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Abstract
The construction of well-defined polyurethane dendrimers is challenging due to the high reactivity of externally added or in situ formed isocyanates leading to the formation of side products. With a primary focus of dendrimer research being the interaction of the periphery and the core, we report the synthesis of a common polyurethane dendron, which allows for the late-stage variation of both the periphery and the core. The periphery can be varied simply by installing a clickable unit in the dendron and then attaching to the core and vice-versa. Thus, a common dendron allows for varying periphery and core in the final two steps. To accomplish this, a protecting group-free, one-pot multicomponent Curtius reaction was utilized to afford a robust and versatile AB2 type polyurethane dendron employing commercially available simple molecules: 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid, 11-bromoundecanol, and 4-penten-1-ol. Subsequent late-stage modifications of either dendrons or dendrimers via a thiol-ene click reaction gave surface-functionalized alternating aromatic-aliphatic polyurethane homodendrimers to generation-three (G3). The dendrons and the dendrimers were characterized by NMR, mass spectrometry, and FT-IR analysis. A bifunctional AB2 type dendritic monomer demonstrated this approach’s versatility that can either undergo a thiol-ene click or attachment to the core. This approach enables the incorporation of functionalities at the periphery and the core that may not withstand the dendrimer growth for the synthesis of polyurethane dendrimers and other dendritic macromolecules.
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2
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Two Decades of Triazine Dendrimers. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164774. [PMID: 34443361 PMCID: PMC8401192 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For two decades, methods for the synthesis and characterization of dendrimers based on [1,3,5]-triazine have been advanced by the group. Motivated by the desire to generate structural complexity on the periphery, initial efforts focused on convergent syntheses, which yielded pure materials to generation three. To obtain larger generations of dendrimers, divergent strategies were pursued using iterative reactions of monomers, sequential additions of triazine and diamines, and ultimately, macromonomers. Strategies for the incorporation of bioactive molecules using non-covalent and covalent strategies have been explored. These bioactive materials included small molecule drugs, peptides, and genetic material. In some cases, these constructs were examined in both in vitro and in vivo models with a focus on targeting prostate tumor subtypes with paclitaxel conjugates. In the materials realm, the use of triazine dendrimers anchored on solid surfaces including smectite clay, silica, mesoporous alumina, polystyrene, and others was explored for the separation of volatile organics from gas streams or the sequestration of atrazine from solution. The combination of these organics with metal nanoparticles has been probed. The goal of this review is to summarize these efforts.
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3
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Asadi B, Mohammadpoor‐Baltork I, Mirkhani V, Tangestaninejad S, Moghadam M. Synthesis of Bi(III) Immobilized on Carboxyl‐Terminated Triazine Dendrimer Stabilized Magnetic Nanoparticles: Improvement of Catalytic Activity for Synthesis of Indol‐3‐yl Acrylates. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beheshteh Asadi
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis DivisionUniversity of Isfahan Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
| | | | - Valiollah Mirkhani
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis DivisionUniversity of Isfahan Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
| | | | - Majid Moghadam
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis DivisionUniversity of Isfahan Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
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4
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Redón R, Ramírez-Crescencio F, Gonzalez-Rodriguez R, Coffer J, Simanek EE. Ir(0) and Pt(0) nanoparticle-triazine dendrimer composites. J COORD CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2020.1738407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Redón
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - F. Ramírez-Crescencio
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | | | - J. Coffer
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - E. E. Simanek
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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5
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Ilinskaya AN, Shah A, Enciso AE, Chan KC, Kaczmarczyk JA, Blonder J, Simanek EE, Dobrovolskaia MA. Nanoparticle physicochemical properties determine the activation of intracellular complement. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2019; 17:266-275. [PMID: 30794962 PMCID: PMC6520145 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The complement system plays an essential role in both innate and adaptive immunity. The traditional understanding of this system comes from studies investigating complement proteins produced by the liver and present in plasma to "complement" the immune cell-mediated response to invading pathogens. Recently, it has been reported that immune cells including, but not limited to, T-cells and monocytes, express complement proteins. This complement is referred to as intracellular (IC) and implicated in the regulation of T-cell activation. The mechanisms and the structure-activity relationship between nanomaterials and IC, however, are currently unknown. Herein, we describe a structure-activity relationship study demonstrating that under in vitro conditions, only polymeric materials with cationic surfaces activate IC in T-cells. The effect also depends on particle size and occurs through a mechanism involving membrane damage, thereby IC on the cell surface serves as a self-opsonization marker in response to the nanoparticle-triggered danger affecting the cell integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N Ilinskaya
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Ankit Shah
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Alan E Enciso
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX
| | - King C Chan
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Jan A Kaczmarczyk
- Antibody Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Josip Blonder
- Antibody Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Eric E Simanek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD.
