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Semisynthesis of an evasin from tick saliva reveals a critical role of tyrosine sulfation for chemokine binding and inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12657-12664. [PMID: 32461364 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000605117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-feeding arthropods produce antiinflammatory salivary proteins called evasins that function through inhibition of chemokine-receptor signaling in the host. Herein, we show that the evasin ACA-01 from the Amblyomma cajennense tick can be posttranslationally sulfated at two tyrosine residues, albeit as a mixture of sulfated variants. Homogenously sulfated variants of the proteins were efficiently assembled via a semisynthetic native chemical ligation strategy. Sulfation significantly improved the binding affinity of ACA-01 for a range of proinflammatory chemokines and enhanced the ability of ACA-01 to inhibit chemokine signaling through cognate receptors. Comparisons of evasin sequences and structural data suggest that tyrosine sulfation serves as a receptor mimetic strategy for recognizing and suppressing the proinflammatory activity of a wide variety of mammalian chemokines. As such, the incorporation of this posttranslational modification (PTM) or mimics thereof into evasins may provide a strategy to optimize tick salivary proteins for antiinflammatory applications.
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Johansen-Leete J, Passioura T, Foster SR, Bhusal RP, Ford DJ, Liu M, Jongkees SAK, Suga H, Stone MJ, Payne RJ. Discovery of Potent Cyclic Sulfopeptide Chemokine Inhibitors via Reprogrammed Genetic Code mRNA Display. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9141-9146. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Toby Passioura
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Simon R. Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ram Prasad Bhusal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Ford
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Minglong Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Seino A. K. Jongkees
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Martin J. Stone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein ScienceThe University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Sanchez J, E Huma Z, Lane JR, Liu X, Bridgford JL, Payne RJ, Canals M, Stone MJ. Evaluation and extension of the two-site, two-step model for binding and activation of the chemokine receptor CCR1. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:3464-3475. [PMID: 30567735 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between secreted immune proteins called chemokines and their cognate G protein-coupled receptors regulate the trafficking of leukocytes in inflammatory responses. The two-site, two-step model describes these interactions. It involves initial binding of the chemokine N-loop/β3 region to the receptor's N-terminal region and subsequent insertion of the chemokine N-terminal region into the transmembrane helical bundle of the receptor concurrent with receptor activation. Here, we test aspects of this model with C-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) and several chemokine ligands. First, we compared the chemokine-binding affinities of CCR1 with those of peptides corresponding to the CCR1 N-terminal region. Relatively low affinities of the peptides and poor correlations between CCR1 and peptide affinities indicated that other regions of the receptor may contribute to binding affinity. Second, we evaluated the contributions of the two CCR1-interacting regions of the cognate chemokine ligand CCL7 (formerly monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 (MCP-3)) using chimeras between CCL7 and the non-cognate ligand CCL2 (formerly MCP-1). The results revealed that the chemokine N-terminal region contributes significantly to binding affinity but that differences in binding affinity do not completely account for differences in receptor activation. On the basis of these observations, we propose an elaboration of the two-site, two-step model-the "three-step" model-in which initial interactions of the first site result in low-affinity, nonspecific binding; rate-limiting engagement of the second site enables high-affinity, specific binding; and subsequent conformational rearrangement gives rise to receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sanchez
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,the Drug Discovery Biology Program, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Zil E Huma
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,the Drug Discovery Biology Program, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - J Robert Lane
- the Drug Discovery Biology Program, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,the Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Xuyu Liu
- the School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and
| | - Jessica L Bridgford
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,the Drug Discovery Biology Program, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- the School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and
| | - Meritxell Canals
- the Drug Discovery Biology Program, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, .,the Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Stone
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia,
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CCR7 Sulfotyrosine Enhances CCL21 Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091857. [PMID: 28841151 PMCID: PMC5618506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are secreted proteins that direct the migration of immune cells and are involved in numerous disease states. For example, CCL21 (CC chemokine ligand 21) and CCL19 (CC chemokine ligand 19) recruit antigen-presenting dendritic cells and naïve T-cells to the lymph nodes and are thought to play a role in lymph node metastasis of CCR7 (CC chemokine receptor 7)-expressing cancer cells. For many chemokine receptors, N-terminal posttranslational modifications, particularly the sulfation of tyrosine residues, increases the affinity for chemokine ligands and may contribute to receptor ligand bias. Chemokine sulfotyrosine (sY) binding sites are also potential targets for drug development. In light of the structural similarity between sulfotyrosine and phosphotyrosine (pY), the interactions of CCL21 with peptide fragments of CCR7 containing tyrosine, pY, or sY were compared using protein NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy in this study. Various N-terminal CCR7 peptides maintain binding site specificity with Y8-, pY8-, or sY8-containing peptides binding near the α-helix, while Y17-, pY17-, and sY17-containing peptides bind near the N-loop and β3-stand of CCL21. All modified CCR7 peptides showed enhanced binding affinity to CCL21, with sY having the largest effect.
