1
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Rich J, Cole B, Li T, Lu B, Fu H, Smith BN, Xia J, Yang S, Zhong R, Doherty JL, Kaneko K, Suzuki H, Tian Z, Franklin AD, Huang TJ. Aerosol jet printing of surface acoustic wave microfluidic devices. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:2. [PMID: 38169478 PMCID: PMC10757899 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The addition of surface acoustic wave (SAW) technologies to microfluidics has greatly advanced lab-on-a-chip applications due to their unique and powerful attributes, including high-precision manipulation, versatility, integrability, biocompatibility, contactless nature, and rapid actuation. However, the development of SAW microfluidic devices is limited by complex and time-consuming micro/nanofabrication techniques and access to cleanroom facilities for multistep photolithography and vacuum-based processing. To simplify the fabrication of SAW microfluidic devices with customizable dimensions and functions, we utilized the additive manufacturing technique of aerosol jet printing. We successfully fabricated customized SAW microfluidic devices of varying materials, including silver nanowires, graphene, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). To characterize and compare the acoustic actuation performance of these aerosol jet printed SAW microfluidic devices with their cleanroom-fabricated counterparts, the wave displacements and resonant frequencies of the different fabricated devices were directly measured through scanning laser Doppler vibrometry. Finally, to exhibit the capability of the aerosol jet printed devices for lab-on-a-chip applications, we successfully conducted acoustic streaming and particle concentration experiments. Overall, we demonstrated a novel solution-based, direct-write, single-step, cleanroom-free additive manufacturing technique to rapidly develop SAW microfluidic devices that shows viability for applications in the fields of biology, chemistry, engineering, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Rich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Brian Cole
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Brandon Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Hanyu Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Brittany N. Smith
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Jianping Xia
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Shujie Yang
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Ruoyu Zhong
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - James L. Doherty
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Kanji Kaneko
- Deptartment of Precision Mechanics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, 112-8551 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Deptartment of Precision Mechanics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, 112-8551 Japan
| | - Zhenhua Tian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Aaron D. Franklin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
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2
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Ambattu LA, Yeo LY. Sonomechanobiology: Vibrational stimulation of cells and its therapeutic implications. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:021301. [PMID: 38504927 PMCID: PMC10903386 DOI: 10.1063/5.0127122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
All cells possess an innate ability to respond to a range of mechanical stimuli through their complex internal machinery. This comprises various mechanosensory elements that detect these mechanical cues and diverse cytoskeletal structures that transmit the force to different parts of the cell, where they are transcribed into complex transcriptomic and signaling events that determine their response and fate. In contrast to static (or steady) mechanostimuli primarily involving constant-force loading such as compression, tension, and shear (or forces applied at very low oscillatory frequencies (≤ 1 Hz) that essentially render their effects quasi-static), dynamic mechanostimuli comprising more complex vibrational forms (e.g., time-dependent, i.e., periodic, forcing) at higher frequencies are less well understood in comparison. We review the mechanotransductive processes associated with such acoustic forcing, typically at ultrasonic frequencies (> 20 kHz), and discuss the various applications that arise from the cellular responses that are generated, particularly for regenerative therapeutics, such as exosome biogenesis, stem cell differentiation, and endothelial barrier modulation. Finally, we offer perspectives on the possible existence of a universal mechanism that is common across all forms of acoustically driven mechanostimuli that underscores the central role of the cell membrane as the key effector, and calcium as the dominant second messenger, in the mechanotransduction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizebona August Ambattu
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Leslie Y. Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
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3
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Wang Y, Qian J. Femtosecond Laser Micromachining of the Mask for Acoustofluidic Device Preparation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:7838-7844. [PMID: 36873004 PMCID: PMC9979341 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based acoustofluidic devices have shown broad applications in microfluidic actuation and particle/cell manipulation. Conventional SAW acoustofluidic device fabrication generally includes photolithography and lift-off processes and thus requires accessing cleanroom facilities and expensive lithography equipment. In this paper, we report a femtosecond laser direct writing mask method for acoustofluidic device preparation. By micromachining of steel foil to form the mask and direct evaporation of metal on the piezoelectric substrate using the mask, the interdigital transducer (IDT) electrodes of the SAW device are generated. The minimum spatial periodicity of the IDT finger is about 200 μm, and the preparation for LiNbO3 and ZnO thin films and flexible PVDF SAW devices is verified. Meanwhile, we have demonstrated various microfluidic functions, including streaming, concentration, pumping, jumping, jetting, nebulization, and particle alignment using the fabricated acoustofluidic (ZnO/Al plate, LiNbO3) devices. Compared to the traditional manufacturing process, the proposed method omits spin coating, drying, lithography, developing, and lift-off processes and thus has advantages of simple, convenient, low cost, and environment friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou City