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6
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Dzhardimalieva GI, Uflyand IE. Synthetic Methodologies for Chelating Polymer Ligands: Recent Advances and Future Development. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gulzhian I. Dzhardimalieva
- Laboratory of MetallopolymersThe Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS Academician Semenov avenue 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432 Russian Federation
| | - Igor E. Uflyand
- Department of ChemistrySouthern Federal University B. Sadovaya str. 105/42, Rostov-on-Don 344006 Russian Federation
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7
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Yepremyan A, Mehmood A, Brewer S, Barnett MM, Janesko BG, Akkaraju G, Simanek EE, Green KN. A new triazine bearing a pyrazolone group capable of copper, nickel, and zinc chelation. RSC Adv 2018; 8:3024-3035. [PMID: 29503730 PMCID: PMC5831559 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09459k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in inorganic applications of triazines is growing. In this report, metal complexes of copper(ii), nickel(ii), and zinc(ii) and a novel class of chelates composed of a triazine ring substituted with a hydrazine group and pyrazolone are evaluated using spectrophotometric methods, single crystal X-ray diffractometry, and electrochemistry. Complexes with copper(ii) include a single chelate and chloride ion(s)/water to satisfy a trigonal bipyramidal coordination sphere. The nickel(ii) and zinc(ii) complexes are composed of two chelating groups that adopt an octahedral geometry around the metal ion. Irreversible redox activity was observed with the copper(ii) complex but no redox activity was observed with the ligand alone or zinc(ii) and nickel(ii) complexes. Use of the coumarin carboxylic acid assay shows that the ligand motif is capable of preventing redox cycling of copper in biological conditions and could thus serve as an antioxidant preventative agent. Cellular toxicity studies show that the new triazine molecule could have therapeutic applications in the μM concentration range based on the measured EC50 = 1.183 ± 0.002 mM. Altogether this work shows that by merging triazine chemistry into inorganic compounds, there is potential to explore a range applications thanks to the new architecture. A new triazine bearing a pyrazolone moiety and metalation with first row transition metals, copper(ii), nickel(ii), and zinc(ii) is explored.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Akop Yepremyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129
| | - Arshad Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129
| | - Samantha Brewer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129
| | - Madalyn M Barnett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129
| | - Benjamin G Janesko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129
| | - Giridhar Akkaraju
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129
| | - Eric E Simanek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129
| | - Kayla N Green
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129
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8
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Gonzalez P, Pota K, Turan LS, da Costa VCP, Akkaraju G, Green KN. Synthesis, Characterization, and Activity of a Triazine Bridged Antioxidant Small Molecule. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2414-2423. [PMID: 28768410 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-ion misregulation and oxidative stress continue to be components of the continually evolving hypothesis describing the molecular origins of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, these features are viable targets for synthetic chemists to explore through hybridizations of metal-binding ligands and antioxidant units. To date, the metal-binding unit in potential therapeutic small molecules has largely been inspired by clioquinol with the exception of a handful of heterocyclic small molecules and open-chain systems. Heterocyclic small molecules such as cyclen (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) have the advantage of straightforward N-based modifications, allowing the addition of functional groups. In this work, we report the synthesis of a triazine bridged system containing two cyclen metal-binding units and an antioxidant coumarin appendage inspired by nature. This new potential therapeutic molecule shows the ability to bind copper in a unique manner compared to other chelates proposed to treat Alzheimer's disease. DPPH and TEAC assays exploring the activity of N-(2-((4,6-di(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)ethyl)-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxamide (molecule 1) show that the molecule is antioxidant. Cellular studies of molecule 1 indicate a low toxicity (EC50 = 80 μM) and the ability to protect HT-22 neuronal cells from cell death induced by Aβ + copper(II), thus demonstrating the potential for molecule 1 to serve as a multimodal therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Kristof Pota
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Lara Su Turan
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Viviana C. P. da Costa
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Giridhar Akkaraju
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Kayla N. Green
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
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9
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Kakkar A, Traverso G, Farokhzad OC, Weissleder R, Langer R. Evolution of macromolecular complexity in drug delivery systems. Nat Rev Chem 2017; 1:63. [PMID: 31286060 PMCID: PMC6613785 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-017-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Designing therapeutics is a process with many challenges. Even if the first hurdle - designing a drug that modulates the action of a particular biological target in vitro - is overcome, selective delivery to that target in vivo presents a major barrier. Side-effects can, in many cases, result from the need to use higher doses without targeted delivery. However, the established use of macromolecules to encapsulate or conjugate drugs can provide improved delivery, and stands to enable better therapeutic outcomes. In this Review, we discuss how drug delivery approaches have evolved alongside our ability to prepare increasingly complex macromolecular architectures. We examine how this increased complexity has overcome the challenges of drug delivery and discuss its potential for fulfilling unmet needs in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kakkar
