Direct synthesis of polysubstituted 2-aminothiophenes by Cu(II)-catalyzed addition/oxidative cyclization of alkynoates with thioamides

Medicinal chemistry-based perspectives on thiophene and its derivatives: exploring structural insights to discover plausible druggable leads

Thiophene is a privileged pharmacophore in medicinal chemistry owing to its diversified biological attributes. The thiophene moiety has been ranked 4th in the US FDA drug approval of small drug molecules, with around 7 drug approvals over the last decade. The present review covers USFDA-approved drugs possessing a thiophene ring system. Our analysis reveals that 26 drugs possessing thiophene nuclei have been approved under different pharmacological classes. The review further covers reported thiophene and its substituted analogues with diverse biological activities, including anti-diabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, and antioxidant activity. Besides, a section is dedicated to appreciating the implications of structural bioinformatics in drug discovery. Additionally, the manuscript delves into structure-activity relationship studies to explore the chemical groups responsible for eliciting potential therapeutic activities. The review may provide invaluable insights for researchers working with thiophene nuclei in developing novel analogues with greater efficacy and fewer side effects.

Green methodologies for the synthesis of 2-aminothiophene

Pollution and the rising energy demand have prompted the design of new synthetic reactions that meet the principles of green chemistry. In particular, alternative synthesis of 2-aminothiophene have recently focused interest because 2-aminothiophene is a unique 5-membered S-heterocycle and a pharmacophore providing antiprotozoal, antiproliferative, antiviral, antibacterial or antifungal properties. Here, we review new synthetic routes to 2-aminothiophenes, including multicomponent reactions, homogeneously- or heterogeneously-catalyzed reactions, with focus on green pathways.

Recent strategies in the synthesis of thiophene derivatives: highlights from the 2012-2020 literature

Thiophene-based analogs have been fascinated by a growing number of scientists as a potential class of biologically active compounds. Furthermore, they play a vital role for medicinal chemists to improve advanced compounds with a variety of biological effects. The current review envisioned to highlight some recent and particularly remarkable examples of the synthesis of thiophene derivatives by heterocyclization of various substrates from 2012 on.

Challenges in the Highly Selective [3 + 1]-Cycloaddition of an Enoldiazoacetamide to Form a Donor-Acceptor Cis-Cyclobutenecarboxamide

A substituted donor-acceptor cyclobutenecarboxamide is synthesized with modest enantiocontrol through a chiral copper(I) complex catalyzed [3 + 1]-cycloaddition reaction of α-acyl diphenylsulfur ylides with 3-siloxy-2-diazo-3-butenamides. With a methyl substituent on the 4-position of the 3-butenamide, the cis-vicinal-3,4-disubstituted cyclobutenecarboxamide is formed with >20:1 diastereocontrol. Donor-acceptor 3-methyl-2-siloxycyclopropenecarboxamide is rapidly formed from the reactant enoldiazoamide and undergoes catalytic ring opening to give only the Z-γ-substituted metallo-enolcarbene. Elimination from 3-siloxy-2-diazo-3-pentenamide to form the conjugated 3-siloxy-2,4-pentadienamide is competitive but minimized at low temperature.

Alkynoates as Versatile and Powerful Chemical Tools for the Rapid Assembly of Diverse Heterocycles under Transition-Metal Catalysis: Recent Developments and Challenges

