1
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Bowers DT, McCulloch ME, Brown JL. Evaluation of focal adhesion mediated subcellular curvature sensing in response to engineered extracellular matrix. Biointerphases 2023; 18:021004. [PMID: 37019799 PMCID: PMC10079328 DOI: 10.1116/6.0002440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibril curvature is bioinstructive to attached cells. Similar to natural healthy tissues, an engineered extracellular matrix can be designed to stimulate cells to adopt desired phenotypes. To take full advantage of the curvature control in biomaterial fabrication methodologies, an understanding of the response to fibril subcellular curvature is required. In this work, we examined morphology, signaling, and function of human cells attached to electrospun nanofibers. We controlled curvature across an order of magnitude using nondegradable poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) attached to a stiff substrate with flat PMMA as a control. Focal adhesion length and the distance of maximum intensity from the geographic center of the vinculin positive focal adhesion both peaked at a fiber curvature of 2.5 μm-1 (both ∼2× the flat surface control). Vinculin experienced slightly less tension when attached to nanofiber substrates. Vinculin expression was also more affected by a subcellular curvature than structural proteins α-tubulin or α-actinin. Among the phosphorylation sites we examined (FAK397, 576/577, 925, and Src416), FAK925 exhibited the most dependance on the nanofiber curvature. A RhoA/ROCK dependance of migration velocity across curvatures combined with an observation of cell membrane wrapping around nanofibers suggested a hybrid of migration modes for cells attached to fibers as has been observed in 3D matrices. Careful selection of nanofiber curvature for regenerative engineering scaffolds and substrates used to study cell biology is required to maximize the potential of these techniques for scientific exploration and ultimately improvement of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Bowers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Mary Elizabeth McCulloch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Justin L. Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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2
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Chen Y, Zhu H, Hao Y, Sun Z, Shen P, Zhou Q. Preparation of Fucoidan-Based Electrospun Nanofibers and Their Interaction With Endothelial Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:739209. [PMID: 34552917 PMCID: PMC8450410 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.739209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan (FD) is widely applied in biomedical applications owing to its outstanding bioactivities. In addition to the biochemical features, the architecture of biomaterials plays a critical role in tissue repair and regeneration. Particularly, nanofibers have elicited great interest due to their extracellular matrix-like structure, high specific surface area, and favorable biological properties. Herein, chitosan-modified FD/ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene oxide (UHMWPEO) nanofibers are developed via green electrospinning and electrostatic interaction for studying their interaction with endothelial cells. The appropriate solvent is screened to dissolve FD. The electrospinnability of FD/UHMWPEO aqueous solutions is greatly dependent on the weight ratios of FD/UHMWPEO. The incorporation of UHMWPEO significantly improves the electrospinnability of solution and thermo-stability of nanofibers. Also, it is found that there is good miscibility or no phase separation in FD/UHMWPEO solutions. In vitro biological experiments show that the chitosan-modified FD/UHMWPEO nanofibers greatly facilitate the adhesion of endothelial cells and inhibit the attachment of monocytes. Thus, the designed FD-based nanofibers are promising bio-scaffolds in building tissue-engineered blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huilin Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanping Hao
- Department of Stomatology, Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhanyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Seaweed Substances, Qingdao Bright Moon Seaweed Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Peili Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Seaweed Substances, Qingdao Bright Moon Seaweed Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Qihui Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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3
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Yu D, Wang J, Qian KJ, Yu J, Zhu HY. Effects of nanofibers on mesenchymal stem cells: environmental factors affecting cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation and their mechanisms. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 21:871-884. [PMID: 33150771 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanofibers can mimic natural tissue structure by creating a more suitable environment for cells to grow, prompting a wide application of nanofiber materials. In this review, we include relevant studies and characterize the effect of nanofibers on mesenchymal stem cells, as well as factors that affect cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation. We hypothesize that the process of bone regeneration in vitro is similar to bone formation and healing in vivo, and the closer nanofibers or nanofibrous scaffolds are to natural bone tissue, the better the bone regeneration process will be. In general, cells cultured on nanofibers have a similar gene expression pattern and osteogenic behavior as cells induced by osteogenic supplements in vitro. Genes involved in cell adhesion (focal adhesion kinase (FAK)), cytoskeletal organization, and osteogenic pathways (transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/bone morphogenic protein (BMP), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and Wnt) are upregulated successively. Cell adhesion and osteogenesis may be influenced by several factors. Nanofibers possess certain physical properties including favorable hydrophilicity, porosity, and swelling properties that promote cell adhesion and growth. Moreover, nanofiber stiffness plays a vital role in cell fate, as cell recruitment for osteogenesis tends to be better on stiffer scaffolds, with associated signaling pathways of integrin and Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). Also, hierarchically aligned nanofibers, as well as their combination with functional additives (growth factors, HA particles, etc.), contribute to osteogenesis and bone regeneration. In summary, previous studies have indicated that upon sensing the stiffness of the nanofibrous environment as well as its other characteristics, stem cells change their shape and tension accordingly, regulating downstream pathways followed by adhesion to nanofibers to contribute to osteogenesis. However, additional experiments are needed to identify major signaling pathways in the bone regeneration process, and also to fully investigate its supportive role in fabricating or designing the optimum tissue-mimicking nanofibrous scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ke-Jia Qian
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hui-Yong Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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4
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Baker MJ, Cooke M, Kreider-Letterman G, Garcia-Mata R, Janmey PA, Kazanietz MG. Evaluation of active Rac1 levels in cancer cells: A case of misleading conclusions from immunofluorescence analysis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13698-13710. [PMID: 32817335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of aggressive cancer cell lines display elevated levels of activated Rac1, a small GTPase widely implicated in cytoskeleton reorganization, cell motility, and metastatic dissemination. A commonly accepted methodological approach for detecting Rac1 activation in cancer cells involves the use of a conformation-sensitive antibody that detects the active (GTP-bound) Rac1 without interacting with the GDP-bound inactive form. This antibody has been extensively used in fixed cell immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Taking advantage of prostate and pancreatic cancer cell models known to have high basal Rac1-GTP levels, here we have established that this antibody does not recognize Rac1 but rather detects the intermediate filament protein vimentin. Indeed, Rac1-null PC3 prostate cancer cells or cancer models with low levels of Rac1 activation still show a high signal with the anti-Rac1-GTP antibody, which is lost upon silencing of vimentin expression. Moreover, this antibody was unable to detect activated Rac1 in membrane ruffles induced by epidermal growth factor stimulation. These results have profound implications for the study of this key GTPase in cancer, particularly because a large number of cancer cell lines with characteristic mesenchymal features show simultaneous up-regulation of vimentin and high basal Rac1-GTP levels when measured biochemically. This misleading correlation can lead to assumptions about the validity of this antibody and inaccurate conclusions that may affect the development of appropriate therapeutic approaches for targeting the Rac1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Baker
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Mariana Cooke
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Paul A Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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5
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Bai M, Cai L, Li X, Ye L, Xie J. Stiffness and topography of biomaterials dictate cell-matrix interaction in musculoskeletal cells at the bio-interface: A concise progress review. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 108:2426-2440. [PMID: 32027091 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mutually interacted musculoskeletal tissues work together within the physiological environment full of varieties of external stimulus. Consistent with the locomotive function of the tissues, musculoskeletal cells are remarkably mechanosensitive to the physical cues. Signals like extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness, topography, and geometry can be sensed and transduced into intracellular signaling cascades to trigger a series of cell responses, including cell adhesion, cell phenotype maintenance, cytoskeletal reconstruction, and stem cell differentiation (Du et al., 2011; Murphy et al., 2014; Lv et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2016; Kumar et al., 2017). With the development of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, the potent effects of ECM physical properties on cell behaviors at the cell-matrix interface are drawing much attention. To mimic the interaction between cell and its ECM physical properties, developing advanced biomaterials with desired characteristics which could achieve the biointerface between cells and the surrounded matrix close to the physiological conditions becomes a great hotspot. In this review, based on the current publications in the field of biointerfaces, we systematically summarized the significant roles of stiffness and topography on musculoskeletal cell behaviors. We hope to shed light on the importance of physical cues in musculoskeletal tissue engineering and provide up to date strategies towards the natural or artificial replication of physiological microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingru Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linyi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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6
