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Su X, Chen LW, Zhu Z, Li J, Zhang N, Bu TA, Hao YC, Gao WY, Liu D, Wu SQ, Yu ZL, Huang HZ, Yin AX. A quantitative single-nanowire study on the plasmonic enhancement for the upconversion photoluminescence of rare-earth-doped nanoparticles. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The enhancement effects of the upconversion photoluminescence of rare-earth-doped nanoparticles by the localized surface plasmon resonance of a single Ag nanowire are quantified on a single-nanowire scale assisted by selective etching treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li-Wei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhejiaji Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiani Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tong-An Bu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu-Chen Hao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wen-Yan Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Di Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Si-Qian Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zi-Long Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hui-Zi Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - An-Xiang Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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2
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Ćwik M, Sulowska K, Buczyńska D, Roźniecka E, Domagalska M, Maćkowski S, Niedziółka-Jönsson J. Controlling plasmon propagation and enhancement via reducing agent in wet chemistry synthesized silver nanowires. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:8834-8845. [PMID: 33820325 DOI: 10.1364/oe.412903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowires with varying diameters and submillimeter lengths were obtained by changing a reducing agent used during hydrothermal synthesis. The control over the nanowire diameter turns out to play a critical role in determining their plasmonic properties, including fluorescence enhancement and surface plasmon polariton propagation. Advanced fluorescence imaging of hybrid nanostructures assembled of silver nanowires and photoactive proteins indicates longer propagation lengths for nanowires featuring larger diameters. At the same time, with increasing diameter of the nanowires, we measure a substantial reduction of fluorescence enhancement. The results point at possible ways to control the influence of plasmon excitations in silver nanowires by tuning their morphology.
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Silver nanowires as plasmonic compensators of luminescence quenching in single up-converting nanocrystals deposited on graphene. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3557. [PMID: 33574365 PMCID: PMC7878765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nanocrystal spectroscopy is employed to demonstrate metal-enhanced optical response of Er3+/Yb3+ doped up-conversion nanocrystals deposited on graphene upon coupling with silver nanowires. Direct interaction between nanocrystals and graphene results in quenching of up-conversion emission and shortening of luminescence decay times, due to the energy transfer to graphene. The amount of the energy absorbed by graphene can be enhanced by coupling Er3+/Yb3+ doped up-conversion nanocrystals with silver nanowires. Microscopy studies with high spatial resolution together with time-resolved analysis of nanocrystal luminescence show increase of the emission rates with fourfold enhancement of the intensity for nanocrystals placed in the vicinity of silver nanowires. This strong enhancement emerges despite simultaneous interaction with graphene. The hybrid nanostructure provides thus a way to combine optical activity of up-conversion nanocrystals and enhancement provided by metallic nanowires with excellent electrical and mechanical properties of graphene.
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Szalkowski M, Sulowska K, Jönsson-Niedziółka M, Wiwatowski K, Niedziółka-Jönsson J, Maćkowski S, Piątkowski D. Photochemical Printing of Plasmonically Active Silver Nanostructures. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2006. [PMID: 32187983 PMCID: PMC7139935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate plasmonic substrates prepared on demand, using a straightforward technique, based on laser-induced photochemical reduction of silver compounds on a glass substrate. Importantly, the presented technique does not impose any restrictions regarding the shape and length of the metallic pattern. Plasmonic interactions have been probed using both Stokes and anti-Stokes types of emitters that served as photoluminescence probes. For both cases, we observed a pronounced increase of the photoluminescence intensity for emitters deposited on silver patterns. By studying the absorption and emission dynamics, we identified the mechanisms responsible for emission enhancement and the position of the plasmonic resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Szalkowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.S.); (K.S.); (K.W.); (D.P.)
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Sulowska
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.S.); (K.S.); (K.W.); (D.P.)
| | - Martin Jönsson-Niedziółka
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland; (M.J.-N.); (J.N.-J.)
| | - Kamil Wiwatowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.S.); (K.S.); (K.W.); (D.P.)
| | - Joanna Niedziółka-Jönsson
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland; (M.J.-N.); (J.N.-J.)
| | - Sebastian Maćkowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.S.); (K.S.); (K.W.); (D.P.)
| | - Dawid Piątkowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.S.); (K.S.); (K.W.); (D.P.)
