1
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Chen X, Huang X, Zhang J, Wang M, Chen D, Li Y, Qin X, Wang J, Chen J. Leukocyte differential based on an imaging and impedance flow cytometry of microfluidics coupled with deep neural networks. Cytometry A 2024; 105:315-322. [PMID: 38115230 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The differential of leukocytes functions as the first indicator in clinical examinations. However, microscopic examinations suffered from key limitations of low throughputs in classifying leukocytes while commercially available hematology analyzers failed to provide quantitative accuracies in leukocyte differentials. A home-developed imaging and impedance flow cytometry of microfluidics was used to capture fluorescent images and impedance variations of single cells traveling through constrictional microchannels. Convolutional and recurrent neural networks were adopted for data processing and feature extractions, which were then fused by a support vector machine to realize the four-part differential of leukocytes. The classification accuracies of the four-part leukocyte differential were quantified as 95.4% based on fluorescent images plus the convolutional neural network, 90.3% based on impedance variations plus the recurrent neural network, and 99.3% on the basis of fluorescent images, impedance variations, and deep neural networks. Based on single-cell fluorescent imaging and impedance variations coupled with deep neural networks, the four-part leukocyte differential can be realized with almost 100% accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xukun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, China National Centre for Bioinformation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minruihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Deyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueying Li
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, China National Centre for Bioinformation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuzhen Qin
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Tang T, Julian T, Ma D, Yang Y, Li M, Hosokawa Y, Yalikun Y. A review on intelligent impedance cytometry systems: Development, applications and advances. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1269:341424. [PMID: 37290859 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Impedance cytometry is a well-established technique for counting and analyzing single cells, with several advantages, such as convenience, high throughput, and no labeling required. A typical experiment consists of the following steps: single-cell measurement, signal processing, data calibration, and particle subtype identification. At the beginning of this article, we compared commercial and self-developed options extensively and provided references for developing reliable detection systems, which are necessary for cell measurement. Then, a number of typical impedance metrics and their relationships to biophysical properties of cells were analyzed with respect to the impedance signal analysis. Given the rapid advances of intelligent impedance cytometry in the past decade, this article also discussed the development of representative machine learning-based approaches and systems, and their applications in data calibration and particle identification. Finally, the remaining challenges facing the field were summarized, and potential future directions for each step of impedance detection were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tang
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayamacho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Trisna Julian
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayamacho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Doudou Ma
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, 572000, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayamacho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yaxiaer Yalikun
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayamacho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan; Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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3
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Li J, Cui Y, Xie Q, Jiang T, Xin S, Liu P, Zhou T, Li Q. Ultraportable Flow Cytometer Based on an All-Glass Microfluidic Chip. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2294-2302. [PMID: 36654498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The flow cytometer has become a powerful and widely accepted measurement device in both biological studies and clinical diagnostics. The application of the flow cytometer in emerging point-of-care scenarios, such as instant detection in remote areas and emergency diagnosis, requires a significant reduction in physical dimension, cost, and power consumption. This requirement promotes studies to develop portable flow cytometers, mostly based on the utilization of polymer microfluidic chips. However, due to the relatively poor optical performance of polymer materials, existing microfluidic flow cytometers are incapable of accurate blood analysis, such as the four-part leukocyte differential count, which is necessary to monitor the immune system and to assess the risk of allergic inflammation or viral infection. To address this issue, an ultraportable flow cytometer based on an all-glass microfluidic chip (AG-UFCM) has been developed in this study. Compared with that of a typical commercial flow cytometer (BD FACSAria III), the volume of the AG-UFCM was reduced by 90 times (from 720 to 8 L). A two-step laser processing was employed to fabricate an all-glass microfluidic chip with a surface roughness of less than 1 nm, significantly improving the optical performance of on-chip micro-lens. The signal-to-noise ratio was enhanced by 3 dB, compared with that of polymer materials. For the first time, a four-part leukocyte differential count based on single fluorescence staining was realized using a miniaturized flow cytometer, laying a foundation for the point-of-care testing of miniaturized flow cytometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
| | - Yuhan Cui
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
| | - Qiucheng Xie
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Shandong QianQianRuo Medical Technology Limited Company, Jinan250022, China
| | - Siyuan Xin
- Shandong QianQianRuo Medical Technology Limited Company, Jinan250022, China
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China.,Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing401120, China
| | - Tianfeng Zhou
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
| | - Qin Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
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4
