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Rajput SK, Mothika VS. Powders to Thin Films: Advances in Conjugated Microporous Polymer Chemical Sensors. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300730. [PMID: 38407503 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Chemical sensing of harmful species released either from natural or anthropogenic activities is critical to ensuring human safety and health. Over the last decade, conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) have been proven to be potential sensor materials with the possibility of realizing sensing devices for practical applications. CMPs found to be unique among other porous materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) due to their high chemical/thermal stability, high surface area, microporosity, efficient host-guest interactions with the analyte, efficient exciton migration along the π-conjugated chains, and tailorable structure to target specific analytes. Several CMP-based optical, electrochemical, colorimetric, and ratiometric sensors with excellent selectivity and sensing performance were reported. This review comprehensively discusses the advances in CMP chemical sensors (powders and thin films) in the detection of nitroaromatic explosives, chemical warfare agents, anions, metal ions, biomolecules, iodine, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with simultaneous delineation of design strategy principles guiding the selectivity and sensitivity of CMP. Preceding this, various photophysical mechanisms responsible for chemical sensing are discussed in detail for convenience. Finally, future challenges to be addressed in the field of CMP chemical sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kumar Rajput
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Venkata Suresh Mothika
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
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2
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Fajal S, Dutta S, Ghosh SK. Porous organic polymers (POPs) for environmental remediation. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4083-4138. [PMID: 37575072 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00672g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Modern global industrialization along with the ever-increasing growth of the population has resulted in continuous enhancement in the discharge and accumulation of various toxic and hazardous chemicals in the environment. These harmful pollutants, including toxic gases, inorganic heavy metal ions, anthropogenic waste, persistent organic pollutants, toxic dyes, pharmaceuticals, volatile organic compounds, etc., are destroying the ecological balance of the environment. Therefore, systematic monitoring and effective remediation of these toxic pollutants either by adsorptive removal or by catalytic degradation are of great significance. From this viewpoint, porous organic polymers (POPs), being two- or three-dimensional polymeric materials, constructed from small organic molecules connected with rigid covalent bonds have come forth as a promising platform toward various leading applications, especially for efficient environmental remediation. Their unique chemical and structural features including high stability, tunable pore functionalization, and large surface area have boosted the transformation of POPs into various macro-physical forms such as thick and thin-film membranes, which led to a new direction in advanced level pollutant removal, separation and catalytic degradation. In this review, our focus is to highlight the recent progress and achievements in the strategic design, synthesis, architectural-engineering and applications of POPs and their composite materials toward environmental remediation. Several strategies to improve the adsorption efficiency and catalytic degradation performance along with the in-depth interaction mechanism of POP-based materials have been systematically summarized. In addition, evolution of POPs from regular powder form application to rapid and more efficient size and chemo-selective, "real-time" applicable membrane-based application has been further highlighted. Finally, we put forward our perspective on the challenges and opportunities of these materials toward real-world implementation and future prospects in next generation remediation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahel Fajal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India.
| | - Subhajit Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India.
| | - Sujit K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India.