University, Hangzhou 310015, China
- The
State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jingui Qian
- Anhui
Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument,
School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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Enhanced Detection in Droplet Microfluidics by Acoustic Vortex Modulation of Particle Rings and Particle Clusters via Asymmetric Propagation of Surface Acoustic Waves. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12060399. [PMID: 35735547 PMCID: PMC9221473 DOI: 10.3390/bios12060399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As a basis for biometric and chemical analysis, issues of how to dilute or concentrate substances such as particles or cells to specific concentrations have long been of interest to researchers. In this study, travelling surface acoustic wave (TSAW)-based devices with three frequencies (99.1, 48.8, 20.4 MHz) have been used to capture the suspended Polystyrene (PS) microspheres of various sizes (5, 20, 40 μm) in sessile droplets, which are controlled by acoustic field-induced fluid vortex (acoustic vortex) and aggregate into clusters or rings with particles. These phenomena can be explained by the interaction of three forces, which are drag force caused by ASF, ARF caused by Leaky-SAW and varying centrifugal force. Eventually, a novel approach of free transition between the particle ring and cluster was approached via modulating the acoustic amplitude of TSAW. By this method, multilayer particles agglomerate with 20 μm wrapped around 40 μm and 20 μm wrapped around 5 μm can be obtained, which provides the possibility to dilute or concentrate the particles to a specific concentration.
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5
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Kolesnik K, Xu M, Lee PVS, Rajagopal V, Collins DJ. Unconventional acoustic approaches for localized and designed micromanipulation. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2837-2856. [PMID: 34268539 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00378j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic fields are ideal for micromanipulation, being biocompatible and with force gradients approaching the scale of single cells. They have accordingly found use in a variety of microfluidic devices, including for microscale patterning, separation, and mixing. The bulk of work in acoustofluidics has been predicated on the formation of standing waves that form periodic nodal positions along which suspended particles and cells are aligned. An evolving range of applications, however, requires more targeted micromanipulation to create unique patterns and effects. To this end, recent work has made important advances in improving the flexibility with which acoustic fields can be applied, impressively demonstrating generating arbitrary arrangements of pressure fields, spatially localizing acoustic fields and selectively translating individual particles in ways that are not achievable via traditional approaches. In this critical review we categorize and examine these advances, each of which open the door to a wide range of applications in which single-cell fidelity and flexible micromanipulation are advantageous, including for tissue engineering, diagnostic devices, high-throughput sorting and microfabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Kolesnik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Mingxin Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Peter V S Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Vijay Rajagopal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - David J Collins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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García-Valenzuela A, Fakhfouri A, Oliva-Ramírez M, Rico-Gavira V, Rojas TC, Alvarez R, Menzel SB, Palmero A, Winkler A, González-Elipe AR. Patterning and control of the nanostructure in plasma thin films with acoustic waves: mechanical vs. electrical polarization effects. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:515-524. [PMID: 34821267 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01540g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructuration and 2D patterning of thin films are common strategies to fabricate biomimetic surfaces and components for microfluidic, microelectronic or photonic applications. This work presents the fundamentals of a surface nanotechnology procedure for laterally tailoring the nanostructure and crystalline structure of thin films that are plasma deposited onto acoustically excited piezoelectric substrates. Using magnetron sputtering as plasma technique and TiO2 as case example, it is demonstrated that the deposited films depict a sub-millimetre 2D pattern that, characterized by large lateral differences in nanostructure, density (up to 50%), thickness, and physical properties between porous and dense zones, reproduces the wave features distribution of the generated acoustic waves (AW). Simulation modelling of the AW propagation and deposition experiments carried out without plasma and under alternative experimental conditions reveal that patterning is not driven by the collision of ad-species with mechanically excited lattice atoms of the substrate, but emerges from their interaction with plasma sheath ions locally accelerated by the AW-induced electrical polarization field developed at the substrate surface and growing film. The possibilities of the AW activation as a general approach for the tailored control of nanostructure, pattern size, and properties of thin films are demonstrated through the systematic variation of deposition conditions and the adjustment of AW operating parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio García-Valenzuela
