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Sumner E, Pižl M, McQuaid KT, Hartl F. Nitrile Substituents at the Conjugated Dipyridophenazine Moiety as Infrared Redox Markers in Electrochemically Reduced Heteroleptic Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2460-2469. [PMID: 38262043 PMCID: PMC10848246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(tap)2(NN)]2+ (tap = 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene, NN = 11-cyano-dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (11-CN-dppz) and 11,12-dicyano-dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (11,12-CN-dppz)) feature the C≡N groups as infrared (IR)-active redox markers. They were studied by cyclic voltammetry, UV-vis, and IR spectroelectrochemistry (SEC), and density functional theory calculations to assign the four 1e- reduction waves R1-R4 observed in dichloromethane. Generally, the NN ligands are reduced first (R1). For [Ru(tap)2(11,12-CN-dppz)]2+, R1 is sufficiently separated from R2 and delocalized over both tap ligands. Accordingly, IR SEC conducted at R1 shows a large red shift of the νs,as(C≡N) modes by -18/-28 cm-1, accompanied by a 4-fold enhancement of the νs(C≡N) intensity, comparably with reference data for free 11,12-CN-dppz. The first tap-based reduction of spin-doublet [Ru(tap)2(11,12-CN-dppz)]+ to spin-triplet [Ru(tap)2(11,12-CN-dppz)] at R2 decreased ν(C≡N) by merely -2 cm-1, while the intensity enhancement reached an overall factor of 8. Comparably, a red shift of ν(C≡N) by -27 cm-1 resulted from the 1e- reduction of [Ru(tap)2(11-CN-dppz)]2+ at R1 (poorly resolved from R2), and the intensity enhancement was roughly 3-fold. Concomitant 1e- reductions of the tap ligands (R2 and R3) caused only minor ν(C≡N) shifts of -3 cm-1 and increased the absorbance by overall factors of 6.5 and 8, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Sumner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
| | - Martin Pižl
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Kane T. McQuaid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
| | - František Hartl
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
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Palion-Gazda J, Choroba K, Penkala M, Rawicka P, Machura B. Further Insights into the Impact of Ligand-Localized Excited States on the Photophysics of Phenanthroline-Based Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1356-1366. [PMID: 38155540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The present work shows the pivotal role of N-donor substituents attached to 1,10-phenanthroline at the 4,7-positions in perturbation of ground- and excited-state properties of fac-[ReCl(CO)3(R2phen)]. Excited-state processes occurring upon photoexcitation in the designed systems were thoroughly explored with a wide range of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques, including transient absorption, as well as experimental results were complemented by theoretical studies based on the density functional theory (DFT). It was demonstrated that the attachment of six-membered heterocyclic amines (piperidine─ppr, morpholine─mor, and thiomorpholine─tmor) is a very effective tool for extending absorptivity and excited-state lifetimes of resulting fac-[ReCl(CO)3(R2phen)] due to the contribution of the excited state localized on the phenanthroline-based ligand. Both absorption and emission properties of these systems were attributed to configurationally mixed MLCT/IL excited states. Re(I) complexes with phenoxazine (pxz) and phenothiazine (ptz) substituents were shown to possess charge-separated excited states, clearly evidenced by the simultaneous presence of signals typical of phen-* and pxz+* or ptz+* in transient absorption spectra. Both complexes are rare examples of NIR light-emitting coordination compounds. The decoration of the phen framework with less polar 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (dmac) groups resulted in the formation of [ReCl(CO)3(R2phen)] with mixed 3MLCT/3ILCT triplet excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Palion-Gazda
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Choroba
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Penkala
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Patrycja Rawicka
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Barbara Machura
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
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3
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Sutton JJ, Preston D, Traber P, Steinmetzer J, Wu X, Kayal S, Sun XZ, Crowley JD, George MW, Kupfer S, Gordon KC. Excited-State Switching in Rhenium(I) Bipyridyl Complexes with Donor-Donor and Donor-Acceptor Substituents. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9082-9093. [PMID: 34111929 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of two Re(CO)3(bpy)Cl complexes in which the bpy is substituted with two donor (triphenylamine, TPA, ReTPA2) as well as both donor (TPA) and acceptor (benzothiadiazole, BTD, ReTPA-BTD) groups are presented. For ReTPA2 the absorption spectra show intense intraligand charge-transfer (ILCT) bands at 460 nm with small solvatochromic behavior; for ReTPA-BTD the ILCT transitions are weaker. These transitions are assigned as TPA → bpy transitions as supported by resonance Raman data and TDDFT calculations. The excited-state spectroscopy shows the presence of two emissive states for both complexes. The intensity of these emission signals is modulated by solvent. Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy definitively assigns the excited states present in CH2Cl2 to be MLCT in nature, and in MeCN the excited states are ILCT in nature. DFT calculations indicated this switching with solvent is governed by access to states controlled by spin-orbit coupling, which is sufficiently different in the two solvents, allowing to select out each of the charge-transfer states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Sutton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Dan Preston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Philipp Traber