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Hayward J, Sanchez J, Perry A, Huang C, Rodriguez Valle M, Canals M, Payne RJ, Stone MJ. Ticks from diverse genera encode chemokine-inhibitory evasin proteins. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15670-15680. [PMID: 28778927 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.807255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To prolong residence on their hosts, ticks secrete many salivary factors that target host defense molecules. In particular, the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus has been shown to produce three salivary glycoproteins named "evasins," which bind to host chemokines, thereby inhibiting the recruitment of leukocytes to the location of the tick bite. Using sequence similarity searches, we have identified 257 new putative evasin sequences encoded by the genomes or salivary or visceral transcriptomes of numerous hard ticks, spanning the genera Rhipicephalus, Amblyomma, and Ixodes of the Ixodidae family. Nine representative sequences were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli, and eight of the nine candidates exhibited high-affinity binding to human chemokines. Sequence alignments enabled classification of the evasins into two subfamilies: C8 evasins share a conserved set of eight Cys residues (four disulfide bonds), whereas C6 evasins have only three of these disulfide bonds. Most of the identified sequences contain predicted secretion leader sequences, N-linked glycosylation sites, and a putative site of tyrosine sulfation. We conclude that chemokine-binding evasin proteins are widely expressed among tick species of the Ixodidae family, are likely to play important roles in subverting host defenses, and constitute a valuable pool of anti-inflammatory proteins for potential future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Hayward
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Julie Sanchez
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Andrew Perry
- the Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Cheng Huang
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Manuel Rodriguez Valle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, and
| | - Richard J Payne
- the School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Martin J Stone
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
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David KS, Oliveira ERA, Horta BAC, Valente AP, de Paula VS. Insights into CC Chemokine Ligand 2/Chemokine Receptor 2 Molecular Recognition: A Step Forward toward Antichemotactic Agents. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3197-3210. [PMID: 28570817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), is a chemokine that recruits immune cells to inflammatory sites by interacting with G protein-coupled receptor CCR2. The CCL2/CCR2 axis is also involved in pathological processes such as tumor growth and metastasis and hence is currently considered as an important drug target. CCL2 exists in a dynamic monomer-dimer equilibrium that is modulated by CCR2 binding. We used solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations to study the interactions between CCL2 and a sulfopeptide corresponding to the N-terminal sequence of CCR2 (CCR218-31). Peptide binding induced the dissociation of CCL2 into monomers, forming stable CCL2/CCR218-31 complexes. NMR relaxation measurements indicated that residues around the CCR218-31 binding site, which are located at the dimer interface, undergo a complex regime of motions. NMR data were used to construct a three-dimensional structural model of the CCL2/CCR218-31 complex, revealing that CCR218-31 occupies a binding site juxtaposed to the dimer interface, partially replacing monomer-monomer contacts, explaining why CCR218-31 binding weakens the dimer interface and induces dissociation. We found that the main interactions governing receptor binding are highly stable salt bridges with conserved chemokine residues as well as hydrophobic interactions. These data provide new insights into the structure-function relationship of the CCL2-CCR2 interaction and may be helpful for the design of novel antichemotactic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn S David
- Campus Xerém, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 25245-390, Brazil
| | - Edson R A Oliveira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Bruno A C Horta
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Ana P Valente
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Jiri Jonas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-920, Brazil.,Centro de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem , Rio de Janeiro 21941-920, Brazil
| | - Viviane S de Paula
- Campus Xerém, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 25245-390, Brazil.,Centro de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem , Rio de Janeiro 21941-920, Brazil
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Wang X, Sanchez J, Stone MJ, Payne RJ. Sulfation of the Human Cytomegalovirus Protein UL22A Enhances Binding to the Chemokine RANTES. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Wang
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Julie Sanchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Monash University Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Martin J. Stone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Monash University Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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8