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5
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Plasmonics with Metallic Nanowires. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12091418. [PMID: 31052366 PMCID: PMC6539115 DOI: 10.3390/ma12091418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to introduce and present the concept of metallic nanowires as building-blocks of plasmonically active structures. In addition to concise description of both the basic physical properties associated with the electron oscillations as well as energy propagation in metallic nanostructures, and methods of fabrication of metallic nanowires, we will demonstrate several key ideas that involve interactions between plasmon excitations and electronic states in surrounding molecules or other emitters. Particular emphasis will be placed on the effects that involve not only plasmonic enhancement or quenching of fluorescence, but also propagation of energy on lengths that exceed the wavelength of light.
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Podhorodecki A, Krajnik B, Golacki LW, Kostiv U, Pawlik G, Kaczmarek M, Horák D. Percolation limited emission intensity from upconverting NaYF 4:Yb 3+,Er 3+ nanocrystals - a single nanocrystal optical study. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:21186-21196. [PMID: 30417193 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05961f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Upconverting nanocrystals (UCNC) have recently been subjected to intensive investigation due to their interesting optical properties and high potential for practical applications. Despite the level of attention paid to these materials, very low quantum yield is still an important issue. In order to break through this limitation, understanding of the emission intensity limitation is crucial. In this paper, we investigate the influence of percolation phenomena on the limitation of the emission intensity from NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ nanocrystals. We propose a numerical model and support this experimentally at the single nanocrystal level, explaining the influence of Yb3+ concentration on the optical properties of UCNC. Moreover, based on the experimental and numerical results, we explain the existence of the optimal Yb3+ concentration in the core architecture often reported in the literature. All the measurements have been performed using a custom-built wide-field fluorescence microscope to analyze the emission from hundreds of single nanocrystals and thus make analysis independent of UCNC concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Podhorodecki
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Bu C, Mu L, Cao X, Chen M, She G, Shi W. Silver Nanowire-Based Fluorescence Thermometer for a Single Cell. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33416-33422. [PMID: 30188110 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescence thermometer based on silver nanowires (AgNWs) is realized by assembling Texas Red (TR)-marked thermal-sensitive DNA stem-loops (TR-DNA stem-loop) on the surface of AgNWs. Temperature configures the structure of the TR-DNA stem-loop and resultantly adjusts the energy transfer between TR and the AgNWs, which could sensitively control the fluorescence intensity of the thermometer. The thermometer is sensitive to the temperature ranging from 30 to 40 °C with the sensitivity of 2.6%/°C. Under the assistance of laser confocal microscopy, a temperature change within a single cell was observed by the monofilament AgNW-based thermometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Bu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Lixuan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Xingxing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Guangwei She
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Wensheng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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Prymaczek A, Cwierzona M, Grzelak J, Kowalska D, Nyk M, Mackowski S, Piatkowski D. Remote activation and detection of up-converted luminescence via surface plasmon polaritons propagating in a silver nanowire. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:12841-12847. [PMID: 29947635 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04517h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate remote activation and detection of the 2-photon up-conversion luminescence via surface plasmon polaritons propagating in a long silver nanowire. The hybrid nanostructure was assembled by locally depositing a submicron droplet of nanocrystal-containing colloidal solution on one of the ends of the metallic nanowire. When - using a classic confocal microscope - the second end of the nanowire, without the nanocrystals, is illuminated with infrared laser light, we observe strong emission from the same end. Therefore, it indicates that surface plasmon polaritons activated with infrared light at the second end of the nanowire propagate along it and can excite nanocrystals in the droplet at the opposite end. Subsequently, the excited nanocrystals up-convert the energy and by launching surface plasmon polaritons can guide the up-converted luminescence back to the starting point. The emergence of this effect is much more pronounced for a laser polarized along the nanowire. The spectral and temporal character of this emission reveals strong interactions between surface plasmon polaritons and electronic states of the nanocrystals. The details of local and non-local aspects of the effects of remote excitation and guiding of energy in a silver nanowire are elucidated using a unique experimental setup, based on two microscope objectives for spatial separation and control of both excitation and emission beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prymaczek
