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Gon M, Tanaka K, Chujo Y. Recent Progresses on Designable Hybrids with Stimuli-Responsive Optical Properties Originating from Molecular Assembly Concerning Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200144. [PMID: 35322576 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe recent progresses on the stimuli-responsive hybrid materials based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and their applications as a chemical sensor. In particular, we explain the unique functions originating from molecular assembly concerning POSS-containing soft materials mainly from our studies. POSS has an inorganic cubic core composed of silicon-oxygen (Si-O) bonds and organic substituents at each vertex. Owing to intrinsic properties of POSS, such as high thermal stability, rigidity, and low chemical reactivity, various robust hybrid materials have been developed. From the numerous numbers of POSS hybrids, we herein focus on the environment-sensitive optical materials in which molecular assembly of POSS itself and functional units connected to POSS should be a key factor for expressing material properties. We also explain the mechanisms of chemical sensors originating from these stimuli-responsive optical properties. Stimuli-responsive excimer emission and pollutant detectors, nanoplastic sensors with the water-dispersive POSS networks, trans fatty acid sensors, turn-on luminescent sensors for aerobic condition and fluoride anion sensors are described. We also mention the mechanochromic polyurethane hybrids and the thermally-durable mechanochromic luminescent materials. The roles of the unique optical properties from soft materials composed of rigid POSS, which doesn't have significant light-absorption and emission properties in the visible region, are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Gon
- Kyoto University: Kyoto Daigaku, Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura Nishikyo-ku, 615-8510, Kyoto, JAPAN
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Polymer Chemistry, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, 615-8510, Kyoto, JAPAN
| | - Yoshiki Chujo
- Kyoto University: Kyoto Daigaku, Polymer chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura Nishikyo-ku, 615-8510, Kyoto, JAPAN
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2
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Positive Luminescent Sensor for Aerobic Conditions Based on Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Networks. Chem Res Chin Univ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-021-0398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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3
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Rajadurai M, Reddy ER. Tuning the sensitivity towards mercury via cooperative binding to d-fructose: dual fluorescent chemosensor based on 1,8-naphthyridine-boronic acid derivative. RSC Adv 2021; 11:14862-14870. [PMID: 35423996 PMCID: PMC8698319 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02122b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel fluorescent chemosensor naphthyridine-boronic acid derivative (1.1) was synthesized and its ability to act as a selective chemosensor was examined for various metal ions. Compound 1.1 displayed highly selective fluorescence quenching upon interaction with Hg2+, possibly by means of photo induced electron transfer (PET) mechanism. The binding stoichiometry of the naphthyridine-boronic acid–Hg2+ complex and the association constant was determined. It was found that in the presence of d-fructose at physiological concentration, the sensitivity of chemosensor 1.1 towards Hg2+ improved by at least 7 times, perhaps as a result of the cooperative binding of both d-fructose and mercury ion to the sensor. Till now, the presented dual d-fructose–mercury chemosensor is the first example of utilizing boronic acid–diol complexation for enhancement of the sensor's sensitivity towards a toxic metal ion. The utility of compound 1.1 lays in applications in the food industry, e.g. for detection of mercury contamination of high fructose corn syrup, or in estimation of mercury in polluted biological samples and underground water. This new dual d-fructose–mercury chemosensor is the first example of utilizing boronic acid–diol complexation for enhancement of the sensor's sensitivity towards toxic metal ions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rajadurai
- Center for Innovation in Molecular & Pharmaceuticals Sciences (CIMPS)
- Dr Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences
- University of Hyderabad Campus
- Hyderabad 500046
- India
| | - E. Ramanjaneya Reddy
- Center for Innovation in Molecular & Pharmaceuticals Sciences (CIMPS)
- Dr Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences
- University of Hyderabad Campus
- Hyderabad 500046
- India
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4
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Ueda K, Kakuta T, Tanaka K, Chujo Y. High Refractive-Index Hybrids Consisting of Water-Soluble Matrices with Bipyridine-Modified Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane and Lanthanoid Cations. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071560. [PMID: 32674436 PMCID: PMC7407817 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report high refractive-index (RI) films composed of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (SSQ) matrices and various lanthanoid cations. The SSQ matrices were constructed from octaammonium SSQ by connecting with bipyridine dicarboxylic acid, which is expected to capture cations. By modulating the feed ratio between SSQ and dicarboxylic acid, the series of the SSQ matrices were obtained with variable cross-linking ratios among the SSQ units. Thin transparent films were able to be prepared through the drop-casting method with the aqueous mixtures containing SSQ matrices and various kinds of lanthanoid salts up to 40 wt %. From RI measurements, it was revealed that the increase of the amount of the metal ion can significantly lift up the RI values. In particular, critical losses of Abbe numbers, which theoretically have the trade-off relationship toward increases in RI values, were hardly detected. This effect could be obtained by cation assembly in local spots that are assisted by SSQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Ueda
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan; (K.U.); (T.K.); (Y.C.)
