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Pinkard A, Champsaur AM, Roy X. Molecular Clusters: Nanoscale Building Blocks for Solid-State Materials. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:919-929. [PMID: 29605996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The programmed assembly of nanoscale building blocks into multicomponent hierarchical structures is a powerful strategy for the bottom-up construction of functional materials. To develop this concept, our team has explored the use of molecular clusters as superatomic building blocks to fabricate new classes of materials. The library of molecular clusters is rich with exciting properties, including diverse functionalization, redox activity, and magnetic ordering, so the resulting cluster-assembled solids, which we term superatomic crystals (SACs), hold the promise of high tunability, atomic precision, and robust architectures among a diverse range of other material properties. Molecular clusters have only seldom been used as precursors for functional materials. Our team has been at the forefront of new developments in this exciting research area, and this Account focuses on our progress toward designing materials from cluster-based precursors. In particular, this Account discusses (1) the design and synthesis of molecular cluster superatomic building blocks, (2) their self-assembly into SACs, and (3) their resulting collective properties. The set of molecular clusters discussed herein is diverse, with different cluster cores and ligand arrangements to create an impressive array of solids. The cluster cores include octahedral M6E8 and cubane M4E4 (M = metal; E = chalcogen), which are typically passivated by a shell of supporting ligands, a feature upon which we have expanded upon by designing and synthesizing more exotic ligands that can be used to direct solid-state assembly. Building from this library, we have designed whole families of binary SACs where the building blocks are held together through electrostatic, covalent, or van der Waals interactions. Using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) to determine the atomic structure, a remarkable range of compositional variability is accessible. We can also use this technique, in tandem with vibrational spectroscopy, to ascertain features about the constituent superatomic building blocks, such as the charge of the cluster cores, by analysis of bond distances from the SCXRD data. The combination of atomic precision and intercluster interactions in these SACs produces novel collective properties, including tunable electrical transport, crystalline thermal conductivity, and ferromagnetism. In addition, we have developed a synthetic strategy to insert redox-active guests into the superstructure of SACs via single-crystal-to-single-crystal intercalation. This intercalation process allows us to tune the optical and electrical transport properties of the superatomic crystal host. These properties are explored using a host of techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, SQUID magnetometry, electrical transport measurements, electronic absorption spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and frequency-domain thermoreflectance. Superatomic crystals have proven to be both robust and tunable, representing a new method of materials design and architecture. This Account demonstrates how precisely controlling the structure and properties of nanoscale building blocks is key in developing the next generation of functional materials; several examples are discussed and detailed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Pinkard
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Anouck M. Champsaur
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Zhang M, Yang T, Wang Z, Ma XF, Zhang Y, Greer SM, Stoian SA, Ouyang ZW, Nojiri H, Kurmoo M, Zeng MH. Chemical reaction within a compact non-porous crystal containing molecular clusters without the loss of crystallinity. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5356-5361. [PMID: 28970914 PMCID: PMC5609145 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A yellow crystal with {FeII4O4} cubes is modified to a black crystal with {FeIII4O4} cubes via a SC–SC transformation.
The very rare occurrence of a gas–solid chemical reaction has been found to take place on a molecule within a compact non-porous crystal without destroying its long-range structural order and retaining similar crystal structures when yellow crystals of FeII4(mbm)4Cl4(MeOH)4 were exposed to air to give black [FeIII4(mbm)4Cl4(OH)4]·2H2O. The latter cannot be synthesised directly. The original cluster underwent an exchange of methanol to hydroxide, an oxidation of Fe(ii) to Fe(iii), a change in stereochemistry and hydration while the packing and space-group remained unaltered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources , Guilin , 541004 , P. R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan , 430062 , P. R. China . .,Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources , Guilin , 541004 , P. R. China
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center & School of Physics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , 430074 , P. R. China
| | - Xiong-Feng Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources , Guilin , 541004 , P. R. China
| | - Yuexing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan , 430062 , P. R. China .
| | - Samuel M Greer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306 , USA.,National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , USA
| | - Sebastian A Stoian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306 , USA.,National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , USA
| | - Zhong-Wen Ouyang
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center & School of Physics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , 430074 , P. R. China
| | - Hiroyuki Nojiri
- Institute for Materials Research , Tohoku University , Katahira 2-1-1 , Sendai 980-8577 , Japan
| | - Mohamedally Kurmoo
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg , CNRS-UMR 7177 , Université de Strasbourg , 4 rue Blaise Pascal , 67070 Strasbourg , France .
| | - Ming-Hua Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan , 430062 , P. R. China . .,Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources , Guilin , 541004 , P. R. China
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Ahmed BM, Zhang H, Mo Y, Mezei G. Drastic Deprotonation Reactivity Difference of 3- and 5-Alkylpyrazole Isomers, Their I2-Catalyzed Thermal Isomerization, and Telescoping Synthesis of 3,5-Dialkylpyrazoles: The “Adjacent Lone Pair Effect” Demystified. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1718-22. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basil M. Ahmed
- Department
of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5413, United States
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5413, United States
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department
of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5413, United States
| | - Gellert Mezei
- Department
of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5413, United States
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Bilyachenko AN, Levitsky MM, Yalymov AI, Korlyukov AA, Vologzhanina AV, Kozlov YN, Shul'pina LS, Nesterov DS, Pombeiro AJL, Lamaty F, Bantreil X, Fetre A, Liu D, Martinez J, Long J, Larionova J, Guari Y, Trigub AL, Zubavichus YV, Golub IE, Filippov OA, Shubina ES, Shul'pin GB. A heterometallic (Fe6Na8) cage-like silsesquioxane: synthesis, structure, spin glass behavior and high catalytic activity. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07081g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The exotic “Asian Lantern” heterometallic cage silsesquioxane [(PhSiO1.5)20(FeO1.5)6(NaO0.5)8(n-BuOH)9.6(C7H8)] (I) was obtained and characterized by X-ray diffraction, EXAFS, topological analyses and DFT calculation.
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