- Centre for Water Research, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
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3
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Wang S, Li H, Huang H, Cao X, Chen X, Cao D. Porous organic polymers as a platform for sensing applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2031-2080. [PMID: 35226024 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00059h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensing analysis is significantly important for human health and environmental safety, and has gained increasing concern. As a promising material, porous organic polymers (POPs) have drawn widespread attention due to the availability of plentiful building blocks and their tunable structures, porosity and functions. Moreover, the permanent porous nature could provide a micro-environment to interact with guest molecules, rendering POPs attractive for application in the sensing field. In this review, we give a comprehensive overview of POPs as a platform for sensing applications. POP-based sensors are mainly divided into five categories, including fluorescence turn-on sensors, fluorescence turn-off sensors, ratiometric fluorescent sensors, colorimetric sensors and chemiresistive sensors, and their various sensing applications in detecting explosives, metal ions, anions, small molecules, biological molecules, pH changes, enantiomers, latent fingerprints and thermosensation are summarized. The different structure-based POPs and their corresponding synthetic strategies as well as the related sensing mechanisms mainly including energy transfer, donor-acceptor electron transfer, absorption competition quenching and inner filter effect are also involved in the discussion. Finally, the future outlook and perspective are addressed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Hongtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Huanan Huang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 222005, China
| | - Xiaohua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 222005, China
| | - Xiudong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 222005, China
| | - Dapeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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Munusamy S, Swaminathan S, Jothi D, Muralidharan VP, Iyer SK. A sensitive and selective BINOL based ratiometric fluorescence sensor for the detection of cyanide ions. RSC Adv 2021; 11:15656-15662. [PMID: 35481207 PMCID: PMC9029250 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01213d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly selective, novel BINOL based sensor BBCN has been developed for the fluorescent ratiometric detection of cyanide ions (CN−). The optical study revealed that BBCN exhibited unique spectral changes only with cyanide ions in the presence of other competing ions. Besides, an apparent fluorescent colour change from green to blue was observed. A clear linear relationship was observed between the fluorescence ratiometric ratio of BBCN and the concentration of CN− with a reasonably low detection limit (LOD) of 189 nM (507 ppb). The optical response was due to the nucleophilic addition of CN− to the dicyanovinyl group of the sensor, which compromises the probe's intramolecular charge transfer. This mechanism was well confirmed by Job's plot, 1H-NMR and ESI-MS studies. BBCN showed immediate spectral response towards (1 second) CN− and detection could be realized in a broad pH window. Furthermore, the practical utility of BBCN was studied by test paper-based analysis and the detection of CN− in various water resources. A highly selective, novel BINOL based sensor BBCN has been developed for the fluorescent ratiometric detection of cyanide ions (CN−).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathishkumar Munusamy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore-632014 India
| | - Sathish Swaminathan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore-632014 India
| | - Dhanapal Jothi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore-632014 India
| | - Vivek Panyam Muralidharan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore-632014 India
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5
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Kalin AJ, Che S, Wang C, Mu AU, Duka EM, Fang L. Solution-Processable Porous Nanoparticles of a Conjugated Ladder Polymer Network. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Kalin
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
| | - Sai Che
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3003 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3003, United States
| | - Anthony U. Mu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
| | - E. Meir Duka
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3003 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3003, United States
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6
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Hu X. Synthesis of Novel Hyperbranched Polybenzo-Bisthiazole Amide with Donor⁻Acceptor (D-A) Architecture, High Fluorescent Quantum Yield and Large Stokes Shift. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9080304. [PMID: 30970982 PMCID: PMC6418910 DOI: 10.3390/polym9080304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Two novel highly fluorescent hyperbranched polybenzobisthiazole amides with a donor⁻acceptor architecture and large Stokes shift were rationally designed and synthesized. The chemical structures of the prepared hyperbranched polymers were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H-NMR) analysis, and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) analysis. These two polymers were soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and their DMSO and DMF solutions emitted strong green light (517⁻537 nm) with high quantum yields (QYs) and large Stokes shifts. Their relative fluorescence QYs in the DMSO solution were calculated as 77.75% and 81.14% with the Stokes shifts of 137 nm (0.86 eV) and 149 nm (0.92 eV) for HP⁻COOH and HP⁻NH₂, respectively, using quinine sulfate as the standard. In the DMF solution, the QYs of HP⁻COOH and HP⁻NH₂ were calculated as 104.65% and 118.72%, with the Stokes shifts of 128 nm (0.79 eV) and 147 nm (0.87 eV), respectively. Their films mainly emitted strong blue light with the maximum emission wavelengths of 436 nm and 480 nm for HP⁻COOH and HP⁻NH₂, respectively. The Stokes shifts for HP⁻COOH and HP⁻NH₂ films were 131 nm (0.42 eV) and 179 nm (0.86 eV), respectively. They are promising candidates for luminescent solar concentrators and blue light emitting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Baoji 721013, Shaanxi, China.