- Nanotechnology on Surfaces and Plasma Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla (CSIC-Univ. Sevilla), Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
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7
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Zhou J, Habibi R, Akbaridoust F, Neild A, Nosrati R. Paper-Based Acoustofluidics for Separating Particles and Cells. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8569-8578. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Zhou
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ruhollah Habibi
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Farzan Akbaridoust
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Adrian Neild
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Reza Nosrati
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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8
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Mikhaylov R, Wu F, Wang H, Clayton A, Sun C, Xie Z, Liang D, Dong Y, Yuan F, Moschou D, Wu Z, Shen MH, Yang J, Fu Y, Yang Z, Burton C, Errington RJ, Wiltshire M, Yang X. Development and characterisation of acoustofluidic devices using detachable electrodes made from PCB. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1807-1814. [PMID: 32319460 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01192g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Acoustofluidics has been increasingly applied in biology, medicine and chemistry due to its versatility in manipulating fluids, cells and nano-/micro-particles. In this paper, we develop a novel and simple technology to fabricate a surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based acoustofluidic device by clamping electrodes made using a printed circuit board (PCB) with a piezoelectric substrate. The PCB-based SAW (PCB-SAW) device is systematically characterised and benchmarked with a SAW device made using the conventional photolithography process with the same specifications. Microparticle manipulations such as streaming in droplets and patterning in microchannels were demonstrated in the PCB-SAW device. In addition, the PCB-SAW device was applied as an acoustic tweezer to pattern lung cancer cells to form three or four traces inside the microchannel in a controllable manner. Cell viability of ∼97% was achieved after acoustic manipulation using the PCB-SAW device, which proved its ability as a suitable tool for acoustophoretic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Mikhaylov
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
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9
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Nam J, Jang WS, Kim J, Lee H, Lim CS. Lamb wave-based molecular diagnosis using DNA hydrogel formation by rolling circle amplification (RCA) process. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 142:111496. [PMID: 31302395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in microfluidics enable the lab-on-a-chip-based molecular diagnosis. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of infectious diseases is critical for preventing the transmission of the disease. Here, we characterize a Lamb wave-based device using various parameters including the contact angle and viscosity of the sample droplet, the applied voltage, and the temperature increase. Additionally, we demonstrate the functionality of the Lamb wave-based device in clinical application. Optimal temperature for rolling circle amplification (RCA) process is 30 °C, and it was achieved by Lamb wave generation at 17 V. Gene amplification due to RCA process could be detected by viscosity increase due to DNA hydrogel formation in a sample droplet, which induced the acoustic streaming velocity of suspended particles to be decreased. In our Lamb wave-based device, isothermal amplification of target nucleic acids could be successfully detected within 30 min using 10 μL of sessile droplet, and was validated by comparing that of commercial real-time fluorescence analysis. Our device enables simple and low-cost molecular diagnosis, which can be applied to resource-limited clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghun Nam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Woong Sik Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyukjin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chae Seung Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
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10
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Connacher W, Zhang N, Huang A, Mei J, Zhang S, Gopesh T, Friend J. Micro/nano acoustofluidics: materials, phenomena, design, devices, and applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1952-1996. [PMID: 29922774 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00112j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic actuation of fluids at small scales may finally enable a comprehensive lab-on-a-chip revolution in microfluidics, overcoming long-standing difficulties in fluid and particle manipulation on-chip. In this comprehensive review, we examine the fundamentals of piezoelectricity, piezoelectric materials, and transducers; revisit the basics of acoustofluidics; and give the reader a detailed look at recent technological advances and current scientific discussions in the discipline. Recent achievements are placed in the context of classic reports for the actuation of fluid and particles via acoustic waves, both within sessile drops and closed channels. Other aspects of micro/nano acoustofluidics are examined: atomization, translation, mixing, jetting, and particle manipulation in the context of sessile drops and fluid mixing and pumping, particle manipulation, and formation of droplets in the context of closed channels, plus the most recent results at the nanoscale. These achievements will enable applications across the disciplines of chemistry, biology, medicine, energy, manufacturing, and we suspect a number of others yet unimagined. Basic design concepts and illustrative applications are highlighted in each section, with an emphasis on lab-on-a-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Connacher
- Medically Advanced Devices Laboratory, Center for Medical Devices and Instrumentation, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, USA.