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Chen YS, Huang CH, Pai PC, Seo J, Lei KF. A Review on Microfluidics-Based Impedance Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13010083. [PMID: 36671918 PMCID: PMC9855525 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrical impedance biosensors are powerful and continuously being developed for various biological sensing applications. In this line, the sensitivity of impedance biosensors embedded with microfluidic technologies, such as sheath flow focusing, dielectrophoretic focusing, and interdigitated electrode arrays, can still be greatly improved. In particular, reagent consumption reduction and analysis time-shortening features can highly increase the analytical capabilities of such biosensors. Moreover, the reliability and efficiency of analyses are benefited by microfluidics-enabled automation. Through the use of mature microfluidic technology, complicated biological processes can be shrunk and integrated into a single microfluidic system (e.g., lab-on-a-chip or micro-total analysis systems). By incorporating electrical impedance biosensors, hand-held and bench-top microfluidic systems can be easily developed and operated by personnel without professional training. Furthermore, the impedance spectrum provides broad information regarding cell size, membrane capacitance, cytoplasmic conductivity, and cytoplasmic permittivity without the need for fluorescent labeling, magnetic modifications, or other cellular treatments. In this review article, a comprehensive summary of microfluidics-based impedance biosensors is presented. The structure of this article is based on the different substrate material categorizations. Moreover, the development trend of microfluidics-based impedance biosensors is discussed, along with difficulties and challenges that may be encountered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shih Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ching Pai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Jungmok Seo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kin Fong Lei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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5
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Ortega-Sanchez FG, Teresa V, Widmann T, Regiart M, Jerez-Salcedo MT, Fernández-Baldo MA, de Miguel-Perez D. Microfluidic systems in extracellular vesicles single analysis. A systematic review. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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6
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Serhatlioglu M, Jensen EA, Niora M, Hansen AT, Nielsen CF, Jansman MMT, Hosta-Rigau L, Dziegiel MH, Berg-Sørensen K, Hickson ID, Kristensen A. Viscoelastic Capillary Flow Cytometry. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Serhatlioglu
- Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads Building 345C 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Emil Alstrup Jensen
- Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads Building 345C 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Maria Niora
- Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads Building 345C 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Anne Todsen Hansen
- Department of Clinical Immunology University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 9 2100 København Ø Denmark
| | - Christian Friberg Nielsen
- Center for Chromosome Stability Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Copenhagen 2200 København N. Denmark
| | | | - Leticia Hosta-Rigau
- Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads Building 345C 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Morten Hanefeld Dziegiel
- Department of Clinical Immunology University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 9 2100 København Ø Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 3B 2200 København N. Denmark
| | - Kirstine Berg-Sørensen
- Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads Building 345C 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Ian David Hickson
- Center for Chromosome Stability Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of Copenhagen 2200 København N. Denmark
| | - Anders Kristensen
- Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads Building 345C 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
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7
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Wang M, Tan H, Li Y, Chen X, Chen D, Wang J, Chen J. Toward five-part differential of leukocytes based on electrical impedances of single cells and neural network. Cytometry A 2022; 103:439-446. [PMID: 36271498 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The five-part differential of leukocytes plays key roles in the diagnosis of a variety of diseases and is realized by optical examinations of single cells, which is prone to various artifacts due to chemical treatments. The classification of leukocytes based on electrical impedances without cell treatments has not been demonstrated because of limitations in approaches of impedance acquisition and data processing. In this study, based on treatment-free single-cell impedance profiles collected from impedance flow cytometry leveraging constriction microchannels, two types of neural pattern recognition were conducted for comparisons with the purpose of realizing the five-part differential of leukocytes. In the first approach, 30 features from impedance profiles were defined manually and extracted automatically, and then a feedforward neural network was conducted, producing a classification accuracy of 84.9% in the five-part leukocyte differential. In the second approach, a customized recurrent neural network was developed to process impedance profiles directly and based on deep learning, a classification accuracy of 97.5% in the five-part leukocyte differential was reported. These results validated the feasibility of the five-part leukocyte differential based on label-free impedance profiles of single cells and thus provide a new perspective of differentiating white blood cells based on impedance flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minruihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiwen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Li
- School of Advanced Engineers, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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8
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Wang M, Liang H, Chen X, Chen D, Wang J, Zhang Y, Chen J. Developments of Conventional and Microfluidic Flow Cytometry Enabling High-Throughput Characterization of Single Cells. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070443. [PMID: 35884246 PMCID: PMC9313373 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article first reviews scientific meanings of single-cell analysis by highlighting two key scientific problems: landscape reconstruction of cellular identities during dynamic immune processes and mechanisms of tumor origin and evolution. Secondly, the article reviews clinical demands of single-cell analysis, which are complete blood counting enabled by optoelectronic flow cytometry and diagnosis of hematologic malignancies enabled by multicolor fluorescent flow cytometry. Then, this article focuses on the developments of optoelectronic flow cytometry for the complete blood counting by comparing conventional counterparts of hematology analyzers (e.g., DxH 900 of Beckman Coulter, XN-1000 of Sysmex, ADVIA 2120i of Siemens, and CELL-DYN Ruby of Abbott) and microfluidic counterparts (e.g., microfluidic impedance and imaging flow cytometry). Future directions of optoelectronic flow cytometry are indicated where intrinsic rather than dependent biophysical parameters of blood cells must be measured, and they can replace blood smears as the gold standard of blood analysis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minruihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (M.W.); (H.L.); (X.C.); (D.C.)
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongyan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (M.W.); (H.L.); (X.C.); (D.C.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (M.W.); (H.L.); (X.C.); (D.C.)
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Deyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (M.W.); (H.L.); (X.C.); (D.C.)
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (M.W.); (H.L.); (X.C.); (D.C.)
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (M.W.); (H.L.); (X.C.); (D.C.)
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.C.)
