Mussel-inspired enzyme immobilization and dual real-time compensation algorithms for durable and accurate continuous glucose monitoring

Blood glucose sensing is very important for diabetic management. It is shifting towards a continuous glucose monitoring because such a system can alleviate patient suffering and provide a large number of glucose measurements. Here, we proposed a novel approach for the development of durable and accurate enzymatic continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS). For the long-term durable and selective immobilization of glucose oxidase on a microneedle electrode, a biocompatible engineered mussel adhesive protein was employed through efficient electrochemical oxidation strategy. For the accurate performance in in vivo environments, we also suggested dual real-time compensated algorithms to cover both temperature and time-lag differences. After pre-clinical and pilot-clinical evaluations, we confirmed that our proposed CGMS has an outstanding performance compared with various commercially available continuous systems and achieves comparable performance to disposable glucose sensors.

Enzymatic Formation of Polyaniline, Polypyrrole, and Polythiophene Nanoparticles with Embedded Glucose Oxidase

Polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (Ppy), and polythiophene (PTh) composite nanoparticles with embedded glucose oxidase (GOx) were formed by enzymatic polymerization of corresponding monomers (aniline, pyrrole, and thiophene). The influence of monomers concentration, the pH of solution, and the ratio of enzyme/substrate on the formation of PANI/GOx, Ppy/GOx, and PTh/GOx composite nanoparticles were spectrophotometrically investigated. The highest formation rate of PANI-, Ppy-, and PTh-based nanoparticles with embedded GOx was observed in the sodium acetate buffer solution, pH 6.0. The increase of optical absorbance at λ_max = 440 nm, λ_max = 460 nm, and λ_max = 450 nm was exploited for the monitoring of PANI/GOx, Ppy/GOx and PTh/GOx formation, respectively. It was determined that the highest polymerization rate of PANI/GOx, Ppy/GOx, and PTh/GOx composite nanoparticles was achieved in solution containing 0.75 mg mL⁻¹ of GOx and 0.05 mol L⁻¹ of glucose. The influence of the enzymatic polymerization duration on the formation of PANI/GOx and Ppy/GOx composite nanoparticles was spectrophotometrically investigated. The most optimal duration for the enzymatic synthesis of PANI/GOx and Ppy/GOx composite nanoparticles was in the range of 48–96 h. It was determined that the diameter of formed PANI/GOx and Ppy/GOx composite nanoparticles depends on the duration of polymerization using dynamic light scattering technique (DLS), and it was in the range of 41–167 nm and 65–122 nm, when polymerization lasted from 16 to 120 h.

Ferrocene-based hyperbranched poly(phenyltriazolylcarboxylate)s: synthesis by phenylpropiolate-azide polycycloaddition and use as precursors to nanostructured magnetoceramics

Ferrocene-based hb-PPTCs with redox activity are readily prepared by the catalyst-free phenylpropiolate-azide polycycloaddition. They could be used as precursors to produce nanostructured magnetoceramics upon pyrolysis.

EF, Zhao Y. Redox-dependent properties of DTF-endcapped π-oligomers

Solid films of electroactive π-conjugated oligomers show distinct redox behaviour from that in solution, with interesting morphological changes accompanying oxidation.

Vice versa donor acceptor fluorene–ferrocene alternate copolymer: a twisted ribbon for electrical switching

Two donor–acceptor type copolymers (PFFC-1 and PFFC-2) containing ferrocene and fluorene moieties have been successfully synthesized to evaluate the redox triggered optical and electronic properties.