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11
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Rezk AR, Ramesan S, Yeo LY. Plug-and-actuate on demand: multimodal individual addressability of microarray plates using modular hybrid acoustic wave technology. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:406-411. [PMID: 29231220 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01099k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The microarray titre plate remains a fundamental workhorse in genomic, proteomic and cellomic analyses that underpin the drug discovery process. Nevertheless, liquid handling technologies for sample dispensing, processing and transfer have not progressed significantly beyond conventional robotic micropipetting techniques, which are not only at their fundamental sample size limit, but are also prone to mechanical failure and contamination. This is because alternative technologies to date suffer from a number of constraints, mainly their limitation to carry out only a single liquid operation such as dispensing or mixing at a given time, and their inability to address individual wells, particularly at high throughput. Here, we demonstrate the possibility for true sequential or simultaneous single- and multi-well addressability in a 96-well plate using a reconfigurable modular platform from which MHz-order hybrid surface and bulk acoustic waves can be coupled to drive a variety of microfluidic modes including mixing, sample preconcentration and droplet jetting/ejection in individual or multiple wells on demand, thus constituting a highly versatile yet simple setup capable of improving the functionality of existing laboratory protocols and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amgad R Rezk
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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12
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Ahmed H, Lee L, Darmanin C, Yeo LY. A Novel Acoustomicrofluidic Nebulization Technique Yielding New Crystallization Morphologies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1602040. [PMID: 29205527 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel acoustic microfluidic nebulization platform is demonstrated, which, due to its unique ability to access intermediate evaporation rate regimes-significantly faster than that in slow solvent evaporation but considerably below that achieved in spray drying, is capable of producing novel crystal morphologies that have yet to be reported in both model inorganic and organic systems. In addition, the potential for simultaneously encapsulating single crystals within a biodegradable polymeric coating in a single simultaneous step together with the crystallization process as the solvent evaporates during nebulization is briefly shown. The platform not only has the potential to be highly scalable by employing a large number of these low-cost miniature devices in parallel to achieve industrially relevant particle production rates, but could also be advantageous over conventional spray drying in terms of energy utilization, given the tremendous efficiency associated with the high-frequency ultrasonic microdevice as well as its ambient temperature operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Ahmed
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Lillian Lee
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Connie Darmanin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, LaTrobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Leslie Y Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
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13
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Gomez EF, Berggren M, Simon DT. Surface Acoustic Waves to Drive Plant Transpiration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45864. [PMID: 28361922 PMCID: PMC5374464 DOI: 10.1038/srep45864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging fields of research in electronic plants (e-plants) and agro-nanotechnology seek to create more advanced control of plants and their products. Electronic/nanotechnology plant systems strive to seamlessly monitor, harvest, or deliver chemical signals to sense or regulate plant physiology in a controlled manner. Since the plant vascular system (xylem/phloem) is the primary pathway used to transport water, nutrients, and chemical signals-as well as the primary vehicle for current e-plant and phtyo-nanotechnology work-we seek to directly control fluid transport in plants using external energy. Surface acoustic waves generated from piezoelectric substrates were directly coupled into rose leaves, thereby causing water to rapidly evaporate in a highly localized manner only at the site in contact with the actuator. From fluorescent imaging, we find that the technique reliably delivers up to 6x more water/solute to the site actuated by acoustic energy as compared to normal plant transpiration rates and 2x more than heat-assisted evaporation. The technique of increasing natural plant transpiration through acoustic energy could be used to deliver biomolecules, agrochemicals, or future electronic materials at high spatiotemporal resolution to targeted areas in the plant; providing better interaction with plant physiology or to realize more sophisticated cyborg systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot F. Gomez