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3D-Printed Bioreactor Enhances Potential for Tendon Tissue Engineering. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-019-00145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Long EG, Buluk M, Gallagher MB, Schneider JM, Brown JL. Human mesenchymal stem cell morphology, migration, and differentiation on micro and nano-textured titanium. Bioact Mater 2019; 4:249-255. [PMID: 31667441 PMCID: PMC6812408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthopedic implants rely on facilitating a robust interaction between the implant material surface and the surrounding bone tissue. Ideally, the interface will encourage osseointegration with the host bone, resulting in strong fixation and implant stability. However, implant failure can occur due to the lack of integration with bone tissue or bacterial infection. The chosen material and surface topography of orthopedic implants are key factors that influence the early events following implantation and may ultimately define the success of a device. Early attachment, rapid migration and improved differentiation of stem cells to osteoblasts are necessary to populate the surface of biomedical implants, potentially preventing biofilm formation and implant-associated infection. This article explores these early stem cell specific events by seeding human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on four clinically relevant materials: polyether ether ketone (PEEK), Ti6Al4V (smooth Ti), macro-micro rough Ti6Al4V (Endoskeleton®), and macro-micro-nano rough Ti6Al4V (nanoLOCK®). The results demonstrate the incorporation of a hierarchical macro-micro-nano roughness on titanium produces a stellate morphology typical of mature osteoblasts/osteocytes, rapid and random migration, and improved osteogenic differentiation in seeded MSCs. Literature suggests rapid coverage of a surface by stem cells coupled with stimulation of bone differentiation minimizes the opportunity for biofilm formation while increasing the rate of device integration with the surrounding bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Long
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 122 CBEB Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Merve Buluk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 122 CBEB Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Michelle B Gallagher
- Titan Spine, Inc., Mequon Research Center, 6140 W. Executive Drive, Suite A, Mequon, WI, 53092, USA
| | - Jennifer M Schneider
- Titan Spine, Inc., Mequon Research Center, 6140 W. Executive Drive, Suite A, Mequon, WI, 53092, USA
| | - Justin L Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 122 CBEB Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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8
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Xu T, Yang R, Ma X, Chen W, Liu S, Liu X, Cai X, Xu H, Chi B. Bionic Poly(γ-Glutamic Acid) Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds for Preventing Hypertrophic Scars. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900123. [PMID: 30972958 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scarring (HS) remains a great challenge in wound dressing. Although various bionic extracellular matrix (ECM) biomaterials have been designed towards HS treatment, not all biomaterials can synergize biological functions and application functions in wound repair. Bionic scar-inhibiting scaffolds, loaded with biomolecules or drugs, become promising strategies for scarless skin regeneration. In this work, inspired by the physicochemical environment of ECM, a versatile fabrication of poly(γ-glutamic acid) based on electrospun photocrosslinkable hydrogel fibrous scaffolds incorporated with ginsenoside Rg3 (GS-Rg3) is developed for tissue repair and wound therapy. Decorated with adhesive peptide, bionic fibrous scaffolds can accelerate fibroblasts to sprout and grow, forming organized space-filling basement that gradually fills a depression before wound close up in the early stage. Additionally, by sustained release of GS-Rg3 in late stage, fibrous scaffolds promote scarless wound healing in vivo as evidenced by the promotion of cell communication and skin regeneration, as well as the subsequent decrease of angiogenesis and collagen accumulation. These ECM-inspired fibrous scaffolds, therefore, offer new perspectives on accelerated wound healing and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical EngineeringCollege of Food Science and Light IndustryNanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical EngineeringCollege of Food Science and Light IndustryNanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Xuebin Ma
- School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical EngineeringCollege of Food Science and Light IndustryNanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Shuai Liu
- School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical EngineeringCollege of Food Science and Light IndustryNanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Xiaojun Cai
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 Nanjing China
| | - Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical EngineeringCollege of Food Science and Light IndustryNanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Bo Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical EngineeringCollege of Food Science and Light IndustryNanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
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9