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9
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10
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Ebrahimifard R, Erfle P, Dietzel A, Garnweitner G. Backscattering-Based Discrimination of Microparticles Using an Optofluidic Multiangle Scattering Chip. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:17519-17527. [PMID: 35664585 PMCID: PMC9161266 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this research, we designed and fabricated an optofluidic chip for the detection and differentiation of single particles via the combination of backscattered (BSC) and forward-scattered (FSC) or side-scattered (SSC) light intensity. The high sensitivity of BSC light to the refractive index of the particles enabled an effective approach for the differentiation of individual particles based on the type of material. By recording BSC as well as FSC and SSC light intensities from single particles, transiting through the illumination zone in a microfluidic channel, the size and type of material could be detected simultaneously. The analysis of model samples of polystyrene (PS), as a primary microplastic particle, and silica microspheres showed substantially higher BSC signal values of PS because of a larger refractive index compared to the silica. The scatter plots correlating contributions of BSC (FSC-BSC and SSC-BSC) allowed a clear differentiation of PS and silica particles. To demonstrate the great potential of this methodology, two "real-life" samples containing different types of particles were tested as application examples. Commercial toothpaste and peeling gel products, as primary sources of microplastics into effluents, were analyzed via the optofluidic chip and compared to results from scanning electron microscopy. The scattering analysis of the complex samples enabled the detection and simultaneous differentiation of particles such as microplastics according to their differences in the refractive index via distinctive areas of high and low BSC signal values. Hence, the contribution of BSC light measurements in multiangle scattering of single particles realized in an optofluidic chip opens the way for the discrimination of single particles in a liquid medium in manifold fields of application ranging from environmental monitoring to cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ebrahimifard
- Institute
for Particle Technology, Technische Universität
Braunschweig, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
- Laboratory
for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität
Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peer Erfle
- Institute
of Microtechnology, Technische Universität
Braunschweig, 38092 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Dietzel
- Institute
of Microtechnology, Technische Universität
Braunschweig, 38092 Braunschweig, Germany
- Laboratory
for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität
Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Georg Garnweitner
- Institute
for Particle Technology, Technische Universität
Braunschweig, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
- Laboratory
for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität
Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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11
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Mir MA, Tirumkudulu MS. A low-cost flow cell for flow cytometry. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 211:114334. [PMID: 35588635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is an essential analytical technique used in biomedical diagnostics to measure properties of cells, micro-organisms, and particles. Laser light is scattered from particles focused in a flow cell and collected by light sensors, where the intensity of the scattered light is a function of the scattering angle, the refractive index of the particle and surrounding medium, the wavelength of light, and the size and the shape of the particle. One of the critical parts of the cytometer is the flow cell where the particle stream is constrained into a tight region within 10-30 μm using hydrodynamic focusing. The conventional flow cells use thick quartz flow cells, which are expensive and therefore not suitable for instruments targeted for resource-constrained settings. We demonstrate a compact, economical, bio-compatible flow cell assembly design that incorporates inexpensive and easily available capillaries attached to sturdy polymer fixtures in a simple manner that performs the focusing of a sample stream of particles. The flow cell has been tested by studying the relation between sample core diameter, and sample and sheath flow rates. Small-angle scattering (forward scatter) and wide-angle scattering (side scatter) have been captured for the enumeration and characterization of particles. We show excellent agreement between the size distribution obtained via direct imaging and that obtained from light scattering. The flow cell was also used to successfully size white blood cells in human blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahrukh A Mir
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Mahesh S Tirumkudulu
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, Maharashtra, India.
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12
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Xie H, Ding X. The Intriguing Landscape of Single-Cell Protein Analysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105932. [PMID: 35199955 PMCID: PMC9036017 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Profiling protein expression at single-cell resolution is essential for fundamental biological research (such as cell differentiation and tumor microenvironmental examination) and clinical precision medicine where only a limited number of primary cells are permitted. With the recent advances in engineering, chemistry, and biology, single-cell protein analysis methods are developed rapidly, which enable high-throughput and multiplexed protein measurements in thousands of individual cells. In combination with single cell RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry, single-cell multi-omics analysis can simultaneously measure multiple modalities including mRNAs, proteins, and metabolites in single cells, and obtain a more comprehensive exploration of cellular signaling processes, such as DNA modifications, chromatin accessibility, protein abundance, and gene perturbation. Here, the recent progress and applications of single-cell protein analysis technologies in the last decade are summarized. Current limitations, challenges, and possible future directions in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesInstitute for Personalized MedicineSchool of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030China
| | - Xianting Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesInstitute for Personalized MedicineSchool of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030China
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13