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
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Piątkowski D, Schmidt MK, Twardowska M, Nyk M, Aizpurua J, Maćkowski S. Spectral Selectivity of Plasmonic Interactions between Individual Up-Converting Nanocrystals and Spherical Gold Nanoparticles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E905. [PMID: 28777315 PMCID: PMC5578271 DOI: 10.3390/ma10080905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate strong spectral selectivity of plasmonic interaction that occurs between α-NaYF₄:Er3+/Yb3+ nanocrystals, which feature two emission bands, and spherical gold nanoparticles, with plasmon frequency resonant with one of the emission bands. Spatially-resolved luminescence intensity maps acquired for individual nanocrystals, together with microsecond luminescence lifetime images, show two qualitatively different effects that result from the coupling between plasmon excitations in metallic nanoparticles and emitting states of the nanocrystals. On the one hand, we observe nanocrystals, whose emission intensity is strongly enhanced for both resonant and non-resonant bands with respect to the plasmon resonance. Importantly, this increase is accompanied with shortening of luminescence decays times. In contrast, a significant number of nanocrystals exhibits almost complete quenching of the emission resonant with the plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles. Theoretical analysis indicates that such an effect can occur for emitters placed at distances of about 5 nm from gold nanoparticles. While under these conditions, both transitions experience significant increases of the radiative emission rates due to the Purcell effect, the non-radiative energy transfer between resonant bands results in strong quenching, which in that situation nullifies the enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Piątkowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
| | - Mikołaj K Schmidt
- Centro de Física de Materiales (MPC, CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Magdalena Twardowska
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
| | - Marcin Nyk
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Javier Aizpurua
- Centro de Física de Materiales (MPC, CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Sebastian Maćkowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
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Li AH, Lü M, Guo L, Sun Z. Enhanced Upconversion Luminescence of Metal-Capped NaGd0.3 Yb0.7 F4:Er Submicrometer Particles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:2092-2098. [PMID: 26938293 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanostructures are often used to enhance photoluminescence of nanomaterials based on local field enhancement with plasmons at metal surfaces. Here upconversion luminescence (UCL) enhancement of submicrometer-size NaGd0.3 Yb0.7 F4 :Er particles in cap-like metal cavities, formed by deposition of a silver film on the particles dispersed on glass substrates, is studied. UCL of the particles is shown to be influenced by not only the plasmon-enhanced local field but also the cavity modes. By varying the cavity size and location of the particles in the cavities, fluctuant variations of the UCL enhancement and electronic depopulation rate are observed in experiments. Typically, a maximum of 12-fold enhancement of the UCL intensity is obtained. Combining the results with numerical simulations, the phenomenon is ascribed to effects of metal quenching, plasmonic field enhancement, and the cavity modes for the excitation and emission photons. Finally it is verified that, for the cap-like submicrometer metal cavities, allocating the particles at the open mouths of the cavities is more advantageous to obtaining stronger enhancements of the particles' UCL. And the demonstrated structure is also convenient to fabricate for applications, e.g., in solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hua Li
- Department of Physics, OSED Center, Xiamen University, 422-19 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Mengyun Lü
- Department of Physics, OSED Center, Xiamen University, 422-19 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Ling Guo
- Department of Physics, OSED Center, Xiamen University, 422-19 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Zhijun Sun
- Department of Physics, OSED Center, Xiamen University, 422-19 South Siming Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
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Zhao B, Qi N, Zhang KQ, Gong X. Fabrication of freestanding silk fibroin films containing Ag nanowires/NaYF4:Yb,Er nanocomposites with metal-enhanced fluorescence behavior. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:15289-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02024k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Freestanding silk fibroin films containing Ag nanowires/NaYF4:Yb,Er nanocomposites with metal-enhanced fluorescence behavior are fabricated, which exhibit properties such as good optical transparency, conductivity and flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Ning Qi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Xiao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- China
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