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Chi B, Fan X, Li Z, Liu G, Zhang G, Xu H, Li Z, Lian Q, Xing L, Tian F. Identification of Gli1-interacting proteins during simvastatin-stimulated osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18979-18994. [PMID: 31245876 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin has been shown to promote osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Our study aimed to illuminate the underlying mechanism, with a specific focus on the role of Hedgehog signaling in this process. BMSCs cultured with or without 10-7 mol/L simvastatin were subjected to evaluation of osteogenic differentiation capacity. Osteogenic markers such as type 1 collagen (COL1) and osteocalcin (OCN), as well as key molecules of Hedgehog signaling molecules, were examined by Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry assays were applied to screen for Gli1-interacting proteins. Cyclopamine (Cpn) was used as a Hedgehog signaling inhibitor. Our results indicated that simvastatin increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity; mineralization of extracellular matrix; mRNA expression of ALP, COL1, and OCN; and expression and nuclear translocation of Gli1. Contrasting effects were observed in Cpn-exposed groups, but were partially rescued by the simvastatin treatment. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses indicated that Gli1-interacting proteins were primarily associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (P = 7.04E-04 ), hippo, insulin, and glucagon signaling. Further, hub genes identified by protein-protein interaction network analysis included Gli1-interacting proteins such as Ppp2r1a, Rac1, Etf1, and XPO1/CRM1. In summary, the current study showed that the mechanism by which simvastatin stimulates osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs involves activation of Hedgehog signaling, as indicated by interactions with Gli1 and, most notably, the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojing Chi
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xinhao Fan
- Department of Stomatology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhengxiao Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Guobin Zhang
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Qiangqiang Lian
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Faming Tian
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
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10
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Identification of Key Signaling Pathways Orchestrating Substrate Topography Directed Osteogenic Differentiation Through High-Throughput siRNA Screening. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1001. [PMID: 30700820 PMCID: PMC6353928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrous scaffolds are used for bone tissue engineering purposes with great success across a variety of polymers with different physical and chemical properties. It is now evident that the correct degree of curvature promotes increased cytoskeletal tension on osteoprogenitors leading to osteogenic differentiation. However, the mechanotransductive pathways involved in this phenomenon are not fully understood. To achieve a reproducible and specific cellular response, an increased mechanistic understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving the fibrous scaffold mediated bone regeneration must be understood. High throughput siRNA mediated screening technology has been utilized for dissecting molecular targets that are important in certain cellular phenotypes. In this study, we used siRNA mediated gene silencing to understand the osteogenic differentiation observed on fibrous scaffolds. A high-throughput siRNA screen was conducted using a library collection of 863 genes including important human kinase and phosphatase targets on pre-osteoblast SaOS-2 cells. The cells were grown on electrospun poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) scaffolds with a diameter of 0.938 ± 0.304 µm and a flat surface control. The osteogenic transcription factor RUNX2 was quantified with an in-cell western (ICW) assay for the primary screen and significant targets were selected via two sample t-test. After selecting the significant targets, a secondary screen was performed to identify osteoinductive markers that also effect cell shape on fibrous topography. Finally, we report the most physiologically relevant molecular signaling mechanisms that are involved in growth factor free, fibrous topography mediated osteoinduction. We identified GTPases, membrane channel proteins, and microtubule associated targets that promote an osteoinductive cell shape on fibrous scaffolds.
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11
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Bowers DT, Brown JL. Nanofibers as Bioinstructive Scaffolds Capable of Modulating Differentiation through Mechanosensitive Pathways for Regenerative Engineering. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 5:22-29. [PMID: 31179378 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-018-0076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bioinstructive scaffolds encode information in the physical shape and size of materials to direct cell responses. Electrospinning nanofibers is a process that offers control over scaffold architecture and fiber diameter, while providing extended linear length of fibers. This review summarizes tissue engineering literature that has utilized nanofiber scaffolds to direct stem cell differentiation for various tissues including musculoskeletal, vascular, immunological and nervous system tissues. Nanofibers are also considered for their extracellular matrix mimetic characteristics that can preserve stem cell differentiation capacity. These topics are considered in the context of focal adhesion and integrin signaling. Regenerative engineering will be enhanced by construction of scaffolds encoded with shape information to cause an attached cell to create the intended tissue at that region. Nanofibers are likely to be a bioinstructive scaffold in future regenerative engineering development as we pursue the Grand Challenges of engineering tissues.