- Matsumoto Yushi-Seiyaku Co., Ltd., 2-1-3, Shibukawa-cho, Yao-City, Osaka 581-0075, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kakuta
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan; (K.U.); (T.K.); (Y.C.)
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan; (K.U.); (T.K.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-383-2604; Fax: +81-75-383-2605
| | - Yoshiki Chujo
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan; (K.U.); (T.K.); (Y.C.)
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Nakamura R, Narikiyo H, Gon M, Tanaka K, Chujo Y. Oxygen-Resistant Electrochemiluminescence System with Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071170. [PMID: 31295820 PMCID: PMC6680606 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the oxygen-resistant electrochemiluminescence (ECL) system from the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-modified tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) complex (Ru-POSS). In electrochemical measurements, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), it is shown that electric current and ECL intensity increase in the mixture system containing Ru-POSS and tripropylamine (TPrA) on the indium tin oxide (ITO) working electrode. The lower onset potential (Eonset) in CV is observed with Ru-POSS compared to tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) complex (Ru(bpy)32+). From the series of mechanistic studies, it was shown that adsorption of Ru-POSS onto the ITO electrode enhances TPrA oxidation and subsequently the efficiency of ECL with lower voltage. Moreover, oxygen quenching of ECL was suppressed, and it is proposed that the enhancement to the production of the TPrA radical could contribute to improving oxygen resistance. Finally, the ECL-based detection for water pollutant is demonstrated without the degassing treatment. The commodity system with Ru(bpy)32+ is not applicable in the absence of degassing with the sample solutions due to critical signal suppression, meanwhile the present system based on Ru-POSS was feasible for estimating the amount of the target even under aerobic conditions by fitting the ECL intensity to the standard curve. One of critical disadvantages of ECL can be solved by the hybrid formation with POSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Nakamura
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hayato Narikiyo
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masayuki Gon
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Yoshiki Chujo
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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6
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Gon M, Tanaka K, Chujo Y. Recent progress in the development of advanced element-block materials. Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2017.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Narikiyo H, Kakuta T, Matsuyama H, Gon M, Tanaka K, Chujo Y. Development of the optical sensor for discriminating isomers of fatty acids based on emissive network polymers composed of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3431-3436. [PMID: 28465085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It was shown that water-soluble network polymers composed of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) had hydrophobic spaces inside the network because of strong hydrophobicity of the cubic silica cage. In this study, the water-soluble POSS network polymers connected with triphenylamine derivatives (TPA-POSS) were synthesized, and their functions as a sensor for discriminating the geometric isomers of fatty acids were investigated. Accordingly, in the photoluminescence spectra, different time-courses of intensity and peak wavelengths of the emission bands were detected from the TPA-POSS-containing solution in the presence of cis- or trans-fatty acids during incubation. Furthermore, variable time-dependent changes were obtained by changing coexisting ratios between two geometric isomers. From the mechanistic investigation, it was implied that these changes could be originated from the difference in the degree of interaction between the POSS networks and each fatty acid. Our data could be applicable for constructing a sensing material for generation and proportion of trans-fatty acids in the oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Narikiyo
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kakuta
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsuyama
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masayuki Gon
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Yoshiki Chujo
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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8
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Gon M, Tanaka K, Chujo Y. Creative Synthesis of Organic–Inorganic Molecular Hybrid Materials. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20170005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Gon
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510
| | - Yoshiki Chujo
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510
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9
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Development of highly-sensitive detection system in 19 F NMR for bioactive compounds based on the assembly of paramagnetic complexes with fluorinated cubic silsesquioxanes. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1389-1393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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10
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TANAKA K, CHUJO Y. Development and Applications of Designable Hybrids Based on POSS “Element-Blocks”. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2017. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.2016-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo TANAKA
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Yoshiki CHUJO
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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11
