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Korbecki J, Bosiacki M, Pilarczyk M, Gąssowska-Dobrowolska M, Jarmużek P, Szućko-Kociuba I, Kulik-Sajewicz J, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Phospholipid Acyltransferases: Characterization and Involvement of the Enzymes in Metabolic and Cancer Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2115. [PMID: 38893234 PMCID: PMC11171337 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16112115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This review delves into the enzymatic processes governing the initial stages of glycerophospholipid (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine) and triacylglycerol synthesis. The key enzymes under scrutiny include GPAT and AGPAT. Additionally, as most AGPATs exhibit LPLAT activity, enzymes participating in the Lands cycle with similar functions are also covered. The review begins by discussing the properties of these enzymes, emphasizing their specificity in enzymatic reactions, notably the incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into phospholipids. The paper sheds light on the intricate involvement of these enzymes in various diseases, including obesity, insulin resistance, and cancer. To underscore the relevance of these enzymes in cancer processes, a bioinformatics analysis was conducted. The expression levels of the described enzymes were correlated with the overall survival of patients across 33 different types of cancer using the GEPIA portal. This review further explores the potential therapeutic implications of inhibiting these enzymes in the treatment of metabolic diseases and cancer. By elucidating the intricate enzymatic pathways involved in lipid synthesis and their impact on various pathological conditions, this paper contributes to a comprehensive understanding of these processes and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, Zyty 28, 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland;
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.B.); (D.C.)
| | - Mateusz Bosiacki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.B.); (D.C.)
| | - Maciej Pilarczyk
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, Neurosurgery Center University Hospital in Zielona Góra, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Góra, Poland; (M.P.); (P.J.)
| | - Magdalena Gąssowska-Dobrowolska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Paweł Jarmużek
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, Neurosurgery Center University Hospital in Zielona Góra, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Góra, Poland; (M.P.); (P.J.)
| | | | - Justyna Kulik-Sajewicz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.B.); (D.C.)
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.B.); (D.C.)
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Transcriptional Regulation of Acyl-CoA:Glycerol- sn-3-Phosphate Acyltransferases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040964. [PMID: 30813330 PMCID: PMC6412627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:glycerol-sn-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) is an enzyme responsible for the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of glycerophospholipids and triacylglycerol (TAG). The enzymes of mammalian species are classified into four isoforms; GPAT1 and GPAT2 are localized in the mitochondrial outer membrane, whereas GPAT3 and GPAT4 are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The activity of each enzyme expressed is associated with physiological and pathological functions. The transcriptional regulation is well known, particularly in GPAT1. GPAT1 mRNA expression is mainly regulated by the binding of the transcriptional factor SREBP-1c to the specific element (the sterol regulatory element) flanking the GPAT1 promoter. The TAG level is controlled by the insulin-induced transcriptional expression of GPAT1, which occupies most of the GPAT activity in the liver. The transcriptional regulation of the other three GPAT isoforms remains undetermined in detail. It is predicted that retinoic acid serves as a transcription factor in the GPAT2 promoter. PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) increases the mRNA expression of GPAT3, which is associated with TAG synthesis in adipose tissues. Although GPAT has been considered to be a key enzyme in the production of TAG, unexpected functions have recently been reported, particularly in GPAT2. It is likely that GPAT2 is associated with tumorigenesis and normal spermatogenesis. In this review, the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the four GPAT isoforms are described, alongside the transcriptional regulation of these enzymes.
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Pagac M, Cooper DE, Qi Y, Lukmantara IE, Mak HY, Wu Z, Tian Y, Liu Z, Lei M, Du X, Ferguson C, Kotevski D, Sadowski P, Chen W, Boroda S, Harris TE, Liu G, Parton RG, Huang X, Coleman RA, Yang H. SEIPIN Regulates Lipid Droplet Expansion and Adipocyte Development by Modulating the Activity of Glycerol-3-phosphate Acyltransferase. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1546-1559. [PMID: 27806294 PMCID: PMC5647143 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy 2 (BSCL2) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in SEIPIN, a protein implicated in both adipogenesis and lipid droplet expansion but whose molecular function remains obscure. Here, we identify physical and functional interactions between SEIPIN and microsomal isoforms of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) in multiple organisms. Compared to controls, GPAT activity was elevated in SEIPIN-deficient cells and tissues and GPAT kinetic values were altered. Increased GPAT activity appears to underpin the block in adipogenesis and abnormal lipid droplet morphology associated with SEIPIN loss. Overexpression of Gpat3 blocked adipogenesis, and Gpat3 knockdown in SEIPIN-deficient preadipocytes partially restored differentiation. GPAT overexpression in yeast, preadipocytes, and fly salivary glands also formed supersized lipid droplets. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of GPAT in Seipin-/- mouse preadipocytes partially restored adipogenesis. These data identify SEIPIN as an evolutionarily conserved regulator of microsomal GPAT and suggest that GPAT inhibitors might be useful for the treatment of human BSCL2 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pagac
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Daniel E Cooper
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yanfei Qi
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ivan E Lukmantara
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Hoi Yin Mak
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Zengying Wu
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mona Lei
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ximing Du
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Charles Ferguson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Damian Kotevski
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Pawel Sadowski
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Weiqin Chen
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Salome Boroda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Thurl E Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Rosalind A Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hongyuan Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Outlaw VK, Townsend CA. A practical route to substituted 7-aminoindoles from pyrrole-3-carboxaldehydes. Org Lett 2014; 16:6334-7. [PMID: 25479249 PMCID: PMC4275132 DOI: 10.1021/ol503078h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Among
privileged structures, indoles occupy a central place in
medicinal chemistry and alkaloid research. Here we report a flexible
and efficient conversion of pyrrole-3-carboxaldehydes to substituted
7-amino-5-cyanoindoles. Phosphine addition to fumaronitrile proceeds
with prototropic rearrangement of the initially formed zwitterion
to the thermodynamically favored phosphonium ylide, which is poised
for in situ Wittig olefination. The predominantly E-alkene product positions the allylic nitrile for facile intramolecular
Hoeben–Hoesch reaction in the presence of BF3·OEt2. Syntheses of 2,5- and 3,5-disubstituted 7-aminoindoles are
illustrated. Additionally, dianion alkylation of the allylic nitrile
is demonstrated to furnish, after cyclization, 5,6-disubstituted 7-aminoindoles
to further exemplify this scalable and high-yielding method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor K Outlaw
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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