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12
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Fattahi P, Dover JT, Brown JL. 3D Near-Field Electrospinning of Biomaterial Microfibers with Potential for Blended Microfiber-Cell-Loaded Gel Composite Structures. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28661043 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of a novel low-cost and efficient method, 3D near-field electrospinning, to fabricate high-resolution, and repeatable 3D polymeric fiber patterns on nonconductive materials with potential use in tissue engineering. This technology is based on readily available hobbyist grade 3D printers. The result is exquisite control of the deposition of single fibers in an automated manner. Additionally, the fabrication of various fiber patterns, which are subsequently translated to unique cellular patterns, is demonstrated. Finally, poly(methyl methacrylate) fibers are printed within 3D collagen gels loaded with cells to introduce anisotropic properties of polymeric fibers within the cell-loaded gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Fattahi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jordan T Dover
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Justin L Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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13
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Song W, Chen L, Seta J, Markel DC, Yu X, Ren W. Corona Discharge: A Novel Approach To Fabricate Three-Dimensional Electrospun Nanofibers for Bone Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:1146-1153. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Joseph Seta
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - David C. Markel
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Providence Hospital, Southfield, Michigan 48075, United States
| | - Xiaowei Yu
- Department
of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200231, China
| | - Weiping Ren
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Providence Hospital, Southfield, Michigan 48075, United States
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14
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Rac1 Regulates the Proliferation, Adhesion, Migration, and Differentiation of MDPC-23 Cells. J Endod 2017; 43:580-587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Polymer fiber-based models of connective tissue repair and healing. Biomaterials 2016; 112:303-312. [PMID: 27770633 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically relevant models of wound healing are essential for understanding the biology of connective tissue repair and healing. They can also be used to identify key cellular processes and matrix characteristics critical for the design of soft tissue grafts. Modeling the various stages of repair post tendon injury, polymer meshes of varying fiber diameter (nano-1 (390 nm) < nano-2 (740 nm) < micro (1420 nm)) were produced. Alignment was also introduced in the nano-2 group to model matrix undergoing biological healing rather than scar formation. The response of human tendon fibroblasts on these model substrates were evaluated over time as a function of fiber diameter and alignment. It was observed that the repair models of unaligned nanoscale fibers enhanced cell growth and collagen synthesis, while these outcomes were significantly reduced in the mature repair model consisting of unaligned micron-sized fibers. Organization of paxillin and actin on unaligned meshes was enhanced on micro- compared to nano-sized fibers, while the expression and activity of RhoA and Rac1 were greater on nanofibers. In contrast, aligned nanofibers promoted early cell organization, while reducing excessive cell growth and collagen production in the long term. These results show that the early-stage repair model of unaligned nanoscale fibers elicits a response characteristic of the proliferative phase of wound repair, while the more mature model consisting of unaligned micron-sized fibers is more representative of the remodeling phase by supporting cell organization while suppressing growth and biosynthesis. Interestingly, introduction of fiber alignment in the nanofiber model alters fibroblast response from repair to healing, implicating matrix alignment as a critical design factor for circumventing scar formation and promoting biological healing of soft tissue injuries.
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Banik BL, Riley TR, Platt CJ, Brown JL. Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Morphology and Migration on Microtextured Titanium. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:41. [PMID: 27243001 PMCID: PMC4862254 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The implant used in spinal fusion procedures is an essential component to achieving successful arthrodesis. At the cellular level, the implant impacts healing and fusion through a series of steps: first, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) need to adhere and proliferate to cover the implant; second, the MSCs must differentiate into osteoblasts; third, the osteoid matrix produced by the osteoblasts needs to generate new bone tissue, thoroughly integrating the implant with the vertebrate above and below. Previous research has demonstrated that microtextured titanium is advantageous over smooth titanium and PEEK implants for both promoting osteogenic differentiation and integrating with host bone tissue; however, no investigation to date has examined the early morphology and migration of MSCs on these surfaces. This study details cell spreading and morphology changes over 24 h, rate and directionality of migration 6–18 h post-seeding, differentiation markers at 10 days, and the long-term morphology of MSCs at 7 days, on microtextured, acid-etched titanium (endoskeleton), smooth titanium, and smooth PEEK surfaces. The results demonstrate that in all metrics, the two titanium surfaces outperformed the PEEK surface. Furthermore, the rough acid-etched titanium surface presented the most favorable overall results, demonstrating the random migration needed to efficiently cover a surface in addition to morphologies consistent with osteoblasts and preosteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Banik
- Musculoskeletal Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA , USA
| | - Thomas R Riley
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Christina J Platt
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA , USA
| | - Justin L Brown
- Musculoskeletal Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA , USA