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Kowalewska A, Nowacka M, Włodarska M, Zgardzińska B, Zaleski R, Oszajca M, Krajenta J, Kaźmierski S. Solid-state dynamics and single-crystal to single-crystal structural transformations in octakis(3-chloropropyl)octasilsesquioxane and octavinyloctasilsesquioxane. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:27516-27529. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05233b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Thermally induced formation of symmetric crystal lattices in functional POSS proceeds via different mechanisms and results in unique reversible phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kowalewska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 90-363 Łódź
- Poland
| | - M. Nowacka
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 90-363 Łódź
- Poland
| | - M. Włodarska
- Institute of Physics
- Lodz University of Technology
- 90-924 Łódź
- Poland
| | - B. Zgardzińska
- Department of Nuclear Methods
- Institute of Physics
- Maria Curie-Sklodowska University
- 20-031 Lublin
- Poland
| | - R. Zaleski
- Department of Nuclear Methods
- Institute of Physics
- Maria Curie-Sklodowska University
- 20-031 Lublin
- Poland
| | - M. Oszajca
- Jagiellonian University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 30-060 Kraków
- Poland
| | - J. Krajenta
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 90-363 Łódź
- Poland
| | - S. Kaźmierski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 90-363 Łódź
- Poland
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12
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Naka K, Irie Y. Synthesis of single component element-block materials based on siloxane-based cage frameworks. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Naka
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Irie
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
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13
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Tong C, Tian Z, Chen C, Li Z, Modzelewski T, Allcock HR. Synthesis and Characterization of Trifluoroethoxy Polyphosphazenes Containing Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) Side Groups. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyan Tong
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Institute
of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
| | - Zhicheng Tian
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Chen Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zhongjing Li
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tomasz Modzelewski
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Harry R. Allcock
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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14
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Gon M, Sato K, Tanaka K, Chujo Y. Controllable intramolecular interaction of 3D arranged π-conjugated luminophores based on a POSS scaffold, leading to highly thermally-stable and emissive materials. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14971e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript describes the inorganic cubic core as an advantageous scaffold for realizing solid-state emissive materials with high thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Gon
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Keita Sato
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Yoshiki Chujo
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
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15
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Tanaka K, Naka K, Miyoshi E, Narita A, Chujo Y. Preparation of photo-responsive hybrid materials based on hydrogels involving imidazolium-presenting gold nanoparticles. Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2015.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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16
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Chujo Y, Tanaka K. New Polymeric Materials Based on Element-Blocks. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20150081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Chujo
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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17
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Jeon JH, Kakuta T, Tanaka K, Chujo Y. Facile design of organic-inorganic hybrid gels for molecular recognition of nucleoside triphosphates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2050-5. [PMID: 25862197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the molecular recognition for nucleoside triphosphates inside the ligand-modified water-soluble organic-inorganic hybrid gels composed of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS). The series of ligands were designed to make hydrogen bonds with each nucleobase and introduced into the hybrid gels. From the titration experiments, the binding constants between the ligand inside the gels and nucleosides were evaluated. Accordingly, it was found that the ligands inside the gels can form a stable complex only with the target nucleoside triphosphate which has the complementary pattern of the hydrogen bonds (Ka=G-gel/cytidine triphosphate (CTP), 3.5×10(8)M(-1); U-gel/adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 1.6×10(3)M(-1); A-gel/uridine triphosphate (UTP), 1.9×10(7), respectively). With other nucleoside derivatives which have different numbers of phosphate units or different types of nucleobases, the much weaker interaction was detected. These data indicate that the complex formation only with nucleoside triphosphates should occur inside the hybrid gels, and selective recognition of each nucleoside triphosphate can be accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwan Jeon
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kakuta
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Chujo
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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