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Steinmetzer
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Xue Wu
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Surajit Kayal
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Xue-Z Sun
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Michael W George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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4
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Choroba K, Maroń A, Switlicka A, Szłapa-Kula A, Siwy M, Grzelak J, Maćkowski S, Pedzinski T, Schab-Balcerzak E, Machura B. Carbazole effect on ground- and excited-state properties of rhenium(i) carbonyl complexes with extended terpy-like ligands. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:3943-3958. [PMID: 33645614 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04340k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ground- and excited-state properties of three novel complexes [ReCl(CO)3(Ln-κ2N)] bearing 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine, 2,6-di(thiazol-2-yl)pyridine and 2,6-di(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridine functionalized with 9-carbazole attached to the central pyridine ring of the triimine core via phenylene linkage were investigated by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods and were simulated using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT. To get a deeper and broader understanding of structure-property relationships, the designed Re(i) carbonyl complexes were compared with previously reported analogous systems - without any groups attached to the phenyl ring and bearing pyrrolidine instead of 9-carbazole. The results indicated that attachment of the N-carbazolyl substituent to the triimine core has less influence on the nature of the triplet excited state of [ReCl(CO)3(Ln-κ2N)] than the pyrrolidine group. Additionally, the impact of the ligand structural modifications on the light emission of the Re(i) complexes under external voltage was preliminarily examined with electroluminescence spectra of diodes containing the synthesized new molecules in an active layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Choroba
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9th Szkolna St., 40-006 Katowice, Poland.
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McLay JRW, Sutton JJ, Shillito GE, Larsen CB, Huff GS, Lucas NT, Gordon KC. Transitioning from Intraligand π,π* to Charge-Transfer Excited States Using Thiophene-Based Donor-Acceptor Systems. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:130-139. [PMID: 33347759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A series of electron donor-acceptor compounds are reported in which both the donor and acceptor strengths are systematically altered using mono-, bi-, and terthiophene as donors and benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (btd), dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz), and the corresponding rhenium(I) complex, [ReCl(CO)3(dppz)], as acceptors. The electronic properties of the compounds are characterized using electrochemistry, electronic absorbance and emission spectroscopies, and transient absorption spectroscopy. The effect of donor and acceptor strengths on frontier molecular orbital localization and on the charge-transfer (CT) character of optical transitions is modeled using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The electronic absorption spectra of the compounds investigated are dominated by intraligand charge-transfer (ILCT) transitions, where the CT character is shown to increase across the series from mono- to bi- to terthiophene but not significantly across the acceptor series. Emission is shown to originate from the absorbing state. Long-lived nonemissive states have been observed using transient absorption spectroscopy and assigned using triplet-state DFT calculations, which indicate that the lowest energy excited state has more thiophene-localized π,π* character with an increasing number of appended thiophenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R W McLay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
| | - Joshua J Sutton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
| | - Georgina E Shillito
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
| | - Christopher B Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
| | - Gregory S Huff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
| | - Nigel T Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
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6