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Wang X, Sanchez J, Stone MJ, Payne RJ. Sulfation of the Human Cytomegalovirus Protein UL22A Enhances Binding to the Chemokine RANTES. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8490-8494. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Wang
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Julie Sanchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Monash University Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Martin J. Stone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Monash University Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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9
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Solera C, Macchione G, Maza S, Kayser MM, Corzana F, de Paz JL, Nieto PM. Chondroitin Sulfate Tetrasaccharides: Synthesis, Three-Dimensional Structure and Interaction with Midkine. Chemistry 2016; 22:2356-69. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Solera
- Glycosystems Laboratory; Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); cicCartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla; Americo Vespucio, 49 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Giuseppe Macchione
- Glycosystems Laboratory; Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); cicCartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla; Americo Vespucio, 49 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Susana Maza
- Glycosystems Laboratory; Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); cicCartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla; Americo Vespucio, 49 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - M. Mar Kayser
- Glycosystems Laboratory; Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); cicCartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla; Americo Vespucio, 49 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Francisco Corzana
- Departamento de Química; Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química; Universidad de La Rioja; Madre de Dios, 51 26006 Logroño Spain
| | - José L. de Paz
- Glycosystems Laboratory; Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); cicCartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla; Americo Vespucio, 49 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Pedro M. Nieto
- Glycosystems Laboratory; Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); cicCartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla; Americo Vespucio, 49 41092 Sevilla Spain
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10
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Kaynar AM, Nowalk MP, Lin CJ, Moehling KK, Susick M, Bakalov V, Pitt BR, Bain DJ, Ross TM, Saul SG, Raymund M, Zimmerman RK. Are plasma mineral levels related to antibody response to influenza vaccination in older adults? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1003-8. [PMID: 26751915 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1113358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An effective immune response to vaccination may be related to nutritional status. This study examined the association of plasma mineral levels with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers produced in response to influenza vaccine in older adults. METHODS Prior to (Day 0) and 21 (range = 19-28) days after receiving the 2013-14 influenza vaccine, 109 adults ages 51-81 years, provided blood samples. Serum samples were tested for HI activity against the A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 2013-2014 vaccine virus strains. Plasma minerals were collected in zinc-free tubes and assayed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. HI titers were reported as seroprotection (≥1:40) and seroconversion (≥ 4-fold rise from Day 0 (minimum HI = 1:10) to Day 21). Both HI titers and mineral values were skewed and thus log2 transformed. Magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K) and the Cu to Zn ratio were tested. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the associations between mineral levels and seroconversion and seroprotection of HI titers for each influenza A strain. RESULTS Participants were 61% white, 28% male, 39% diabetic, and 81% overweight/obese with a mean age of 62.6 y. In logistic regression, Day 21 A/H1N1 seroprotection was associated with P and Zn at Day 21(P < 0.05). Seroconversion of A/H1N1 was associated with Day 21 Cu, P, and Mg (P < 0.03). Day 21 A/H3N2 seroprotection and seroconversion were associated with Day 21 P (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Phosphorus was associated with seroprotection and seroconversion to influenza A after vaccination; these associations warrant additional studies with larger, more diverse population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Murat Kaynar
- a Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Laboratory, Department of Critical Care Medicine , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Mary Patricia Nowalk
- c Department of Family Medicine , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Chyongchiou Jeng Lin
- c Department of Family Medicine , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Krissy K Moehling