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Chícharo A, Caetano DM, Cardoso S, Freitas P. Evolution in Automatized Detection of Cells: Advances in Magnetic Microcytometers for Cancer Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1379:413-444. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04039-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Hengoju S, Wohlfeil S, Munser AS, Boehme S, Beckert E, Shvydkiv O, Tovar M, Roth M, Rosenbaum MA. Optofluidic detection setup for multi-parametric analysis of microbiological samples in droplets. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:024109. [PMID: 32547676 PMCID: PMC7148121 DOI: 10.1063/1.5139603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput microbiological experimentation using droplet microfluidics is limited due to the complexity and restricted versatility of the available detection techniques. Current detection setups are bulky, complicated, expensive, and require tedious optical alignment procedures while still mostly limited to fluorescence. In this work, we demonstrate an optofluidic detection setup for multi-parametric analyses of droplet samples by easily integrating micro-lenses and embedding optical fibers for guiding light in and out of the microfluidic chip. The optofluidic setup was validated for detection of absorbance, fluorescence, and scattered light. The developed platform was used for simultaneous detection of multiple parameters in different microbiological applications like cell density determination, growth kinetics, and antibiotic inhibition assays. Combining the high-throughput potential of droplet microfluidics with the ease, flexibility, and simplicity of optical fibers results in a powerful platform for microbiological experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Wohlfeil
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Albert-Einstein-Str. 7, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - A. S. Munser
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Albert-Einstein-Str. 7, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - S. Boehme
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Albert-Einstein-Str. 7, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - E. Beckert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Albert-Einstein-Str. 7, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - O. Shvydkiv
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - M. Tovar
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - M. Roth
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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15
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Zhou J, Papautsky I. Viscoelastic microfluidics: progress and challenges. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:113. [PMID: 34567720 PMCID: PMC8433399 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-00218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of cells and particles suspended in viscoelastic fluids in microchannels has drawn increasing attention, in part due to the ability for single-stream three-dimensional focusing in simple channel geometries. Improvement in the understanding of non-Newtonian effects on particle dynamics has led to expanding exploration of focusing and sorting particles and cells using viscoelastic microfluidics. Multiple factors, such as the driving forces arising from fluid elasticity and inertia, the effect of fluid rheology, the physical properties of particles and cells, and channel geometry, actively interact and compete together to govern the intricate migration behavior of particles and cells in microchannels. Here, we review the viscoelastic fluid physics and the hydrodynamic forces in such flows and identify three pairs of competing forces/effects that collectively govern viscoelastic migration. We discuss migration dynamics, focusing positions, numerical simulations, and recent progress in viscoelastic microfluidic applications as well as the remaining challenges. Finally, we hope that an improved understanding of viscoelastic flows in microfluidics can lead to increased sophistication of microfluidic platforms in clinical diagnostics and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
| | - Ian Papautsky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
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16
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Zhou J, Mukherjee P, Gao H, Luan Q, Papautsky I. Label-free microfluidic sorting of microparticles. APL Bioeng 2019; 3:041504. [PMID: 31832577 PMCID: PMC6906121 DOI: 10.1063/1.5120501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive growth of the microfluidics field has triggered numerous advances in focusing, separating, ordering, concentrating, and mixing of microparticles. Microfluidic systems capable of performing these functions are rapidly finding applications in industrial, environmental, and biomedical fields. Passive and label-free methods are one of the major categories of such systems that have received enormous attention owing to device operational simplicity and low costs. With new platforms continuously being proposed, our aim here is to provide an updated overview of the state of the art for passive label-free microparticle separation, with emphasis on performance and operational conditions. In addition to the now common separation approaches using Newtonian flows, such as deterministic lateral displacement, pinched flow fractionation, cross-flow filtration, hydrodynamic filtration, and inertial microfluidics, we also discuss separation approaches using non-Newtonian, viscoelastic flow. We then highlight the newly emerging approach based on shear-induced diffusion, which enables direct processing of complex samples such as untreated whole blood. Finally, we hope that an improved understanding of label-free passive sorting approaches can lead to sophisticated and useful platforms toward automation in industrial, environmental, and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Prithviraj Mukherjee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Qiyue Luan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Ian Papautsky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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17
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Bolze H, Erfle P, Riewe J, Bunjes H, Dietzel A, Burg TP. A Microfluidic Split-Flow Technology for Product Characterization in Continuous Low-Volume Nanoparticle Synthesis. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10030179. [PMID: 30857317 PMCID: PMC6470898 DOI: 10.3390/mi10030179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A key aspect of microfluidic processes is their ability to perform chemical reactions in small volumes under continuous flow. However, a continuous process requires stable reagent flow over a prolonged period. This can be challenging in microfluidic systems, as bubbles or particles easily block or alter the flow. Online analysis of the product stream can alleviate this problem by providing a feedback signal. When this signal exceeds a pre-defined range, the process can be re-adjusted or interrupted to prevent contamination. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of this concept by implementing a microfluidic detector downstream of a segmented-flow system for the synthesis of lipid nanoparticles. To match the flow rate through the detector to the measurement bandwidth independent of the synthesis requirements, a small stream is sidelined from the original product stream and routed through a measuring channel with 2 × 2 µm cross-section. The small size of the measuring channel prevents the entry of air plugs, which are inherent to our segmented flow synthesis device. Nanoparticles passing through the small channel were detected and characterized by quantitative fluorescence measurements. With this setup, we were able to count single nanoparticles. This way, we were able to detect changes in the particle synthesis affecting the size, concentration, or velocity of the particles in suspension. We envision that the flow-splitting scheme demonstrated here can be transferred to detection methods other than fluorescence for continuous monitoring and feedback control of microfluidic nanoparticle synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Bolze
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
| | - Peer Erfle
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38124, Germany.
| | - Juliane Riewe
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
| | - Heike Bunjes
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
| | - Andreas Dietzel
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38124, Germany.
| | - Thomas P Burg
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany.