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7
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Xu Y, Li H, Wu X, Chen Y, Hang H, Tong H, Wang L. Fluorescence fiber-optic turn-on detection of trace hydrazine vapor with dicyanovinyl-functionalized triazatruxene-based hyperbranched conjugated polymer nanoparticles. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00015d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A solution-processed triazatruxene-based hyperbranched conjugated polymer nanoparticle was applied for fluorescence fiber-optic detection of hydrazine vapor with a limit of detection down to 1.1 mg m−3 in 5 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaofu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Hao Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
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8
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Luo C, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Cai X. Hyperbranched conjugated polymers containing 1,3-butadiene units: metal-free catalyzed synthesis and selective chemosensors for Fe3+ ions. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00540g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperbranched polymers containing 1,3-butadiene units in main chain were synthesized by transition-metal-free catalysis and investigated as chemosensors for Fe3+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuxin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710119
- P. R. China
| | - Yating Liu
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710119
- P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710119
- P. R. China
| | - Xuediao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710119
- P. R. China
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9
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Ding W, Zhang H, Xu J, Wen Y, Zhang J, Liu H, Yao Y, Zhang Z. Development of solution-dispersible hyperbranched conjugated polymer nanoparticles for Fe3+fluorescent detection and their application in logic gate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanchuan Ding
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang People's Republic of China 330013
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry; Jiangxi Agricultural University; Nanchang People's Republic of China 330045
| | - Hui Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang People's Republic of China 330013
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry; Jiangxi Agricultural University; Nanchang People's Republic of China 330045
| | - Jingkun Xu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang People's Republic of China 330013
| | - Yangping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry; Jiangxi Agricultural University; Nanchang People's Republic of China 330045
| | - Jie Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang People's Republic of China 330013
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry; Jiangxi Agricultural University; Nanchang People's Republic of China 330045
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang People's Republic of China 330013
| | - Yuanyuan Yao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang People's Republic of China 330013
| | - Zhouxiang Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University; Nanchang People's Republic of China 330013
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry; Jiangxi Agricultural University; Nanchang People's Republic of China 330045
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10
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Xu Y, Wu X, Chen Y, Hang H, Tong H, Wang L. Fiber-optic detection of nitroaromatic explosives with solution-processable triazatruxene-based hyperbranched conjugated polymer nanoparticles. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00930a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solution-processable triazatruxene-based hyperbranched conjugated polymer nanoparticles have been developed as homogeneous, transparent fluorescent films coated on glass substrates and on optic-fiber tips for the detection of TNT vapor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaofu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Hao Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
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11
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Bandyopadhyay S, Métivier R, Pallavi P, Preis E, Nakatani K, Landfester K, Patra A, Scherf U. Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticle-Triplet Emitter Hybrids in Aqueous Dispersion: Fabrication and Fluorescence Quenching Behavior. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 37:271-7. [PMID: 26663576 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymer nanoparticles based on poly[9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene] and poly[N-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-N,N-diphenylamine)-4,4'-diyl] are fabricated using anionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulphate in water by miniemulsion technique. Average diameters of polyfluorene and polytriarylamine nanoparticles range from 70 to 100 and 100 to 140 nm, respectively. The surface of the nanoparticles is decorated with triplet emitting dye, tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chloride. Intriguing photophysics of aqueous dispersions of these hybrid nanoparticles is investigated. Nearly 50% quenching of fluorescence is observed in the case of dye-coated polyfluorene nanoparticles; excitation energy transfer is found to be the dominant quenching mechanism. On the other hand, nearly complete quenching of emission is noticed in polytriarylamine nanoparticle-dye hybrids. It is proposed that the excited state electron transfer from the electron-rich polytriarylamine donor polymer to Ru complex leads to the complete quenching of emission of polytriarylamine nanoparticles. The current study offers promising avenues for developing aqueous solution processed-electroluminescent devices involving a conjugated polymer nanoparticle host and Ru or Ir-based triplet emitting dye as the guest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Rémi Métivier
- PPSM, ENS Cachan, CNRS, UniverSud, 61 av President Wilson, 94230, Cachan, France
| | - Pragyan Pallavi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Eduard Preis
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Bergische University Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, D-42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Keitaro Nakatani
- PPSM, ENS Cachan, CNRS, UniverSud, 61 av President Wilson, 94230, Cachan, France
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Department of Physical Chemistry of Polymers, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Abhijit Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Bergische University Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, D-42119, Wuppertal, Germany
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12
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Wu X, Li H, Xu Y, Tong H, Wang L. Intramolecular charge-transfer emission from conjugated polymer nanoparticles: the terminal group effect on electronic and optical properties. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00006h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Efficient tuning of electronic and optical properties of conjugated polymer nanoparticles by intramolecular charge transfer between the core and the terminal groups is demonstrated for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Haibo Li
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100039
- P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Xu
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100039
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
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