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Banik BL, Lewis GS, Brown JL. Multiscale Poly-(ϵ-caprolactone) Scaffold Mimicking Nonlinearity in Tendon Tissue Mechanics. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 2:1-9. [PMID: 27141530 PMCID: PMC4851111 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-016-0008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine plays a critical role in the future of medicine. However, challenges remain to balance stem cells, biomaterial scaffolds, and biochemical factors to create successful and effective scaffold designs. This project analyzes scaffold architecture with respect to mechanical capability and preliminary mesenchymal stem cell response for tendon regeneration. An electrospun fiber scaffold with tailorable properties based on a "Chinese-fingertrap" design is presented. The unique criss-crossed fiber structures demonstrate non-linear mechanical response similar to that observed in native tendon. Mechanical testing revealed that optimizing the fiber orientation resulted in the characteristic "S"-shaped curve, demonstrating a toe region and linear elastic region. This project has promising research potential across various disciplines: vascular engineering, nerve regeneration, and ligament and tendon tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L. Banik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 205 Hallowell Building, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Gregory S. Lewis
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Justin L. Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 205 Hallowell Building, University Park, PA 16802
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Guetta-Terrier C, Monzo P, Zhu J, Long H, Venkatraman L, Zhou Y, Wang P, Chew SY, Mogilner A, Ladoux B, Gauthier NC. Protrusive waves guide 3D cell migration along nanofibers. J Cell Biol 2016; 211:683-701. [PMID: 26553933 PMCID: PMC4639865 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201501106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Reductionist approaches based on 3D fibers reveal that single-cell migration along fibers is driven by lateral actin-based waves for various cell types. In vivo, cells migrate on complex three-dimensional (3D) fibrous matrices, which has made investigation of the key molecular and physical mechanisms that drive cell migration difficult. Using reductionist approaches based on 3D electrospun fibers, we report for various cell types that single-cell migration along fibronectin-coated nanofibers is associated with lateral actin-based waves. These cyclical waves have a fin-like shape and propagate up to several hundred micrometers from the cell body, extending the leading edge and promoting highly persistent directional movement. Cells generate these waves through balanced activation of the Rac1/N-WASP/Arp2/3 and Rho/formins pathways. The waves originate from one major adhesion site at leading end of the cell body, which is linked through actomyosin contractility to another site at the back of the cell, allowing force generation, matrix deformation and cell translocation. By combining experimental and modeling data, we demonstrate that cell migration in a fibrous environment requires the formation and propagation of dynamic, actin based fin-like protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascale Monzo
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Jie Zhu
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Hongyan Long
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459
| | - Lakshmi Venkatraman
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Yue Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119228 Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - PeiPei Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119228 Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232
| | - Alexander Mogilner
- Courant Institute and Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411 Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7592 and Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nils C Gauthier
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
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Ozdemir T, Higgins AM, Brown JL. Molecular mechanisms orchestrating the stem cell response to translational scaffolds. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:1749-52. [PMID: 26736616 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7318716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A 2013 Perspective in Science titled "Deconstructing Dimensionality" noted the importance of fiber morphology on cell phenotype, concluding with the statement "Identifying the mechanisms by which cells assess the nature of their environment will advance basic cell biology and facilitate the development of synthetic matrices for specific tissue engineering applications." Nanofibers have revolutionized scaffold-based approaches for musculoskeletal tissues; demonstrating surprising efficacy over promoting mesenchymal stem cell, MSC, differentiation down multiple musculoskeletal lineages. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms involved will allow the future design of nanofiber-based scaffolds to target a lineage with specificity. This article focuses on how three geometry sensors: focal adhesions, membrane associated vesicle stabilizing and trafficking proteins, and adherens junctions; potentially regulate MSC lineage commitment in response to bio-instructive nanofibers.
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Cell sensing of physical properties at the nanoscale: Mechanisms and control of cell adhesion and phenotype. Acta Biomater 2016; 30:26-48. [PMID: 26596568 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry, geometry, topography and mechanical properties of biomaterials modulate biochemical signals (in particular ligand-receptor binding events) that control cells-matrix interactions. In turn, the regulation of cell adhesion by the biochemical and physical properties of the matrix controls cell phenotypes such as proliferation, motility and differentiation. In particular, nanoscale geometrical, topographical and mechanical properties of biomaterials are essential to achieve control of the cell-biomaterials interface. The design of such nanoscale architectures and platforms requires understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying adhesion formation and the assembly of the actin cytoskeleton. This review presents some of the important molecular mechanisms underlying cell adhesion to biomaterials mediated by integrins and discusses the nanoscale engineered platforms used to control these processes. Such nanoscale understanding of the cell-biomaterials interface offers exciting opportunities for the design of biomaterials and their application to the field of tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Biomaterials design is important in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, in particular to allow the long term expansion of stem cells and the engineering of scaffolds for tissue regeneration. Cell adhesion to biomaterials often plays a central role in regulating cell phenotype. It is emerging that physical properties of biomaterials, and more generally the microenvironment, regulate such behaviour. In particular, cells respond to nanoscale physical properties of their matrix. Understanding how such nanoscale physical properties control cell adhesion is therefore essential for biomaterials design. To this aim, a deeper understanding of molecular processes controlling cell adhesion, but also a greater control of matrix engineering is required. Such multidisciplinary approaches shed light on some of the fundamental mechanisms via which cell adhesions sense their nanoscale physical environment.
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