Advances in Metal-Organic Framework (MOFs) based biosensors for diagnosis: An update

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have significant advantages over other candidate classes of chemo-sensory materials owing to their extraordinary structural tunability and characteristics. MOF-based biosensing is a simple, and convenient method for identifying various species. Biomarkers are molecular or cellular processes that link environmental exposure to a health outcome. Biomarkers are important in understanding the links between environmental chemical exposure and the development of chronic diseases, as well as in identifying disease-prone subgroups. Until now, several species, including nanoparticles (NPs) and their nanocomposites, small molecules, and unique complex systems, have been used for the chemical sensing of biomarkers. Following the overview of the field, we discussed the various fabrication methods for MOFs development in this review. We provide a thorough overview of the previous five years of progress to broaden the scope of analytes for future research. Several enzymatic and non-enzymatic sensors are offered, together with a mandatory measuring method that includes detection range and dynamic range. In addition, we reviewed the comparison of enzymatic and non-enzymatic biosensors, inventive edges, and the difficulties that need to be solved. This work might open up new possibilities for material production, sensor development, medical diagnostics, and other sensing fields.

Fabrication and Characterization of Acute Myocardial Infarction Myoglobin Biomarker Based on Chromium-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

In this article, we describe the fabrication and characterization of a sensor for acute myocardial infarction that detects myoglobin biomarkers using chromium (Cr)-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs). Pure and Cr-doped ZnO NPs (13 × 10¹⁷, 20 × 10¹⁷, and 32 × 10¹⁷ atoms/cm³ in the solid phase) were synthesized by a facile low-temperature sol-gel method. Synthesized NPs were examined for structure and morphological analysis using various techniques to confirm the successful formation of ZnO NPs. Zeta potential was measured in LB media at a negative value and increased with doping. XPS spectra confirmed the presence of oxygen deficiency in the synthesized material. To fabricate the sensor, synthesized NPs were screen-printed over a pre-fabricated gold-coated working electrode for electrochemical detection of myoglobin (Mb). Cr-doped ZnO NPs doped with 13 × 10¹⁷ Cr atomic/cm³ revealed the highest sensitivity of ~37.97 μA.cm⁻²nM⁻¹ and limit of detection (LOD) of 0.15 nM for Mb with a response time of ≤10 ms. The interference study was carried out with cytochrome c (Cyt-c) due to its resemblance with Mb and human serum albumin (HSA) abundance in the blood and displayed distinct oxidation potential and current values for Mb. Cr-doped ZnO NP-based Mb biosensors showed 3 times higher sensitivity as compared to pure ZnO NP-based sensors.

Review on recent progress in metal-organic framework-based materials for fabricating electrochemical glucose sensors

Diabetes is a type of disease that threatens human health, which can be diagnosed based on the level of glucose in the blood. Recently, various MOF-based materials have been developed as efficient electrochemical glucose sensors because of their tunable pore channels, large specific surface area well dispersed metallic active sites, etc. In this review, the significance of glucose detection and the advantages of MOF-based materials for this application are primarily discussed. Then, the application of MOF-based materials can be categorized into two types of glucose sensors: enzymatic biosensors and non-enzymatic sensors. Finally, insights into the current research challenges and future breakthrough possibilities regarding electrochemical glucose sensors are considered.

Applications of scaffold-based advanced materials in biomedical sensing

There have been many efforts to synthesize advanced materials that are capable of real-time specific recognition of a molecular target, and allow the quantification of a variety of biomolecules. Scaffold materials have a porous structure, with a high surface area and their intrinsic nanocavities can accommodate cells and macromolecules. The three-dimensional structure (3D) of scaffolds serves not only as a fibrous structure for cell adhesion and growth in tissue engineering, but can also provide the controlled release of drugs and other molecules for biomedical applications. There has been a limited number of reports on the use of scaffold materials in biomedical sensing applications. This review highlights the potential of scaffold materials in the improvement of sensing platforms and summarizes the progress in the application of novel scaffold-based materials as sensor, and discusses their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, the influence of the scaffold materials on the monitoring of infectious diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and bacterial infections, was reviewed.