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18
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Stavrakis S, Holzner G, Choo J, deMello A. High-throughput microfluidic imaging flow cytometry. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 55:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Honrado C, Ciuffreda L, Spencer D, Ranford-Cartwright L, Morgan H. Dielectric characterization of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells using microfluidic impedance cytometry. J R Soc Interface 2018; 15:rsif.2018.0416. [PMID: 30333248 PMCID: PMC6228484 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although malaria is the world's most life-threatening parasitic disease, there is no clear understanding of how certain biophysical properties of infected cells change during the malaria infection cycle. In this article, we use microfluidic impedance cytometry to measure the dielectric properties of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (i-RBCs) at specific time points during the infection cycle. Individual parasites were identified within i-RBCs using green fluorescent protein (GFP) emission. The dielectric properties of cell sub-populations were determined using the multi-shell model. Analysis showed that the membrane capacitance and cytoplasmic conductivity of i-RBCs increased along the infection time course, due to membrane alterations caused by parasite infection. The volume ratio occupied by the parasite was estimated to vary from less than 10% at earlier stages, to approximately 90% at later stages. This knowledge could be used to develop new label-free cell sorting techniques for sample pre-enrichment, improving diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Honrado
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - L Ciuffreda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - D Spencer
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - L Ranford-Cartwright
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - H Morgan
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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20
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Gong Y, Fan N, Yang X, Peng B, Jiang H. New advances in microfluidic flow cytometry. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:1212-1229. [PMID: 30242856 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, researchers are paying the increasing attention to the development of portable microfluidic diagnostic devices including microfluidic flow cytometry for the point-of-care testing. Microfluidic flow cytometry, where microfluidics and flow cytometry work together to realize novel functionalities on the microchip, provides a powerful tool for measuring the multiple characteristics of biological samples. The development of a portable, low-cost, and compact flow cytometer can benefit the health care in underserved areas such as Africa or Asia. In this article, we review recent advancements of microfluidics including sample pumping, focusing and sorting, novel detection approaches, and data analysis in the field of flow cytometry. The challenge of microfluidic flow cytometry is also examined briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Gong
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Na Fan
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xu Yang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Bei Peng
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Hai Jiang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
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21
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Jaffe A, Voldman J. Multi-frequency dielectrophoretic characterization of single cells. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2018; 4:23. [PMID: 31057911 PMCID: PMC6220158 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-018-0023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We explore the use of dielectrophoresis to discern the electrical properties of single cells by observing them at multiple frequencies. We first simulate experimental conditions to show that as we increase the number of measured frequencies, we are able to better discriminate among different cells. Furthermore, we use the simulation to find the optimal number and value of frequencies to use to best discriminate among different cells in general. We then fabricate a microfluidic device, calibrate it with polystyrene beads, and characterize it with BA/F3 cells. With this device, we test three different activation levels of HL60 cells treated with cytochalasin D using the optimal frequency sequence obtained in simulation to determine the differences in discrimination abilities depending on the number of frequencies used. We quantify the discrimination abilities of the optimal one, two, and three frequencies by minimizing 0-1 loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Jaffe
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Joel Voldman
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
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22
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Label-free leukocyte sorting and impedance-based profiling for diabetes testing. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 118:195-203. [PMID: 30077872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Circulating leukocytes comprise of approximately 1% of all blood cells and efficient enrichment of these cells from whole blood is critical for understanding cellular heterogeneity and biological significance in health and diseases. In this work, we report a novel microfluidic strategy for rapid (< 1 h) label-free leukocyte sorting and impedance-based profiling to determine cell activation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using whole blood. Leukocytes were first size-fractionated into different subtypes (neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes) using an inertial spiral sorter prior to single-cell impedance measurement in a microfluidic device with coplanar electrode design. Significant changes in membrane dielectric properties (size and opacity) were detected between healthy and activated leukocytes (TNF-α/LPS stimulated), during monocyte differentiation and among different monocyte subsets (classical, intermediate, non-classical). As proof-of-concept for diabetes testing, neutrophil/monocyte dielectric properties in T2DM subjects (n = 8) were quantified which were associated with cardiovascular risk factors including lipid levels, C-reactive protein (CRP) and vascular functions (LnRHI) (P < 0.05) were observed. Overall, these results clearly showed that T2DM subjects have pro-inflammatory leukocyte phenotypes and suggest leukocyte impedance signature as a novel surrogate biomarker for inflammation.