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel T. Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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14
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Tian Z, Yu L. Rainbow trapping of ultrasonic guided waves in chirped phononic crystal plates. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40004. [PMID: 28054601 PMCID: PMC5213308 DOI: 10.1038/srep40004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The rainbow trapping effect has been demonstrated in electromagnetic and acoustic waves. In this study, rainbow trapping of ultrasonic guided waves is achieved in chirped phononic crystal plates that spatially modulate the dispersion, group velocity, and stopband. The rainbow trapping is related to the progressively slowing group velocity, and the extremely low group velocity near the lower boundary of a stopband that gradually varies in chirped phononic crystal plates. As guided waves propagate along the phononic crystal plate, waves gradually slow down and finally stop forward propagating. The energy of guided waves is concentrated at the low velocity region near the stopband. Moreover, the guided wave energy of different frequencies is concentrated at different locations, which manifests as rainbow guided waves. We believe implementing the rainbow trapping will open new paradigms for guiding and focusing of guided waves. Moreover, the rainbow guided waves with energy concentration and spatial separation of frequencies may have potential applications in nondestructive evaluation, spatial wave filtering, energy harvesting, and acoustofluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Tian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Lingyu Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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15
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Self-Aligned Interdigitated Transducers for Acoustofluidics. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7120216. [PMID: 30404386 PMCID: PMC6189727 DOI: 10.3390/mi7120216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The surface acoustic wave (SAW) is effective for the manipulation of fluids and particles at microscale. The current approach of integrating interdigitated transducers (IDTs) for SAW generation into microfluidic channels involves complex and laborious microfabrication steps. These steps often require full access to clean room facilities and hours to align the transducers to the precise location. This work presents an affordable and innovative method for fabricating SAW-based microfluidic devices without the need for clean room facilities and alignment. The IDTs and microfluidic channels are fabricated using the same process and thus are precisely self-aligned in accordance with the device design. With the use of the developed fabrication approach, a few types of different SAW-based microfluidic devices have been fabricated and demonstrated for particle separation and active droplet generation.
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16
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Ramesan S, Rezk AR, Cheng KW, Chan PPY, Yeo LY. Acoustically-driven thread-based tuneable gradient generators. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2820-2828. [PMID: 27334420 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thread-based microfluidics offer a simple, easy to use, low-cost, disposable and biodegradable alternative to conventional microfluidic systems. While it has recently been shown that such thread networks facilitate manipulation of fluid samples including mixing, flow splitting and the formation of concentration gradients, the passive capillary transport of fluid through the thread does not allow for precise control due to the random orientation of cellulose fibres that make up the thread, nor does it permit dynamic manipulation of the flow. Here, we demonstrate the use of high frequency sound waves driven from a chip-scale device that drives rapid, precise and uniform convective transport through the thread network. In particular, we show that it is not only possible to generate a stable and continuous concentration gradient in a serial dilution and recombination network, but also one that can be dynamically tuned, which cannot be achieved solely with passive capillary transport. Additionally, we show a proof-of-concept in which such spatiotemporal gradient generation can be achieved with the entire thread network embedded in a three-dimensional hydrogel construct to more closely mimic the in vivo tissue microenvironment in microfluidic chemotaxis studies and cell culture systems, which is then employed to demonstrate the effect of such gradients on the proliferation of cells within the hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwathy Ramesan
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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17
