1
|
Ellenbroek BD, Kahler JP, Evers SR, Pomplun SJ. Synthetic Peptides: Promising Modalities for the Targeting of Disease-Related Nucleic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401704. [PMID: 38456368 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
DNA and RNA play pivotal roles in life processes by storing and transferring genetic information, modulating gene expression, and contributing to essential cellular machinery such as ribosomes. Dysregulation and mutations in nucleic acid-related processes are implicated in numerous diseases. Despite the critical impact on health of nucleic acid mutations or dysregulation, therapeutic compounds addressing these biomolecules remain limited. Peptides have emerged as a promising class of molecules for biomedical research, offering potential solutions for challenging drug targets. This review focuses on the use of synthetic peptides to target disease-related nucleic acids. We discuss examples of peptides targeting double-stranded DNA, including the clinical candidate Omomyc, and compounds designed for regulatory G-quadruplexes. Further, we provide insights into both library-based screenings and the rational design of peptides to target regulatory human RNA scaffolds and viral RNAs, emphasizing the potential of peptides in addressing nucleic acid-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sophie R Evers
- Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Present address, Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharma T, Kundu N, Kaur S, Shankaraswamy J, Saxena S. Why to target G-quadruplexes using peptides: Next-generation G4-interacting ligands. J Pept Sci 2023; 29:e3491. [PMID: 37009771 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Guanine-rich oligonucleotides existing in both DNA and RNA are able to fold into four-stranded DNA secondary structures via Hoogsteen type hydrogen-bonding, where four guanines self-assemble into a square planar arrangement, which, when stacked upon each other, results in the formation of higher-order structures called G-quadruplexes. Their distribution is not random; they are more frequently present at telomeres, proto-oncogenic promoters, introns, 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions, stem cell markers, ribosome binding sites and so forth and are associated with various biological functions, all of which play a pivotal role in various incurable diseases like cancer and cellular ageing. Several studies have suggested that G-quadruplexes could not regulate biological processes by themselves; instead, various proteins take part in this regulation and can be important therapeutic targets. There are certain limitations in using whole G4-protein for therapeutics purpose because of its high manufacturing cost, laborious structure prediction, dynamic nature, unavailability for oral administration due to its degradation in the gut and inefficient penetration to reach the target site because of the large size. Hence, biologically active peptides can be the potential candidates for therapeutic intervention instead of the whole G4-protein complex. In this review, we aimed to clarify the biological roles of G4s, how we can identify them throughout the genome via bioinformatics, the proteins interacting with G4s and how G4-interacting peptide molecules may be the potential next-generation ligands for targeting the G4 motifs located in biologically important regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taniya Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Nikita Kundu
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Sarvpreet Kaur
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Jadala Shankaraswamy
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, Mojerla, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Budwel, Telangana, India
| | - Sarika Saxena
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liang X, Liu M, Komiyama M. Recognition of Target Site in Various Forms of DNA and RNA by Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA): From Fundamentals to Practical Applications. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingguo Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, P. R. China
| | - Mengqin Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Makoto Komiyama
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ozaki M, Imai T, Tsuruoka T, Sakashita S, Tomizaki KY, Usui K. Elemental composition control of gold-titania nanocomposites by site-specific mineralization using artificial peptides and DNA. Commun Chem 2021; 4:1. [PMID: 36697560 PMCID: PMC9814042 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization, the precipitation of various inorganic compounds in biological systems, can be regulated in terms of the size, morphology, and crystal structure of these compounds by biomolecules such as proteins and peptides. However, it is difficult to construct complex inorganic nanostructures because they precipitate randomly in solution. Here, we report that the elemental composition of inorganic nanocomposites can be controlled by site-specific mineralization by changing the number of two inorganic-precipitating peptides bound to DNA. With a focus on gold and titania, we constructed a gold-titania photocatalyst that responds to visible light excitation. Both microscale and macroscale observations revealed that the elemental composition of this gold-titania nanocomposite can be controlled in several ten nm by changing the DNA length and the number of peptide binding sites on the DNA. Furthermore, photocatalytic activity and cell death induction effect under visible light (>450 nm) irradiation of the manufactured gold-titania nanocomposite was higher than that of commercial gold-titania and titania. Thus, we have succeeded in forming titania precipitates on a DNA terminus and gold precipitates site-specifically on double-stranded DNA as intended. Such nanometer-scale control of biomineralization represent a powerful and efficient tool for use in nanotechnology, electronics, ecology, medical science, and biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ozaki
