have exceptional properties as fuels, lubricants, and specialty chemicals and can serve as replacements for petroleum-derived products. Recent efforts have identified heterogeneous catalysts for the selective synthesis of ethers from alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, furans, esters, olefins, carboxylic acids, and other molecules derived from biomass. This Review highlights the scope of etherification reactions and provides insights into the choice of catalysts and reaction conditions best suited for producing targeted ethers from the available starting materials. First, the properties of ethers for specific applications and the methods by which synthons for ether synthesis can be obtained from biomass are discussed. Then the progress that has been made on the synthesis of ethers via the following methods is summarized: direct etherification of alcohols; reductive etherification of alcohols with aldehydes or ketones; etherification of furanic compounds, esters, and carboxylic acids; and the addition of alcohols to olefins. Next, the mechanisms of these reactions and catalyst properties required to promote them are discussed, with the goal of understanding how reaction conditions can be tuned to optimize catalyst activity and selectivity towards desired ethers. The Review closes by examining the tradeoffs between catalyst selectivity, activity, stability, and reaction conditions required to achieve the most economically and environmentally favorable routes to biomass-derived ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Rorrer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alexis T Bell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Rorrer J, Pindi S, Toste FD, Bell AT. Effect of Alcohol Structure on the Kinetics of Etherification and Dehydration over Tungstated Zirconia. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:3104-3111. [PMID: 30044896 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Linear and branched ether molecules have attracted recent interest as diesel additives and lubricants that can be produced from biomass-derived alcohols. In this study, tungstated zirconia was identified as a selective and green solid acid catalyst for the direct etherification of primary alcohols in the liquid phase, achieving ether selectivities of >94 % for C6 -C12 linear alcohol coupling at 393 K. The length of linear primary alcohols (C6 -C12 ) was shown to have a negligible effect on apparent activation energies for etherification and dehydration, demonstrating the possibility to produce both symmetrical and asymmetrical linear ethers. Reactions over a series of C6 alcohols with varying methyl branch positions indicated that substituted alcohols (2°, 3°) and alcohols with branches on the β-carbon readily undergo dehydration, but alcohols with branches at least three carbons away from the -OH group are highly selective to ether. A novel model compound, 4-hexyl-1dodecanol, was synthesized and tested to further demonstrate this structure-activity relationship. Trends in the effects of alcohol structure on selectivity were consistent with previously proposed mechanisms for etherification and dehydration, and help to define possible pathways to selectively form ethers from biomass-derived alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Rorrer
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Suresh Pindi
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - F Dean Toste
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alexis T Bell
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Soto R, Fité C, Ramírez E, Iborra M, Tejero J. Catalytic activity dependence on morphological properties of acidic ion-exchange resins for the simultaneous ETBE and TAEE liquid-phase synthesis. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00177k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Resin acid capacity and specific volume of the swollen polymer are the key properties that determine its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Soto
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry Department
- University of Barcelona
- 08028-Barcelona
- Spain
| | - C. Fité
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry Department
- University of Barcelona
- 08028-Barcelona
- Spain
| | - E. Ramírez
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry Department
- University of Barcelona
- 08028-Barcelona
- Spain
| | - M. Iborra
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry Department
- University of Barcelona
- 08028-Barcelona
- Spain
| | - J. Tejero
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry Department
- University of Barcelona
- 08028-Barcelona
- Spain
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