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Omid C Farokhzad
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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10
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Enciso AE, Doni G, Nifosì R, Palazzesi F, Gonzalez R, Ellsworth AA, Coffer JL, Walker AV, Pavan GM, Mohamed AA, Simanek EE. Facile synthesis of stable, water soluble, dendron-coated gold nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:3128-3132. [PMID: 28211928 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr09679d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Upon reduction with sodium borohydride, diazonium tetrachloroaurate salts of triazine dendrons yield dendron-coated gold nanoparticles connected by a gold-carbon bond. These robust nanoparticles are stable in water and toluene solutions for longer than one year and present surface groups that can be reacted to change surface chemistry and manipulate solubility. Molecular modeling was used to provide insight on the hydration of the nanoparticles and their observed solubilties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan E Enciso
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Giovanni Doni
- Department of Physics, King's College, London Strand, London WC2R 2NS, UK
| | - Riccardo Nifosì
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Palazzesi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland and Facoltá di Informatica, Istituto di Scienze Computazionali, Universitá della Svizzera Italiana, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | | | - Jeffery L Coffer
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Amy V Walker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Giovanni M Pavan
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Galleria 2, Via Cantonale 2c, CH-6928 Manno, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed A Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA and Department of Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eric E Simanek
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
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11
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Ramírez-Crescencio F, Enciso AE, Hasan M, da Costa VCP, Annunziata O, Redón R, Coffer JL, Simanek EE. Thermoregulated Coacervation, Metal-Encapsulation and Nanoparticle Synthesis in Novel Triazine Dendrimers. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050599. [PMID: 27187331 PMCID: PMC6273988 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and solubility behaviors of four generation five (G5) triazine dendrimers are studied. While the underivatized cationic dendrimer is soluble in water, the acetylated and propanoylated derivatives undergo coacervation in water upon increasing temperature. Occurring around room temperature, this behavior is related to a liquid-liquid phase transition with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and is explained by differences in composition, notably, the hydrophobic nature of the terminal groups. Interestingly, the water solubility of the acetylated dendrimer is affected by the addition of selected metal ions. Titrating solutions of acetylated dendrimer at temperatures below the LCST with gold or palladium ions promoted precipitation, but platinum, iridium, and copper did not. Gold nanoparticles having diameters of 2.5 ± 0.8 nm can be obtained from solutions of the acetylated dendrimer at concentrations of gold less than that required to induce precipitation by treating the solution with sodium borohydride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fermín Ramírez-Crescencio
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, A.P. 70-186, C.P., Cd. Mx. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Alan E Enciso
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
| | - Mirza Hasan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
| | - Viviana C P da Costa
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
| | - Onofrio Annunziata
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
| | - Rocío Redón
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, A.P. 70-186, C.P., Cd. Mx. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Jeffery L Coffer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
| | - Eric E Simanek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
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12
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Enciso AE, Neun B, Rodriguez J, Ranjan AP, Dobrovolskaia MA, Simanek EE. Nanoparticle Effects on Human Platelets in Vitro: A Comparison between PAMAM and Triazine Dendrimers. Molecules 2016; 21:428. [PMID: 27043508 PMCID: PMC6273833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triazine and PAMAM dendrimers of similar size and number of cationic surface groups were compared for their ability to promote platelet aggregation. Triazine dendrimers (G3, G5 and G7) varied in molecular weight from 8 kDa-130 kDa and in surface groups 16-256. PAMAM dendrimers selected for comparison included G3 (7 kDa, 32 surface groups) and G6 (58 kDa, 256 surface groups). The treatment of human platelet-rich plasma (PRP) with low generation triazine dendrimers (0.01-1 µM) did not show any significant effect in human platelet aggregation in vitro; however, the treatment of PRP with larger generations promotes an effective aggregation. These results are in agreement with studies performed with PAMAM dendrimers, where large generations promote aggregation. Triazine dendrimers promote aggregation less aggressively than PAMAM dendrimers, a factor attributed to differences in cationic charge or the formation of supramolecular assemblies of dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan E Enciso
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
| | - Barry Neun
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jamie Rodriguez
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Amalendu P Ranjan
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics & Institute of Cancer Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA.