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23
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Shrirao AB, Fritz Z, Novik EM, Yarmush GM, Schloss RS, Zahn JD, Yarmush ML. Microfluidic flow cytometry: The role of microfabrication methodologies, performance and functional specification. TECHNOLOGY 2018; 6:1-23. [PMID: 29682599 PMCID: PMC5907470 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547818300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is an invaluable tool utilized in modern biomedical research and clinical applications requiring high throughput, high resolution particle analysis for cytometric characterization and/or sorting of cells and particles as well as for analyzing results from immunocytometric assays. In recent years, research has focused on developing microfluidic flow cytometers with the motivation of creating smaller, less expensive, simpler, and more autonomous alternatives to conventional flow cytometers. These devices could ideally be highly portable, easy to operate without extensive user training, and utilized for research purposes and/or point-of-care diagnostics especially in limited resource facilities or locations requiring on-site analyses. However, designing a device that fulfills the criteria of high throughput analysis, automation and portability, while not sacrificing performance is not a trivial matter. This review intends to present the current state of the field and provide considerations for further improvement by focusing on the key design components of microfluidic flow cytometers. The recent innovations in particle focusing and detection strategies are detailed and compared. This review outlines performance matrix parameters of flow cytometers that are interdependent with each other, suggesting trade offs in selection based on the requirements of the applications. The ongoing contribution of microfluidics demonstrates that it is a viable technology to advance the current state of flow cytometry and develop automated, easy to operate and cost-effective flow cytometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil B Shrirao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Zachary Fritz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Eric M Novik
- Hurel Corporation, 671, Suite B, U.S. Highway 1, North Brunswick, NJ 08902
| | - Gabriel M Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Rene S Schloss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Jeffrey D Zahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599, Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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24
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Abstract
This critical review summarizes the developments in the integration of micro-optical elements with microfluidic platforms for facilitating detection and automation of bio-analytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Science
- 518055 Shenzhen
- China
| | - Martin A. M. Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
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25
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Rane AS, Rutkauskaite J, deMello A, Stavrakis S. High-Throughput Multi-parametric Imaging Flow Cytometry. Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Etcheverry S, Faridi A, Ramachandraiah H, Kumar T, Margulis W, Laurell F, Russom A. High performance micro-flow cytometer based on optical fibres. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5628. [PMID: 28717236 PMCID: PMC5514097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05843-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry is currently the gold standard for analysis of cells in the medical laboratory and biomedical research. Fuelled by the need of point-of-care diagnosis, a significant effort has been made to miniaturize and reduce cost of flow cytometers. However, despite recent advances, current microsystems remain less versatile and much slower than their large-scale counterparts. In this work, an all-silica fibre microflow cytometer is presented that measures fluorescence and scattering from particles and cells. It integrates cell transport in circular capillaries and light delivery by optical fibres. Single-stream cell focusing is performed by Elasto-inertial microfluidics to guarantee accurate and sensitive detection. The capability of this technique is extended to high flow rates (up to 800 µl/min), enabling a throughput of 2500 particles/s. The robust, portable and low-cost system described here could be the basis for a point-of-care flow cytometer with a performance comparable to commercial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Etcheverry
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Fibre Optics, RISE Acreo AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - A Faridi
- Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - H Ramachandraiah
- Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - T Kumar
- Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - W Margulis
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Fibre Optics, RISE Acreo AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Laurell
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Russom
- Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
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27
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McGrath JS, Honrado C, Spencer D, Horton B, Bridle HL, Morgan H. Analysis of Parasitic Protozoa at the Single-cell Level using Microfluidic Impedance Cytometry. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2601. [PMID: 28572634 PMCID: PMC5454013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02715-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, there are few technologies which enable the detection, identification and viability analysis of protozoan pathogens including Cryptosporidium and/or Giardia at the single (oo)cyst level. We report the use of Microfluidic Impedance Cytometry (MIC) to characterise the AC electrical (impedance) properties of single parasites and demonstrate rapid discrimination based on viability and species. Specifically, MIC was used to identify live and inactive C. parvum oocysts with over 90% certainty, whilst also detecting damaged and/or excysted oocysts. Furthermore, discrimination of Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium muris and Giardia lamblia, with over 92% certainty was achieved. Enumeration and identification of (oo)cysts can be achieved in a few minutes, which offers a reduction in identification time and labour demands when compared to existing detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S McGrath
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - C Honrado
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - D Spencer
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - B Horton
- Moredun Scientific, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - H L Bridle
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - H Morgan
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
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28
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29
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Vander Wiel JB, Mikulicz JD, Boysen MR, Hashemi N, Kalgren P, Nauman L, Baetzold SJ, Powell GG, He Q, Hashemi NN. Characterization of Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorella protothecoides using multi-pixel photon counters in a 3D focusing optofluidic system. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25837a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new type of multi-pixel photon counter was employed to miniaturize the device, lower its power consumption, and make it insensitive to magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Niloofar Hashemi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sharif University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Patrick Kalgren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
| | - Levi M. Nauman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
| | - Seth J. Baetzold
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
| | | | - Qing He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
| | - Nicole Nastaran Hashemi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
- Center for Advanced Host Defense Immunobiotics and Translational Comparative Medicine
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30