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Aubert V, Wunenburger R, Valier-Brasier T, Rabaud D, Kleman JP, Poulain C. A simple acoustofluidic chip for microscale manipulation using evanescent Scholte waves. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2532-2539. [PMID: 27292590 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00534a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Acoustofluidics is acknowledged as a powerful tool offering a contactless and label-free manipulation of fluids, micro-beads, and living cells. To date, most techniques rely on the use of propagating acoustic waves and take advantage of the associated acoustic radiation force in standing or progressive fields. Here, we present a new approach based on the generation of an evanescent acoustic field above a substrate. This field is obtained by means of subsonic interfacial waves giving rise to a well-defined standing wave pattern. By both imaging and probing the evanescent acoustic field, we show that these interfacial waves are guided waves known as quasi-Scholte acoustic waves. Scholte waves present very interesting features for applications in acoustofluidics. Namely, they confine the acoustic energy to the vicinity of the surface, they are nearly lossless and thus can propagate over long distances along the substrate, and finally they do not require any particular material for the substrate. With a very simple and low-cost device we show several examples of applications including patterning lines or arrays of cells, triggering spinning of living cells, and separating plasma from RBC in a whole blood microdroplet.
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18
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Destgeer G, Ha B, Park J, Sung HJ. Lamb Wave-Based Acoustic Radiation Force-Driven Particle Ring Formation Inside a Sessile Droplet. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3976-81. [PMID: 26937678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an acoustofluidic device using Lamb waves (LWs) to manipulate polystyrene (PS) microparticles suspended in a sessile droplet of water. The LW-based acoustofluidic platform used in this study is advantageous in that the device is actuated over a range of frequencies without changing the device structure or electrode pattern. In addition, the device is simple to operate and cheap to fabricate. The LWs, produced on a piezoelectric substrate, attenuate inside the fluid and create acoustic streaming flow (ASF) in the form of a poloidal flow with toroidal vortices. The PS particles experience direct acoustic radiation force (ARF) in addition to being influenced by the ASF, which drive the concentration of particles to form a ring. This phenomenon was previously attributed to the ASF alone, but the present experimental results confirm that the ARF plays an important role in forming the particle ring, which would not be possible in the presence of only the ASF. We used a range of actuation frequencies (45-280 MHz), PS particle diameters (1-10 μm), and droplet volumes (5, 7.5, and 10 μL) to experimentally demonstrate this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Destgeer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Byunghang Ha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jinsoo Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Sung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon 34141, Korea
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19
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Rezk AR, Tan JK, Yeo LY. HYbriD Resonant Acoustics (HYDRA). ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:1970-1975. [PMID: 26743122 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The existence of what is termed here as a surface-reflected bulk wave is unraveled and elucidated, and it is shown, quite counterintuitively, that it is possible to obtain an order-of-magnitude improvement in microfluidic manipulation efficiency, and, in particular, nebulization, through a unique combination of surface and bulk waves without increasing complexity or cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amgad R Rezk
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - James K Tan
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Leslie Y Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
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20
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Destgeer G, Cho H, Ha BH, Jung JH, Park J, Sung HJ. Acoustofluidic particle manipulation inside a sessile droplet: four distinct regimes of particle concentration. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:660-7. [PMID: 26755271 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01104c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated the motion of polystyrene microparticles inside a sessile droplet of water actuated by surface acoustic waves (SAWs), which produce an acoustic streaming flow (ASF) and impart an acoustic radiation force (ARF) on the particles. We have categorized four distinct regimes (R1-R4) of particle aggregation that depend on the particle diameter, the SAW frequency, the acoustic wave field (travelling or standing), the acoustic waves' attenuation length, and the droplet volume. The particles are concentrated at the centre of the droplet in the form of a bead (R1), around the periphery of the droplet in the form of a ring (R2), at the side of the droplet in the form of an isolated island (R3), and close to the centre of the droplet in the form of a smaller ring (R4). The ASF-based drag force, the travelling or standing SAW-based ARF, and the centrifugal force are utilized in various combinations to produce these distinct regimes. For simplicity, we fixed the fluid volume at 5 μL, varied the SAW actuation frequency (10, 20, 80, and 133 MHz), and tested several particle diameters in the range 1-30 μm to explicitly demonstrate the regimes R1-R4. We have further demonstrated the separation of particles (1 and 10 μm, 3 and 5 μm) using mixed regime configurations (R1 and R2, R2 and R4, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Destgeer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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21