- grid.258669.60000 0000 8565 5938Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Takahito Imai
- grid.440926.d0000 0001 0744 5780Department of Materials Chemistry, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, 520-2194 Otsu, Japan
| | - Takaaki Tsuruoka
- grid.258669.60000 0000 8565 5938Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shungo Sakashita
- grid.258669.60000 0000 8565 5938Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Kin-ya Tomizaki
- grid.440926.d0000 0001 0744 5780Department of Materials Chemistry, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, 520-2194 Otsu, Japan ,grid.440926.d0000 0001 0744 5780Department of Materials Chemistry and Innovative Materials and Processing Research Center, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, 520-2194 Otsu, Japan
| | - Kenji Usui
- grid.258669.60000 0000 8565 5938Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ozaki M, Yoshida S, Oura M, Tsuruoka T, Usui K. Effect of tryptophan residues on gold mineralization by a gold reducing peptide. RSC Adv 2020; 10:40461-40466. [PMID: 35520858 PMCID: PMC9057565 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07098j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AuBP1, obtained by phage display selection, was previously shown to produce gold nanoparticles without reducing agents. The tryptophan (Trp) residue located at the N-terminus of this peptide contributes to the reduction of Au3+ to Au0 and is involved in the nucleation and crystal growth of gold nanoparticles. However, clear guidelines for relationships between the number of Trp residues in the peptide and its gold reducing ability have not been established. We focused on gold mineralization and attempted to elucidate aspects of the underlying mechanism. We performed a detailed evaluation of the effects of modifying the N-terminus of the core sequence on gold mineralization without reducing agents. Besides, advantages of utilizing peptides in manufacturing gold nanoparticles are shown. UV-Vis measurements, TEM observations, and kinetic analyses were used to show that increasing the number of Trp residues in the peptide increases the reducing ability, causing predominance of the nucleation reaction and the production of small gold nanoparticles. In addition, these peptides also had the ability as a dispersant to protect the surface of gold nanoparticles. Furthermore, the catalytic activity of mineralized gold nanoparticles with peptides was higher than that of a commercial gold nanoparticle. This study should help to elucidate the relationship between peptide sequence and mineralization ability for use in materials chemistry. Increasing the number of tryptophan (Trp) in peptides led to higher gold reducing ability and the peptides could disperse the generated gold-nanoparticles.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ozaki
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST)
- Konan University
- Kobe
- Japan
| | - Shuhei Yoshida
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST)
- Konan University
- Kobe
- Japan
| | - Maho Oura
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST)
- Konan University
- Kobe
- Japan
| | - Takaaki Tsuruoka
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST)
- Konan University
- Kobe
- Japan
| | - Kenji Usui
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST)
- Konan University
- Kobe
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Takahashi S, Kim KT, Podbevšek P, Plavec J, Kim BH, Sugimoto N. Recovery of the Formation and Function of Oxidized G-Quadruplexes by a Pyrene-Modified Guanine Tract. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5774-5783. [PMID: 29608858 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation is one of the frequent causes of DNA damage, especially to guanine bases. Guanine bases in the G-quadruplex (G4) are sensitive to damage by oxidation, resulting in transformation to 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG). Because the formation of G4 represses the expression of some cancer-related genes, the presence of 8-oxoG in a G4 sequence might affect G4 formation and induce cancer progression. Thus, oxidized-G4 formation must be controlled using a chemical approach. In the present study, we investigated the effect of introduction of 8-oxoG into a G4 sequence on the formation and function of the G4 structure. The 8-oxoG-containing G4 derived from the promoter region of the human vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF) gene differed topologically from unoxidized G4. The oxidized VEGF G4 did not act as a replication block and was not stabilized by the G4-binding protein nucleolin. To recover G4 function, we developed an oligonucleotide consisting of a pyrene-modified guanine tract that replaces the oxidized guanine tract and forms stable intermolecular G4s with the other intact guanine tracts. When this oligonucleotide was used, the oxidized G4 stalled replication and was stabilized by nucleolin as with the unmodified G4. This strategy generally enables recovery of the function of any oxidized G4s and therefore has potential for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ki Tae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Podbevšek
- Slovenian NMR Center , National Institute of Chemistry , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Center , National Institute of Chemistry , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Byeang Hyean Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Usui K, Okada A, Sakashita S, Shimooka M, Tsuruoka T, Nakano SI, Miyoshi D, Mashima T, Katahira M, Hamada Y. DNA G-Wire Formation Using an Artificial Peptide is Controlled by Protease Activity. Molecules 2017; 22:E1991. [PMID: 29144399 PMCID: PMC6150327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a switching system for guanine nanowire (G-wire) formation by external signals is important for nanobiotechnological applications. Here, we demonstrate a DNA nanostructural switch (G-wire <--> particles) using a designed peptide and a protease. The peptide consists of a PNA sequence for inducing DNA to form DNA-PNA hybrid G-quadruplex structures, and a protease