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Zhao Y, Li Q, Hu X, Lo Y. Microfluidic cytometers with integrated on-chip optical systems for red blood cell and platelet counting. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:064119. [PMID: 28058085 PMCID: PMC5188361 DOI: 10.1063/1.4972105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic cytometer with integrated on-chip optical systems was designed for red blood cell (RBC) and platelet (PLT) counting. The design, fabrication, and characterization of the microfluidic cytometer with on-chip optical signal detection were described. With process using only a single mask, the device that integrates optical fibers and on-chip microlens with microfluidic channels on a polydimethylsiloxane layer by standard soft photolithography. This compact structure increased the sensitivity of the device and eliminated time-consuming free-space optical alignments. The microfluidic cytometer was used to count red blood cells and platelets. Forward scatter and extinction were collected simultaneously for each cell. Experimental results indicated that the microfluidic cytometer exhibited comparable performance with a conventional cytometer and demonstrated superior capacity to detect on-chip optical signals in a highly compact, simple, truly portable, and low-cost format that is well suitable for point-of-care clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhao
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Convergence Medical Engineering System and Healthcare Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qin Li
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Convergence Medical Engineering System and Healthcare Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Convergence Medical Engineering System and Healthcare Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuhwa Lo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego , California 92093-0407, USA
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31
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Haandbæk N, Bürgel SC, Rudolf F, Heer F, Hierlemann A. Characterization of Single Yeast Cell Phenotypes Using Microfluidic Impedance Cytometry and Optical Imaging. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Haandbæk
- Department
of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian C. Bürgel
- Department
of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Rudolf
- Department
of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Heer
- Zurich Instruments AG, Technoparkstrasse
1, 8005, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Department
of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
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32
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Spencer D, Caselli F, Bisegna P, Morgan H. High accuracy particle analysis using sheathless microfluidic impedance cytometry. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2467-73. [PMID: 27241585 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00339g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a new design of microfluidic impedance cytometer enabling accurate characterization of particles without the need for focusing. The approach uses multiple pairs of electrodes to measure the transit time of particles through the device in two simultaneous different current measurements, a transverse (top to bottom) current and an oblique current. This gives a new metric that can be used to estimate the vertical position of the particle trajectory through the microchannel. This parameter effectively compensates for the non-uniform electric field in the channel that is an unavoidable consequence of the use of planar parallel facing electrodes. The new technique is explained and validated using numerical modelling. Impedance data for 5, 6 and 7 μm particles are collected and compared with simulations. The method gives excellent coefficient of variation in (electrical) radius of particles of 1% for a sheathless configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Spencer
- School of Electronics and Computing Science, and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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33
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Simon P, Frankowski M, Bock N, Neukammer J. Label-free whole blood cell differentiation based on multiple frequency AC impedance and light scattering analysis in a micro flow cytometer. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2326-38. [PMID: 27229300 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00128a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We developed a microfluidic sensor for label-free flow cytometric cell differentiation by combined multiple AC electrical impedance and light scattering analysis. The measured signals are correlated to cell volume, membrane capacity and optical properties of single cells. For an improved signal to noise ratio, the microfluidic sensor incorporates two electrode pairs for differential impedance detection. One-dimensional sheath flow focusing was implemented, which allows single particle analysis at kHz count rates. Various monodisperse particles and differentiation of leukocytes in haemolysed samples served to benchmark the microdevice applying combined AC impedance and side scatter analyses. In what follows, we demonstrate that AC impedance measurements at selected frequencies allow label-free discrimination of platelets, erythrocytes, monocytes, granulocytes and lymphocytes in whole blood samples involving dilution only. Immunofluorescence staining was applied to validate the results of the label-free cell analysis. Reliable differentiation and enumeration of cells in whole blood by AC impedance detection have the potential to support medical diagnosis for patients with haemolysis resistant erythrocytes or abnormally sensitive leucocytes, i.e. for patients suffering from anaemia or leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Simon
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
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34
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Han SI, Han KH. Electrical Detection Method for Circulating Tumor Cells Using Graphene Nanoplates. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10585-92. [PMID: 26402053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a microfluidic device for electrical discrimination of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) using graphene nanoplates (GNPs) as a highly conductive material bound to the cell surface. For two-step cascade discrimination, the microfluidic device is composed of a CTC-enrichment device and an impedance cytometry. Using lateral magnetophoresis, the CTC-enrichment device enriches rare CTCs from millions of background blood cells. Then, the impedance cytometry electrically identifies CTCs from the enriched sample, containing CTCs and persistent residual blood cells, based on the electrical impedance of CTCs modified by the GNPs. GNPs were used as a highly conductive material for modifying surface conductivity of CTCs, thereby improving the accuracy of electrical discrimination. The experimental results showed that a colorectal cancer cell line (DLD-1) spiked into peripheral blood was enriched by nearly 500-fold by the CTC-enrichment device. The phase of the electrical signal measured from DLD-1 cells covered by GNPs shifted by about 100° in comparison with that from normal blood cells, which allows the impedance cytometry to identify CTCs at a rate of 94% from the enriched samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-I Han
- Department of Nano Science and Engineering, Center for Nano Manufacturing, Inje University , 607 Obang-dong, Gimhae, Gyongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Han
- Department of Nano Science and Engineering, Center for Nano Manufacturing, Inje University , 607 Obang-dong, Gimhae, Gyongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
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Caselli F, Bisegna P. A Simple and Robust Event-Detection Algorithm for Single-Cell Impedance Cytometry. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 63:415-22. [PMID: 26241968 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2462292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic impedance cytometry is emerging as a powerful label-free technique for the characterization of single biological cells. In order to increase the sensitivity and the specificity of the technique, suited digital signal processing methods are required to extract meaningful information from measured impedance data. In this study, a simple and robust event-detection algorithm for impedance cytometry is presented. Since a differential measuring scheme is generally adopted, the signal recorded when a cell passes through the sensing region of the device exhibits a typical odd-symmetric pattern. This feature is exploited twice by the proposed algorithm: first, a preliminary segmentation, based on the correlation of the data stream with the simplest odd-symmetric template, is performed; then, the quality of detected events is established by evaluating their E2O index, that is, a measure of the ratio between their even and odd parts. A thorough performance analysis is reported, showing the robustness of the algorithm with respect to parameter choice and noise level. In terms of sensitivity and positive predictive value, an overall performance of 94.9% and 98.5%, respectively, was achieved on two datasets relevant to microfluidic chips with very different characteristics, considering three noise levels. The present algorithm can foster the role of impedance cytometry in single-cell analysis, which is the new frontier in "Omics."