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Maroń AM, Szlapa-Kula A, Matussek M, Kruszynski R, Siwy M, Janeczek H, Grzelak J, Maćkowski S, Schab-Balcerzak E, Machura B. Photoluminescence enhancement of Re(i) carbonyl complexes bearing D-A and D-π-A ligands. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:4441-4453. [PMID: 32181459 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04871e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Three Re(i) carbonyl complexes [ReCl(CO)3(Ln)] bearing 2,2'-bipyridine, 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine, and 1,10-phenanthroline functionalized with diphenylamine/or triphenylamine units (L1-L3) were synthesized to explore the impact of highly electron donating units appended to the imine ligand on the thermal and optoelectronic properties of Re(i) systems. Additionally, for comparison, the ligands L1-3 and parent complexes [ReCl(CO)3(bipy)], [ReCl(CO)3(phen)] and [ReCl(CO)3(terpy-κ2N)] were investigated. The thermal stability was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry. The ground- and excited-state electronic properties of the Re(i) complexes were studied by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, absorption and emission spectroscopy, as well as using density-functional theory (DFT). The majority of the compounds form amorphous molecular materials with high glass transition temperatures above 100 °C. Compared to the unsubstituted complexes [ReCl(CO)3(bipy)], [ReCl(CO)3(phen)] and [ReCl(CO)3(terpy-κ2N)], the HOMO-LUMO gap of the corresponding Re(i) systems bearing modified imine ligands is reduced, and the decrease in the value of the ΔEH-L is mainly caused by the increase in HOMO energy level. In relation to the parent complexes, all designed Re(i) carbonyls were found to show enhanced photoluminescence, both in solution and in solid state. The investigated ligands and complexes were also preliminarily tested as luminophores in light emitting diodes with the structures ITO/PEDOT:PSS/compound/Al and ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PVK:PBD:compound/Al. The pronounced effect of the ligand chemical structure on electroluminescence ability was clearly visible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Maroń
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, 9th Szkolna Street, 40006, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Agata Szlapa-Kula
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, 9th Szkolna Street, 40006, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Marek Matussek
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, 9th Szkolna Street, 40006, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Rafal Kruszynski
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mariola Siwy
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Henryk Janeczek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Justyna Grzelak
- Nanophotonics Group, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 5 Grudziadzka Str., 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Sebastian Maćkowski
- Nanophotonics Group, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 5 Grudziadzka Str., 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Ewa Schab-Balcerzak
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, 9th Szkolna Street, 40006, Katowice, Poland. and Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Barbara Machura
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, 9th Szkolna Street, 40006, Katowice, Poland.
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Klemens T, Świtlicka A, Szlapa-Kula A, Łapok Ł, Obłoza M, Siwy M, Szalkowski M, Maćkowski S, Libera M, Schab-Balcerzak E, Machura B. Tuning Optical Properties of Re(I) Carbonyl Complexes by Modifying Push–Pull Ligands Structure. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Klemens
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Świtlicka
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Agata Szlapa-Kula
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Łapok
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Obłoza
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mariola Siwy
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marcin Szalkowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 5 Grudziadzka, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Sebastian Maćkowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 5 Grudziadzka, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Marcin Libera
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Schab-Balcerzak
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Barbara Machura
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
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8
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Świtlicka A, Choroba K, Szlapa-Kula A, Machura B, Erfurt K. Experimental and theoretical insights into spectroscopy and electrochemistry of Re(I) carbonyl with oxazoline-based ligand. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Klemens T, Świtlicka A, Szlapa-Kula A, Krompiec S, Lodowski P, Chrobok A, Godlewska M, Kotowicz S, Siwy M, Bednarczyk K, Libera M, Maćkowski S, Pędziński T, Schab-Balcerzak E, Machura B. Experimental and computational exploration of photophysical and electroluminescent properties of modified 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine, 2,6-di(thiazol-2-yl)pyridine and 2,6-di(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridine ligands and their Re(I) complexes. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Klemens
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; 9 Szkolna Str. 40-006 Katowice Poland
| | - Anna Świtlicka
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; 9 Szkolna Str. 40-006 Katowice Poland
| | - Agata Szlapa-Kula
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; 9 Szkolna Str. 40-006 Katowice Poland
| | - Stanisław Krompiec
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; 9 Szkolna Str. 40-006 Katowice Poland
| | - Piotr Lodowski
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; 9 Szkolna Str. 40-006 Katowice Poland
| | - Anna Chrobok
- Faculty of Chemistry; Silesian University of Technology; 9 Strzody Str. 44-100 Gliwice Poland