substrate sequence acting as a switching module that is dependent on the activity of a particular protease. Micro-scale analyses via TEM and AFM showed that G-rich DNA alone forms G-wires in the presence of Ca2+, and that the peptide disrupted this formation, resulting in the formation of particles. The addition of the protease and digestion of the peptide regenerated the G-wires. Macro-scale analyses by DLS, zeta potential, CD, and gel filtration were in agreement with the microscopic observations. These results imply that the secondary structure change (DNA G-quadruplex <--> DNA/PNA hybrid structure) induces a change in the well-formed nanostructure (G-wire <--> particles). Our findings demonstrate a control system for forming DNA G-wire structures dependent on protease activity using designed peptides. Such systems hold promise for regulating the formation of nanowire for various applications, including electronic circuits for use in nanobiotechnologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Usui
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Arisa Okada
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Shungo Sakashita
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Shimooka
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Tsuruoka
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Shu-Ichi Nakano
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Miyoshi
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Tsukasa Mashima
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Masato Katahira
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Yoshio Hamada
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Usui K, Ozaki M, Yamada A, Hamada Y, Tsuruoka T, Imai T, Tomizaki KY. Site-specific control of multiple mineralizations using a designed peptide and DNA. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:17081-17084. [PMID: 27550384 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr03468c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a site-specific method for precipitating multiple inorganic compounds using target DNA and a designed peptide consisting of a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) sequence and an inorganic compound-precipitating sequence. This system for controlled site-specific precipitation represents a powerful tool for use in nanobiotechnology and materials science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Usui
- FIRST (Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ozaki M, Nagai K, Nishiyama H, Tsuruoka T, Fujii S, Endoh T, Imai T, Tomizaki KY, Usui K. Site-specific control of silica mineralization on DNA using a designed peptide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:4010-3. [PMID: 26690695 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07870a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a site-specific method for precipitating inorganic compounds using organic compounds, DNA, and designed peptides with peptide nucleic acids (PNAs). Such a system for site-specific precipitation represents a powerful tool for use in nanobiochemistry and materials chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ozaki
- FIRST (Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Kazuma Nagai
- FIRST (Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Hiroto Nishiyama
- FIRST (Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Tsuruoka
- FIRST (Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- FIRST (Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Tamaki Endoh
- FIBER (Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takahito Imai
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu 520-2194, Japan
| | - Kin-Ya Tomizaki
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu 520-2194, Japan and Innovative Materials and Processing Research Center, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu 520-2194, Japan.
| | - Kenji Usui
- FIRST (Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kormuth KA, Woolford JL, Armitage BA. Homologous PNA Hybridization to Noncanonical DNA G-Quadruplexes. Biochemistry 2016; 55:1749-57. [PMID: 26950608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Potential guanine (G) quadruplex-forming sequences (QFSs) found throughout the genomes and transcriptomes of organisms have emerged as biologically relevant structures. These G-quadruplexes represent novel opportunities for gene regulation at the DNA and RNA levels. Recently, the definition of functional QFSs has been expanding to include a variety of unconventional motifs, including relatively long loop sequences (i.e., >7 nucleotides) separating adjacent G-tracts. We have identified a QFS within the 25S rDNA gene from Saccharomyces cerevisae that features a long loop separating the two 3'-most G-tracts. An oligonucleotide based on this sequence, QFS3, folds into a stable G-quadruplex in vitro. We have studied the interaction between QFS3 and several loop mutants with a small, homologous (G-rich) peptide nucleic acid (PNA) oligomer that is designed to form a DNA/PNA heteroquadruplex. The PNA successfully invades the DNA quadruplex target to form a stable heteroquadruplex, but with surprisingly high PNA:DNA ratios based on surface plasmon resonance and mass spectrometric results. A model for high stoichiometry PNA-DNA heteroquadruplexes is proposed, and the implications for quadruplex targeting by G-rich PNA are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Kormuth
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biological Sciences, and §Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, United States
| | - John L Woolford
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biological Sciences, and §Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, United States
| | - Bruce A Armitage
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biological Sciences, and §Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Regioselective alkylation of guanine derivatives in the synthesis of peptide nucleic acid monomers. Russ Chem Bull 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-0986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|