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36
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Microfluidic impedance flow cytometry enabling high-throughput single-cell electrical property characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:9804-30. [PMID: 25938973 PMCID: PMC4463619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16059804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews recent developments in microfluidic impedance flow cytometry for high-throughput electrical property characterization of single cells. Four major perspectives of microfluidic impedance flow cytometry for single-cell characterization are included in this review: (1) early developments of microfluidic impedance flow cytometry for single-cell electrical property characterization; (2) microfluidic impedance flow cytometry with enhanced sensitivity; (3) microfluidic impedance and optical flow cytometry for single-cell analysis and (4) integrated point of care system based on microfluidic impedance flow cytometry. We examine the advantages and limitations of each technique and discuss future research opportunities from the perspectives of both technical innovation and clinical applications.
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37
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Frankowski M, Simon P, Bock N, El-Hasni A, Schnakenberg U, Neukammer J. Simultaneous optical and impedance analysis of single cells: A comparison of two microfluidic sensors with sheath flow focusing. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Simon
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB); Berlin Germany
| | - Nicole Bock
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB); Berlin Germany
| | - Akram El-Hasni
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering I; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Uwe Schnakenberg
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering I; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Jörg Neukammer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB); Berlin Germany
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38
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Grenvall C, Antfolk C, Bisgaard CZ, Laurell T. Two-dimensional acoustic particle focusing enables sheathless chip Coulter counter with planar electrode configuration. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:4629-37. [PMID: 25300357 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00982g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The field of cytometry has grown in scope and importance ever since the early 20th century with leaps in technology introducing the Coulter counter and the flow cytometer. Cytometry methods have brought about a revolution for the medical and biotechnology industry by providing fast and accurate analysis of cell and particle suspensions. Recent developments in the field aim at improving current cytometers and to provide miniaturized low-cost cytometry systems for point-of-care clinical diagnostics or research. In an attempt to address the need for particle positioning which is important for both impedance and optically based cytometers we present a microfluidic system which precisely positions cells and particles, using acoustic forces and subsequently performs measurements using an integrated and simple planar electrode Coulter-type impedance cytometer without the need for sheath flows. Data is presented to show how the acoustic method improves the accuracy of the impedance cytometer when prefocusing is employed to particles and cells (diluted whole blood). Confocal imaging and simulations support the findings and provide the basis for further improvements. The acoustophoretic prefocusing technique opens a path towards small, low cost cytometers while also providing an easy way to improve current systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Grenvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden.
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Spencer D, Hollis V, Morgan H. Microfluidic impedance cytometry of tumour cells in blood. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:064124. [PMID: 25553198 PMCID: PMC4265026 DOI: 10.1063/1.4904405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The dielectric properties of tumour cells are known to differ from normal blood cells, and this difference can be exploited for label-free separation of cells. Conventional measurement techniques are slow and cannot identify rare circulating tumour cells (CTCs) in a realistic timeframe. We use high throughput single cell microfluidic impedance cytometry to measure the dielectric properties of the MCF7 tumour cell line (representative of CTCs), both as pure populations and mixed with whole blood. The data show that the MCF7 cells have a large membrane capacitance and size, enabling clear discrimination from all other leukocytes. Impedance analysis is used to follow changes in cell viability when cells are kept in suspension, a process which can be understood from modelling time-dependent changes in the dielectric properties (predominantly membrane conductivity) of the cells. Impedance cytometry is used to enumerate low numbers of MCF7 cells spiked into whole blood. Chemical lysis is commonly used to remove the abundant erythrocytes, and it is shown that this process does not alter the MCF7 cell count or change their dielectric properties. Combining impedance cytometry with magnetic bead based antibody enrichment enables MCF7 cells to be detected down to 100 MCF7 cells in 1 ml whole blood, a log 3.5 enrichment and a mean recovery of 92%. Microfluidic impedance cytometry could be easily integrated within complex cell separation systems for identification and enumeration of specific cell types, providing a fast in-line single cell characterisation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Spencer
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Hollis
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hywel Morgan
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Zhang J, Yan S, Alici G, Nguyen NT, Di Carlo D, Li W. Real-time control of inertial focusing in microfluidics using dielectrophoresis (DEP). RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13075h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we explored the possibility of combining dielectrophoresis (DEP) and inertial focusing in a fully coupled manner and proposed a new concept, which is called DEP-inertial microfluidics. A vertical DEP force is used to tune the inertial focusing pattern and position in three dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- School of Mechanical
- Materials and Mechatronic Engineering
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong, Australia
| | - Sheng Yan
- School of Mechanical
- Materials and Mechatronic Engineering
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong, Australia
| | - Gursel Alici
- School of Mechanical
- Materials and Mechatronic Engineering
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro-and Nanotechnology Centre
- Griffith University
- Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of California
- Los Angeles, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute
- Los Angeles, USA
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical
- Materials and Mechatronic Engineering
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong, Australia
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