- c Department of Family Medicine , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Michael Susick
- c Department of Family Medicine , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Veli Bakalov
- d Department of Critical Care Medicine , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Bruce R Pitt
- d Department of Critical Care Medicine , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Daniel J Bain
- e Department of Geology and Environmental Science , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- f Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida , Port St. Lucie , FL , USA
| | - Sean G Saul
- c Department of Family Medicine , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Mahlon Raymund
- c Department of Family Medicine , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Richard K Zimmerman
- c Department of Family Medicine , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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Isahak N, Sanchez J, Perrier S, Stone MJ, Payne RJ. Synthesis of polymers and nanoparticles bearing polystyrene sulfonate brushes for chemokine binding. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:5652-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00270f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of polymers and silica nanoparticles, both bearing polystyrene sulfonate brushes, and the measurement of their binding affinity for the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in monomeric and dimeric form.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Sanchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Monash University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
| | - Martin J. Stone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Monash University
- Melbourne
- Australia
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Vale N, Carvalho Veloso R, Gomes P. Exploring the Solid-Phase Synthesis of Sulfotyrosine Peptides. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Stone MJ, Payne RJ. Homogeneous sulfopeptides and sulfoproteins: synthetic approaches and applications to characterize the effects of tyrosine sulfation on biochemical function. Acc Chem Res 2015. [PMID: 26196117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins plays critical roles in regulating structure, stability, localization, and function. Sulfation of the phenolic side chain of tyrosine residues to form sulfotyrosine (sTyr) is a widespread modification of extracellular and integral membrane proteins, influencing the activities of these proteins in cellular adhesion, blood clotting, inflammatory responses, and pathogen infection. Tyrosine sulfation commonly occurs in sequences containing clusters of tyrosine residues and is incomplete at each site, resulting in heterogeneous mixtures of sulfoforms. Purification of individual sulfoforms is typically impractical. Therefore, the most promising approach to elucidate the influence of sulfation at each site is to prepare homogeneously sulfated proteins (or peptides) synthetically. This Account describes our recent progress in both development of such synthetic approaches and application of the resulting sulfopeptides and sulfoproteins to characterize the functional consequences of tyrosine sulfation. Initial synthetic studies used a cassette-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) approach in which the side chain sulfate ester was protected to enable it to withstand Fmoc-based SPPS conditions. Subsequently, to address the need for efficient access to multiple sulfoforms of the same peptide, we developed a divergent solid-phase synthetic approach utilizing orthogonally side chain protected tyrosine residues. Using this methodology, we have carried out orthogonal deprotection and sulfation of up to three tyrosine residues within a given sequence, allowing access to all eight sulfoforms of a given target from a single solid-phase synthesis. With homogeneously sulfated peptides in hand, we have been able to probe the influence of tyrosine sulfation on biochemical function. Several of these studies focused on sulfated fragments of chemokine receptors, key mediators of leukocyte trafficking and inflammation. For the receptor CCR3, we showed that tyrosine sulfation enhances affinity and selectivity for binding to chemokine ligands, and we determined the structural basis of these affinity enhancements by NMR spectroscopy. Using a library of CCR5 sulfopeptides, we demonstrated the critical importance of sulfation at one specific site for supporting HIV-1 infection. Demonstrating the feasibility of producing homogeneously tyrosine-sulfated proteins, in addition to smaller peptides, we have used SPPS and native chemical ligation methods to synthesize the leech-derived antithrombotic protein hirudin P6, containing both tyrosine sulfation and glycosylation. Sulfation greatly enhanced inhibitory activity against thrombin, whereas addition of glycans to the sulfated protein decreased inhibition, indicating functional interplay between different post-translational modifications. In addition, the success of the ligation approach suggests that larger sulfoproteins could potentially be obtained by ligation of synthetic sulfopeptides to expressed proteins, using intein-based technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Stone
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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