Metal-Organic-Framework FeBDC-Derived Fe3O4 for Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Detection of Glucose

Present-day science indicates that developing sensors with excellent sensitivity and selectivity for detecting early signs of diseases is highly desirable. Electrochemical sensors offer a method for detecting diseases that are simpler, faster, and more accurate than conventional laboratory analysis methods. Primarily, exploiting non-noble-metal nanomaterials with excellent conductivity and large surface area is still an area of active research due to its highly sensitive and selective catalysts for electrochemical detection in enzyme-free sensors. In this research, we successfully fabricate Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) FeBDC-derived Fe₃O₄ for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose. FeBDC synthesis was carried out using the solvothermal method. FeCl₂.4H₂O and Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (H₂BDC) are used as precursors to form FeBDC. The materials were further characterized utilizing X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The resulting MOF yields good crystallinity and micro-rod like morphology. Electrochemical properties were tested using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) with a 0.1 M of Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS pH 7.4) solution as the supporting electrolyte. The measurement results show the reduction and oxidation peaks in the CV curve of FeBDC, as well as Fe₃O₄. Pyrolysis of FeBDC to Fe₃O₄ increases the peak of oxidation and reduction currents. The Fe₃O₄ sample obtained has a sensitivity of 4.67 µA mM⁻¹.cm⁻², a linear range between 0.0 to 9.0 mM, and a glucose detection limit of 15.70 µM.

Towards one-step design of tailored enzymatic nanobiosensors

NP-based enzymatic biosensors were prepared by the simultaneous encapsulation of glucose and alcohol oxidases, Nafion and noble metal NPs via co-deposition from a phosphate multiple electrolyte on top of the sensor surface.

Designed synthesis and surface engineering strategies of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) hold great promise for future biomedical applications because of their magnetic properties as well as other intrinsic properties such as low toxicity, colloidal stability, and surface engineering capability. Numerous related studies on iron oxide NPs have been conducted. Recent progress in nanochemistry has enabled fine control over the size, crystallinity, uniformity, and surface properties of iron oxide NPs. This review examines various synthetic approaches and surface engineering strategies for preparing naked and functional iron oxide NPs with different physicochemical properties. Growing interest in designed and surface-engineered iron oxide NPs with multifunctionalities was explored in in vitro/in vivo biomedical applications, focusing on their combined roles in bioseparation, as a biosensor, targeted-drug delivery, MR contrast agents, and magnetic fluid hyperthermia. This review outlines the limitations of extant surface engineering strategies and several developing strategies that may overcome these limitations. This study also details the promising future directions of this active research field.

Alkali metal ion induced cube shaped mesoporous hematite particles for improved magnetic properties and efficient degradation of water pollutants

Alkali metal ion induced cube shaped mesoporous α-Fe₂O₃particles showed improved magnetic properties and efficient photo-Fenton degradation of methylene blue.

A robust enzymeless glucose sensor based on CuO nanoseed modified electrodes

CuO nanoseeds were synthesized via a low-temperature aqueous route, for the fabrication of a robust enzymeless glucose sensor.

Fabrication and characterization of a highly sensitive hydroquinone chemical sensor based on iron-doped ZnO nanorods

Herein, we report the development of a simple and highly sensitive hydroquinone (HQ) chemical sensor based on an electrochemically activated iron-doped zinc oxide nanorod modified screen-printed electrode.

A highly efficient non-enzymatic glucose biosensor based on a nanostructured NiTiO3/NiO material

NiTiO₃/NiO self-assembled crystalline nanoparticles synthesized via a surfactant-assisted EISA method exhibit excellent sensitivity and selectivity towards glucose biosensing with a very low limit of detection.