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Chen X, Chen H, Fraser Stoddart J. The Story of the Little Blue Box: A Tribute to Siegfried Hünig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211387. [PMID: 36131604 PMCID: PMC10099103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), also known as the little blue box, constitutes a modular receptor that has facilitated the discovery of many host-guest complexes and mechanically interlocked molecules during the past 35 years. Its versatility in binding small π-donors in its tetracationic state, as well as forming trisradical tricationic complexes with viologen radical cations in its doubly reduced bisradical dicationic state, renders it valuable for the construction of various stimuli-responsive materials. Since the first reports in 1988, the little blue box has been featured in over 500 publications in the literature. All this research activity would not have been possible without the seminal contributions carried out by Siegfried Hünig, who not only pioneered the syntheses of viologen-containing cyclophanes, but also revealed their rich redox chemistry in addition to their ability to undergo intramolecular π-dimerization. This Review describes how his pioneering research led to the design and synthesis of the little blue box, and how this redox-active host evolved into the key component of molecular shuttles, switches, and machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yang Chen
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
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Zaytseva EV, Mazhukin DG. Spirocyclic Nitroxides as Versatile Tools in Modern Natural Sciences: From Synthesis to Applications. Part I. Old and New Synthetic Approaches to Spirocyclic Nitroxyl Radicals. Molecules 2021; 26:677. [PMID: 33525514 PMCID: PMC7865516 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirocyclic nitroxyl radicals (SNRs) are stable paramagnetics bearing spiro-junction at a-, b-, or g-carbon atom of the nitroxide fragment, which is part of the heterocyclic system. Despite the fact that the first representatives of SNRs were obtained about 50 years ago, the methodology of their synthesis and their usage in chemistry and biochemical applications have begun to develop rapidly only in the last two decades. Due to the presence of spiro-function in the SNRs molecules, the latter have increased stability to various reducing agents (including biogenic ones), while the structures of the biradicals (SNBRs) comprises a rigid spiro-fused core that fixes mutual position and orientation of nitroxide moieties that favors their use in dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiments. This first review on SNRs will give a glance at various strategies for the synthesis of spiro-substituted, mono-, and bis-nitroxides on the base of six-membered (piperidine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, 9,9'(10H,10H')-spirobiacridine, piperazine, and morpholine) or five-membered (2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole, pyrrolidine, 2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole, 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole, imidazolidine, and oxazolidine) heterocyclic cores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitrii G. Mazhukin
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Academician Lavrentiev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
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Lucarini M. Improving Spin Probe Methodologies to Investigate Supramolecular Assemblies. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lucarini
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”; Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna; Via San Giacomo 11 Bologna Italy
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Bleve V, Franchi P, Gualandi L, Romano F, Mezzina E, Lucarini M. Synthesis and characterization of a doubly spin-labelled electrochemically driven molecular shuttle. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00187a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The EPR properties of novel nitroxide-spin-labelled rotaxanes containing a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) unit and a cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) ring are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bleve
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” – Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - Paola Franchi
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” – Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” – Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - Francesco Romano
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” – Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mezzina
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” – Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” – Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
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Bleve V, Franchi P, Konstanteli E, Gualandi L, Goldup SM, Mezzina E, Lucarini M. Synthesis and Characterisation of a Paramagnetic [2]Rotaxane Based on a Crown Ether-Like Wheel Incorporating a Nitroxide Motif. Chemistry 2017; 24:1198-1203. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bleve
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via S. Giacomo 11 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Paola Franchi
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via S. Giacomo 11 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Evangelia Konstanteli
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via S. Giacomo 11 40126 Bologna Italy
- Nationaland Kapodistria; University of Athens; Greece
| | - Lorenzo Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via S. Giacomo 11 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- Department of Chemistry; University of Southampton; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Elisabetta Mezzina
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via S. Giacomo 11 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo. Ciamician”; University of Bologna; Via S. Giacomo 11 40126 Bologna Italy
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Synthesis and characterization of a novel inorganic-organic hybrid material based on polyoxometalates and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hou ZY, Yeniad B, Van Guyse J, Woisel P, Mullen KM, Rutjes FPJT, van Hest JCM, Hoogenboom R. A Dibenzoazacyclooctyne as a Reactive Chain Stopper for [2]Rotaxanes. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Yao Hou
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 B9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Bahar Yeniad
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 B9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Joachim Van Guyse
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 B9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Patrice Woisel
- UMET (UMR-CNRS 8207); Université de Lille Nord de France; ENSCL; 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex France
| | - Kathleen M. Mullen
- School of Chemistry; Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology; 4001 Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 B9000 Ghent Belgium
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Santra S, Ghosh P. Rotamer-Induced Dynamic Nature of a [2]Rotaxane and Control of the Dynamics by External Stimuli. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Santra
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; 2A and 2B Raja S.C. Mullick Road Kolkata India
| | - Pradyut Ghosh
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; 2A and 2B Raja S.C. Mullick Road Kolkata India
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Xu L, Yang HB. Our Expedition in Linear Neutral Platinum-Acetylide Complexes: The Preparation of Micro/nanostructure Materials, Complicated Topologies, and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. CHEM REC 2016; 16:1274-97. [PMID: 27097565 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
During the past few decades, the construction of various kinds of platinum-acetylide complexes has attracted considerable attention, because of their wide applications in photovoltaic cells, non-linear optics, and bio-imaging materials. Among these platinum-acetylide complexes, the linear neutral platinum-acetylide complexes, due to their attractive properties, such as well-defined linear geometry, synthetic accessibility, and intriguing photoproperties, have emerged as a rising star in this field. In this personal account, we will discuss how we entered the field of linear neutral platinum-acetylide chemistry and what we found in this field. The preparation of various types of linear neutral platinum-acetylide complexes and their applications in the areas of micro/nanostructure materials, complicated topologies, and dye-sensitized solar cells will be summarized in this account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
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Mezzina E, Manoni R, Romano F, Lucarini M. Spin-Labelling of Host-Guest Assemblies with Nitroxide Radicals. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201402286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Romano F, Manoni R, Franchi P, Mezzina E, Lucarini M. Supramolecular control of spin exchange in a spin-labelled [2]rotaxane incorporating a tetrathiafulvalene unit. Chemistry 2015; 21:2775-9. [PMID: 25538046 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The EPR properties of a novel triradical obtained by single-electron oxidation of a nitroxide-spin-labelled rotaxane containing a tetrathiafulvalene unit and cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) ring is reported. Rotaxanation is proved to have a dramatic effect on through-space magnetic interactions between radical fragments. Analysis of the EPR spectra by a three-jump model, allowed us to obtain structural information on the interlocked structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Romano
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126, Bologna (Italy) http://www.ciam.unibo.it/radicals
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Bardelang D, Casano G, Poulhès F, Karoui H, Filippini J, Rockenbauer A, Rosas R, Monnier V, Siri D, Gaudel-Siri A, Ouari O, Tordo P. Spin Exchange Monitoring of the Strong Positive Homotropic Allosteric Binding of a Tetraradical by a Synthetic Receptor in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17570-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja509586k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Bardelang
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Florent Poulhès
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Hakim Karoui
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Jessica Filippini
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Antal Rockenbauer
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics and MTA-BME Condensed Matter Research Group, Budafoki ut 8, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Roselyne Rosas
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Spectropole, FR 1739, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Monnier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Spectropole, FR 1739, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Siri
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Anouk Gaudel-Siri
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Paul Tordo
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
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