| | - Magdalena Godlewska
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52, PO Box 58 01-224 Warszawa Poland
| | - Sonia Kotowicz
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; 9 Szkolna Str. 40-006 Katowice Poland
| | - Mariola Siwy
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials; Polish Academy of Sciences; 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str. 41-819 Zabrze Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bednarczyk
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; 9 Szkolna Str. 40-006 Katowice Poland
| | - Marcin Libera
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; 9 Szkolna Str. 40-006 Katowice Poland
| | - Sebastian Maćkowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University; 5 Grudziądzka Str. 87-100 Torun Poland
| | - Tomasz Pędziński
- Faculty of Chemistry; Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań; 89b Umultowska 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - Ewa Schab-Balcerzak
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; 9 Szkolna Str. 40-006 Katowice Poland
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials; Polish Academy of Sciences; 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str. 41-819 Zabrze Poland
| | - Barbara Machura
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; 9 Szkolna Str. 40-006 Katowice Poland
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Kisel KS, Eskelinen T, Zafar W, Solomatina AI, Hirva P, Grachova EV, Tunik SP, Koshevoy IO. Chromophore-Functionalized Phenanthro-diimine Ligands and Their Re(I) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:6349-6361. [PMID: 29749736 PMCID: PMC6150663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of diimine ligands has been designed on the basis of 2-pyridyl-1 H-phenanthro[9,10- d]imidazole (L1, L2). Coupling the basic motif of L1 with anthracene-containing fragments affords the bichromophore compounds L3-L5, of which L4 and L5 adopt a donor-acceptor architecture. The latter allows intramolecular charge transfer with intense absorption bands in the visible spectrum (lowest λabs 464 nm (ε = 1.2 × 104 M-1 cm-1) and 490 nm (ε = 5.2 × 104 M-1 cm-1) in CH2Cl2 for L4 and L5, respectively). L1-L5 show strong fluorescence in a fluid medium (Φem = 22-92%, λem 370-602 nm in CH2Cl2); discernible emission solvatochromism is observed for L4 and L5. In addition, the presence of pyridyl (L1-L5) and dimethylaminophenyl (L5) groups enables reversible alteration of their optical properties by means of protonation. Ligands L1-L5 were used to synthesize the corresponding [Re(CO)3X(diimine)] (X = Cl, 1-5; X = CN, 1-CN) complexes. 1 and 2 exhibit unusual dual emission of singlet and triplet parentage, which originate from independently populated 1ππ* and 3MLCT excited states. In contrast to the majority of the reported Re(I) carbonyl luminophores, complexes 3-5 display moderately intense ligand-based fluorescence from an anthracene-containing secondary chromophore and complete quenching of emission from the 3MLCT state presumably due to the triplet-triplet energy transfer (3MLCT → 3ILCT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S. Kisel
- University of Eastern
Finland, Department of Chemistry, Joensuu 80101, Finland
- St.Petersburg State University, Department of Chemistry, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Toni Eskelinen
- University of Eastern
Finland, Department of Chemistry, Joensuu 80101, Finland
| | - Waqar Zafar
- University of Eastern
Finland, Department of Chemistry, Joensuu 80101, Finland
| | - Anastasia I. Solomatina
- St.Petersburg State University, Department of Chemistry, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pipsa Hirva
- University of Eastern
Finland, Department of Chemistry, Joensuu 80101, Finland
| | - Elena V. Grachova
- St.Petersburg State University, Department of Chemistry, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey P. Tunik
- St.Petersburg State University, Department of Chemistry, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor O. Koshevoy
- University of Eastern
Finland, Department of Chemistry, Joensuu 80101, Finland
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Shillito GE, Hall TBJ, Preston D, Traber P, Wu L, Reynolds KEA, Horvath R, Sun XZ, Lucas NT, Crowley JD, George MW, Kupfer S, Gordon KC. Dramatic Alteration of 3ILCT Lifetimes Using Ancillary Ligands in [Re(L)(CO) 3(phen-TPA)] n+ Complexes: An Integrated Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study. J Am Chem Soc 2018. [PMID: 29537264 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ground and excited state photophysical properties of a series of fac-[Re(L)(CO)3(α-diimine)] n+ complexes, where L = Br-, Cl-, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (dmap) and pyridine (py) have been extensively studied utilizing numerous electronic and vibrational spectroscopic techniques in conjunction with a suite of quantum chemical methods. The α-diimine ligand consists of 1,10-phenanthroline with the highly electron donating triphenylamine (TPA) appended in the 5 position. This gives rise to intraligand charge transfer (ILCT) states lying lower in energy than the conventional metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) state, the energies of which are red and blue-shifted, respectively, as the ancillary ligand, L becomes more electron withdrawing. The emitting state is 3ILCT in nature for all complexes studied, characterized through transient absorption and emission, transient resonance Raman (TR2), time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy and TDDFT calculations. Systematic modulation of the ancillary ligand causes unanticipated variation in the 3ILCT lifetime by 2 orders of magnitude, ranging from 6.0 μs for L = Br- to 27 ns for L = py, without altering the nature of the excited state formed or the relative order of the other CT states present. Temperature dependent lifetime measurements and quantum chemical calculations provide no clear indication of close lying deactivating states, MO switching, contributions from a halide-to-ligand charge transfer (XLCT) state or dramatic changes in spin-orbit coupling. It appears that the influence of the ancillary ligand on the excited state lifetime could be explained in terms of energy gap law, in which there is a correlation between ln( knr) and Eem with a slope of -21.4 eV-1 for the 3ILCT emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina E Shillito