Heterocycles, heteroaromatics and spirocyclic entities are ubiquitous components of a wide plethora of synthetic drugs, biologically active natural products, marketed pharmaceuticals and agrochemical targets. Recognizing their high proportion in drugs and rich pharmacological potential, these invaluable structural motifs have garnered significant interest, thus enabling the development of efficient catalytic methodologies providing access to architecturally complex and diverse molecules with high atom-economy and low cost. These chemical processes not only allow the formation of diverse heterocycles but also utilize a range of flexible and easily accessible building units in a single operation to discover diversity-oriented synthetic approaches. Alkynoates are significantly important, diverse and powerful building blocks in organic chemistry due to their unique and inherent properties such as the electronic bias on carbon-carbon triple bonds posed by electron-withdrawing groups or the metallic coordination site provided by carbonyl groups. The present review highlights the comprehensive picture of the utility of alkynoates (2007-2019) for the synthesis of various heterocycles (> 50 types) using transition-metal catalysts (Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Ag, Au, Pt, Cu, Mn, Fe) in various forms. The valuable function of versatile alkynoates (bearing multifunctional groups) as simple and useful starting materials is explored, thus cyclizing with an array of coupling partners to deliver a broad range of oxygen-, nitrogen-, sulfur-containing heterocycles alongside fused-, and spiro-heterocyclic compounds. In addition, these examples will also focus the scope and reaction limitations, as well as mechanistic investigations into the synthesis of these heterocycles. The biological significance will also be discussed, citing relevant examples of drug molecules highlighting each class of heterocycles. This review summarizes the recent developments in the synthetic methods for the synthesis of various heterocycles using alkynoates as readily available starting materials under transition-metal catalysis.

Formation of Highly Substituted Indenes through Acid Promoted Cyclodehydration with Nucleophile Incorporation

Readily accessible 3-aryl-2-carboxypropenones (by Knoevenagel condensation) undergo acid promoted cyclodehydration with nucleophile incorporation to form highly substituted indenes. For stronger nucleophiles, nucleophile incorporation precedes cyclodehydration in a nucleophilic-addition-cyclodehydration (NAC) sequence. For weaker nucleophiles, cyclodehydration precedes nucleophile incorporation in a cyclodehydrative-nucleophilic-trapping (CNT) sequence, involving a reactive allyl cation intermediate. The substrate scope and preferred cyclization pathway (NAC or CNT) has been studied with respect to 3-aryl-2-carboxypropenone and the nature of the nucleophile. Also, for 1,3-diaryl-2-carboxypropenones, which can also undergo Nazarov cyclization, delineation between competing Nazarov and CNT pathways is controlled by the nature of the acid catalyst.

Thio-Michael addition of thioamides and allenes for the selective construction of polysubstituted 2-arylthiophenes via TBAI/H2O2 promoted tandem oxidative annulation and 1,2-sulfur migration

A novel TBAI-catalyzed tandem thio-Michael addition/oxidative annulation of allenes and thioamides for the construction of polysubstituted 2-arylthiophenes under a sulfur migration transformation protocol has been developed. The transition-metal-free protocol achieves the oxidative cyclization reaction of thioamides containing electron-rich substituents with allenes to construct polysubstituted thiophenes selectively by controlling oxidation conditions.

2-Aminothiophene scaffolds: Diverse biological and pharmacological attributes in medicinal chemistry

2-Aminothiophenes are important five-membered heterocyclic building blocks in organic synthesis, and the chemistry of these small molecules is still developing based on the discovery of cyclization by Gewald. Another attractive feature of 2-aminothiophene scaffolds is their ability to act as synthons for the synthesis of biological active thiophene-containing heterocycles, conjugates and hybrids. Currently, the biological actions of 2-aminothiophenes or their 2-N-substituted analogues are still being investigated because of their various mechanisms of action (e.g., pharmacophore and pharmacokinetic properties). Likewise, the 2-aminothiophene family is used as diverse promising selective inhibitors, receptors, and modulators in medicinal chemistry, and these compounds even exhibit effective pharmacological properties in the various clinical phases of appropriate diseases. In this review, major biological and pharmacological reports on 2-aminothiophenes and related compounds have been highlighted; most perspective drug-candidate hits were selected for discussion and described, along with additional synthetic pathways. In addition, we focused on the literature dedicated to 2-aminothiophenes and 2-N-substituted derivatives, which have been published from 2010 to 2017.

Synthesis of N,N-disubstituted 2-aminothiophenes by the cyclization of gem-difluoroalkenes with β-keto thioamides

A novel and effective method for the construction of highly functionalized aminothiophenes via the cyclization of gem-difluoroalkenes with β-keto tertiary thioamides is described.