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Patabadige DEW, Jia S, Sibbitts J, Sadeghi J, Sellens K, Culbertson CT. Micro Total Analysis Systems: Fundamental Advances and Applications. Anal Chem 2015; 88:320-38. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damith E. W. Patabadige
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Shu Jia
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jay Sibbitts
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jalal Sadeghi
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
- Laser & Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran
| | - Kathleen Sellens
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Christopher T. Culbertson
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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22
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Abstract
Acoustophoresis is a powerful yet gentle technique for manipulating cells and particles that has quickly earned a place in the lab-on-a-chip toolkit. However, traditional construction techniques for acoustophoretic resonators have typically required prohibitively expensive and laborious processing methods. Here, we propose a highly cost-effective and cleanroom-free construction technique for transversal acoustophoretic resonators. Channels with two different widths of 750 and 300 μm were constructed using a simple glass and polyimide sandwiching technique. Half and full wavelength resonators were then established using 1 and 5 MHz ultrasound respectively and polystyrene beads were successfully manipulated in both types of resonators. This construction technique was then utilized to demonstrate a bifurcation and trifurcation microchannel with 600 μm widths and 2.5 MHz ultrasound. Our approach addresses some of the key drawbacks of acoustophoretic devices by drastically simplifying the fabrication and prototyping of transversal resonators and will assist in expanding this technology from laboratory benches and into the broader market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Champika Samarasekera
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - John T W Yeow
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Destgeer G, Sung HJ. Recent advances in microfluidic actuation and micro-object manipulation via surface acoustic waves. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2722-38. [PMID: 26016538 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00265f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The realization of microscale total analysis systems and lab-on-a-chip technologies requires efficient actuation (mixing, pumping, atomizing, nebulizing, driving, etc.) of fluids on the microscopic scale and dexterous manipulation (separation, sorting, trapping, concentration, merging, patterning, aligning, focusing, etc.) of micro-objects (cells, droplets, particles, nanotubes, etc.) in open (sessile droplets) as well as confined spaces (microchannels/chambers). These capabilities have been recently achieved using powerful acoustofluidic techniques based on high-frequency (10-1000 MHz) surface acoustic waves (SAWs). SAW-based miniaturized microfluidic devices are best known for their non-invasive properties, low costs, and ability to manipulate micro-objects in a label-free manner. The energy-efficient SAWs are also compatible with conventional microfabrication technologies. The present work critically analyses recent reports describing the use of SAWs in microfluidic actuation and micro-object manipulation. Acoustofluidic techniques may be categorized according to the use of travelling SAWs (TSAWs) or standing SAWs (SSAWs). TSAWs are used to actuate fluids and manipulate micro-objects via acoustic streaming flow (ASF) as well as acoustic radiation force (ARF). SSAWs are mainly used for micro-object manipulation and are rarely employed for microfluidic actuation. We have reviewed reports of new technological developments that have not been covered in other recent reviews. In the end, we describe the future prospects of SAW-based acoustofluidic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Destgeer
- Flow Control Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 305-338, Korea.
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Salehi-Reyhani A, Gesellchen F, Mampallil D, Wilson R, Reboud J, Ces O, Willison KR, Cooper JM, Klug DR. Chemical-Free Lysis and Fractionation of Cells by Use of Surface Acoustic Waves for Sensitive Protein Assays. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2161-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5033758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Gesellchen
- Division
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Dileep Mampallil
- Division
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Rab Wilson
- Division
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Reboud
- Division
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jonathan M. Cooper
- Division
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
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