- Department of Chemistry , University of Otago , P.O. Box 56 , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Thomas B J Hall
- Department of Chemistry , University of Otago , P.O. Box 56 , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Dan Preston
- Department of Chemistry , University of Otago , P.O. Box 56 , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Philipp Traber
- Institute for Physical Chemistry , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Helmholtzweg 4 , 07743 Jena , Germany
| | - Lingjun Wu
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | | | - Raphael Horvath
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Xue Z Sun
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Nigel T Lucas
- Department of Chemistry , University of Otago , P.O. Box 56 , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Otago , P.O. Box 56 , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Michael W George
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , University of Nottingham Ningbo China , 199 Taikang East Road , Ningbo 315100 , China
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute for Physical Chemistry , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Helmholtzweg 4 , 07743 Jena , Germany
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry , University of Otago , P.O. Box 56 , Dunedin , New Zealand
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12
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Larsen CB, Wenger OS. Photophysics and Photoredox Catalysis of a Homoleptic Rhenium(I) Tris(diisocyanide) Complex. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:2965-2968. [PMID: 29509002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b03258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein a homoleptic rhenium(I) complex bearing three chelating diisocyanide ligands and its photophysical properties are communicated. The complex emits weakly from a high-energy triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer excited state with an 8 ns lifetime in deaerated CH3CN at 22 °C and is shown to act as an efficient photoredox catalyst comparable to [Ir(ppy)3] (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine) in representative test reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Larsen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
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13
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Adams BS, Shillito GE, van der Salm H, Horvath R, Larsen CB, Sun XZ, Lucas NT, George MW, Gordon KC. Alteration of Intraligand Donor–Acceptor Interactions Through Torsional Connectivity in Substituted Re-dppz Complexes. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:12967-12977. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany S. Adams
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | | | - Holly van der Salm
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Raphael Horvath
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | | | - Xue-Zhong Sun
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Nigel T. Lucas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael W. George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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14
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Liang Y, Nguyen MT, Holliday BJ, Jones RA. Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 using rhenium complexes with dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine ligands. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Larsen CB, Barnsley JE, van der Salm H, Fraser MG, Lucas NT, Gordon KC. Synthesis and Optical Properties of Unsymmetrically Substituted Triarylamine Hexaazatrinaphthalenes. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Otago; Union Place West 9016 Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Jonathan E. Barnsley
- Department of Chemistry; University of Otago; Union Place West 9016 Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Holly van der Salm
- Department of Chemistry; University of Otago; Union Place West 9016 Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Michael G. Fraser
- Department of Chemistry; University of Otago; Union Place West 9016 Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Nigel T. Lucas
- Department of Chemistry; University of Otago; Union Place West 9016 Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry; University of Otago; Union Place West 9016 Dunedin New Zealand
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16
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McKay AP, Shillito GE, Gordon KC, McMorran DA. Cyclometallated platinum(ii) and palladium(ii) complexes containing 1,5-diarylbiguanides: synthesis, characterisation and hydrogen bond-directed assembly. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce01805c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