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Eric E Simanek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
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13
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Functionalization of a Triazine Dendrimer Presenting Four Maleimides on the Periphery and a DOTA Group at the Core. Molecules 2016; 21:335. [PMID: 26978338 PMCID: PMC6273729 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A readily and rapidly accessible triazine dendrimer was manipulated in four steps with 23% overall yield to give a construct displaying four maleimide groups and DOTA. The maleimide groups of the dendrimer are sensitive to hydrolysis under basic conditions. The addition of up to four molecules of water can be observed via mass spectrometry and HPLC. The evolution in the alkene region of the ¹H-NMR--the transformation of the maleimide singlet to the appearance of two doublets--is consistent with imide hydrolysis and not the Michael addition. The hydrolysis events that proceeded over hours are sufficiently slower than the desired thiol addition reactions that occur in minutes. The addition of thiols to maleimides can be accomplished in a variety of solvents. The thiols examined derived from cysteine and include the protected amino acid, a protected dipeptide, and native oligopeptides containing either 9 or 18 amino acids. The addition reactions were monitored with HPLC and mass spectrometry in most cases. Complete substitution was observed for small molecule reactants. The model peptides containing nine or eighteen amino acids provided a mixture of products averaging between 3 and 4 substitutions/dendrimer. The functionalization of the chelate group with gadolinium was also accomplished easily.
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14
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Kubo T, Figg CA, Swartz JL, Brooks WLA, Sumerlin BS. Multifunctional Homopolymers: Postpolymerization Modification via Sequential Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kubo
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - C. Adrian Figg
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Jeremy L. Swartz
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - William L. A. Brooks
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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15
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Jaymand M, Lotfi M, Lotfi R. Functional dendritic compounds: potential prospective candidates for dental restorative materials and in situ re-mineralization of human tooth enamel. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05722e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a snapshot of recent progress in the synthesis and application of dendritic compounds as potential prospective candidates for dental restorative materials andin siture-mineralization of human tooth enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Jaymand
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
| | - Meherdad Lotfi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
- Department of Endodontics
| | - Rana Lotfi
- Faculty of Health
- York University
- Toronto
- Canada
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16
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Figg CA, Kubo T, Sumerlin BS. Efficient and Chemoselective Synthesis of ω,ω-Heterodifunctional Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:1114-1118. [PMID: 35614814 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We report a strategy for the preparation of semitelechelic polymers containing two distinct functionalities at one chain end by consecutive and chemoselective nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions on 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine (TCT). Because of its commercial availability, well-defined nature, and ubiquity in biological applications, monomethyl ether poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) was chosen to demonstrate the utility of this ω,ω-heterodifunctional end-group modification strategy. TCT-functionalized mPEG underwent highly efficient ω,ω-heterodisubstitution via sequential chemoselective substitution with model thiols and amines. The efficiency of nucleophile conjugation to the polymer end group was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and matrix assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In addition, density functional theory calculations provided insight into the importance of nucleophile addition order. This route introduces TCT derivatization as a powerful and facile tool to achieve specific polymeric end-group complexity and efficient heterogeneous functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Adrian Figg
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Tomohiro Kubo
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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17
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Crişan CV, Terec A, Hădade ND, Grosu I. Cryptands with 2,4,6-tris(p-phenylene)-1,3,5-triazine central units and oligoethyleneoxide bridges: synthesis, structure and complexation abilities. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Sharma R, Zhang I, Abbassi L, Rej R, Maysinger D, Roy R. A fast track strategy toward highly functionalized dendrimers with different structural layers: an “onion peel approach”. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01761g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy is described for the rapid syntheses of polyhydroxylated dendrimers in which the layer by layer building blocks are different from one another. The resulting dendrimers showed no cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Sharma
- Pharmaqam and Nanoqam
- Department of Chemistry
- University du Québec à Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Issan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - Leïla Abbassi
- Pharmaqam and Nanoqam
- Department of Chemistry
- University du Québec à Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Rabindra Rej
- Pharmaqam and Nanoqam
- Department of Chemistry
- University du Québec à Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - René Roy
- Pharmaqam and Nanoqam
- Department of Chemistry
- University du Québec à Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada
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19
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Yang X, Shang H, Ding C, Li J. Recent developments and applications of bioinspired dendritic polymers. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01537a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the bioinspired applications of dendritic polymers, focusing on their structure–function relationship to natural biomolecules such as proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Hui Shang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Chunmei Ding
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
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20
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Enciso AE, Ramirez-Crescencio F, Zeiser M, Redón R, Simanek EE. Accelerated synthesis of large generation triazine dendrimers using microwave assisted reactions: a 24 hour challenge. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00899a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The expedited synthesis of odd generation triazine dendrimers up to generation 9 can be executed in high yields using microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. E. Enciso
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas Christian University
- Fort Worth
- USA
| | - F. Ramirez-Crescencio
- Departamento de Tecnociencias
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Coyoacán
| | - M. Zeiser
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas Christian University
- Fort Worth
- USA
| | - R. Redón
- Departamento de Tecnociencias
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Coyoacán
| | - E. E. Simanek
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas Christian University
- Fort Worth
- USA
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