[M(ppy)(big)] (M = Pt(ii), Pd(ii), big = 1,5-diarylbiguanide) complexes are synthesised and their promise as tectons for hydrogen bond-directed assembly is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan P. McKay
- Department of Chemistry Te Tari Hua-Ruanuku
- University of Otago
- Dunedin
- New Zealand
| | - Georgina E. Shillito
- Department of Chemistry Te Tari Hua-Ruanuku
- University of Otago
- Dunedin
- New Zealand
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry Te Tari Hua-Ruanuku
- University of Otago
- Dunedin
- New Zealand
| | - David A. McMorran
- Department of Chemistry Te Tari Hua-Ruanuku
- University of Otago
- Dunedin
- New Zealand
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17
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Shillito GE, Larsen CB, McLay JRW, Lucas NT, Gordon KC. Effect of Bridge Alteration on Ground- and Excited-State Properties of Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Electron-Donor-Substituted Dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine Ligands. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:11170-11184. [PMID: 27723325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of Ru(II) 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) complexes with an electron-accepting dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz) ligand coupled to an electron-donating triarylamine (TAA) group have been investigated. Systematic alteration of a bridging unit between the dppz and TAA allowed exploration into how communication between the donor and acceptor is perturbed by distance, as well as by steric and electronic effects. The effect of the bridging group on the electronic properties of the systems was characterized using a variety of spectroscopic methods, including Fourier transform-Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopy, resonance Raman spectroscopy, and transient resonance Raman (TR2) spectroscopy. These methods were used in conjunction with ground- and excited-state absorption spectroscopy, electrochemical studies, and DFT calculations. The ground-state electronic absorption spectra show distinct variation with the bridging group, with the wavelength observed for the lowest energy electronic transition ranging from 449 nm to 522 nm, accompanied by large changes in the molar absorptivity. The lowest-energy Franck-Condon state was determined to be intra-ligand charge transfer (ILCT) in nature for most compounds. The presence of higher-energy metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) Ru(II) → bpy and Ru(II) → dppz transitions was also confirmed via resonance Raman spectroscopy. The TR2 spectra showed characteristic dppz• - and TAA• + vibrations, indicating that the THEXI state formed was also ILCT in nature. Excited-state lifetime measurements reveal that the rate of decay is in accordance with the energy gap law and is not otherwise affected by the nature of the bridging unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina E Shillito
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christopher B Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James R W McLay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nigel T Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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18
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Horvath R, Huff GS, Gordon KC, George MW. Probing the excited state nature of coordination complexes with blended organic and inorganic chromophores using vibrational spectroscopy. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Larsen CB, van der Salm H, Shillito GE, Lucas NT, Gordon KC. Tuning the Rainbow: Systematic Modulation of Donor–Acceptor Systems through Donor Substituents and Solvent. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:8446-58. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Holly van der Salm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Nigel T. Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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20
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De la Cadena A, Pascher T, Davydova D, Akimov D, Herrmann F, Presselt M, Wächtler M, Dietzek B. Intermolecular exciton–exciton annihilation in phospholipid vesicles doped with [Ru(bpy)2dppz]2+. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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21
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White TA, Witt SE, Li Z, Dunbar KR, Turro C. New Rh2(II,II) Architecture for the Catalytic Reduction of H+. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:10042-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis A. White
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Suzanne E. Witt
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Zhanyong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kim R. Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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22
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Hoggard BR, Larsen CB, Lucas NT. Site Selectivity of [RuCp*]+ Complexation in Cyclopenta[def]triphenylenes. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om5008852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce R. Hoggard
- MacDiarmid
Institute for
Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Christopher B. Larsen
- MacDiarmid
Institute for
Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Nigel T. Lucas
- MacDiarmid
Institute for
Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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