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De Smet G, Bai X, Maes BUW. Selective C(aryl)-O bond cleavage in biorenewable phenolics. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5489-5551. [PMID: 38634517 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00570d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Biorefining of lignocellulosic biomass via a lignin first approach delivers a range of products with high oxygen content. Besides pulp, a lignin oil rich in guaiacols and syringols is obtained bearing multiple C(aryl)-OH and C(aryl)-OMe groups, typically named phenolics. Similarly, technical lignin can be used but is generally more difficult to process providing lower yields of monomers. Removal of the hydroxy and methoxy groups in these oxygenated arenes is challenging due to the inherently strong C-O bonds, in addition to the steric and electronic deactivation by adjacent -OH or -OMe groups. Moreover, chemoselective removal of a specific group in the presence of other similar functionalities is non-trivial. Other side-reactions such as ring saturation and transalkylation further complicate the desired reduction process. In this overview, three different selective reduction reactions are considered. Complete hydrodeoxygenation removes both hydroxy and methoxy groups resulting in benzene and alkylated derivatives (BTX type products) which is often complicated by overreduction of the arene ring. Hydrodemethoxylation selectively removes methoxy groups in the presence of hydroxy groups leading to phenol products, while hydrodehydroxylation only removes hydroxy groups without cleavage of methoxy groups giving anisole products. Instead of defunctionalization via reduction transformation of C(aryl)-OH, albeit via an initial derivatization into C(aryl)-OX, into other functionalities is possible and also discussed. In addition to methods applying guaiacols and syringols present in lignin oil as model substrates, special attention is given to methods using mixtures of these compounds obtained from wood/technical lignin. Finally, other important aspects of C-O bond activation with respect to green chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles De Smet
- Organic Synthesis Division (ORSY), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Xingfeng Bai
- Organic Synthesis Division (ORSY), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Organic Synthesis Division (ORSY), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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2
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Behof WJ, Haynes JR, Whitmore CA, Cheung YY, Tantawy MN, Peterson TE, Wijesinghe P, Matsubara JA, Pham W. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Novel PET Radioligand for Imaging Glutaminyl Cyclase Activity as a Biomarker for Detecting Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2605-2613. [PMID: 38718161 PMCID: PMC11129349 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Several new lines of research have demonstrated that a significant number of amyloid-β peptides found in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are truncated and undergo post-translational modification by glutaminyl cyclase (QC) at the N-terminal. Notably, QC's products of Abeta-pE3 and Abeta-pE11 have been active targets for investigational drug development. This work describes the design, synthesis, characterization, and in vivo validation of a novel PET radioligand, [18F]PB0822, for targeted imaging of QC. We report herein a simplified and robust chemistry for the synthesis of the standard compound, [19F]PB0822, and the corresponding [18F]PB0822 radioligand. The PET probe was developed with 99.9% radiochemical purity, a molar activity of 965 Ci.mmol-1, and an IC50 of 56.3 nM, comparable to those of the parent PQ912 inhibitor (62.5 nM). Noninvasive PET imaging showed that the probe is distributed in the brain 5 min after intravenous injection. Further, in vivo PET imaging with [18F]PB0822 revealed that AD 5XFAD mice harbor significantly higher QC activity than WT counterparts. The data also suggested that QC activity is found across different brain regions of the tested animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Behof
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Justin R Haynes
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Clayton A Whitmore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Yiu-Yin Cheung
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Mohammed N Tantawy
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Todd E Peterson
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Printha Wijesinghe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z3N9, Canada
| | - Joanne A Matsubara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z3N9, Canada
| | - Wellington Pham
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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3
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Wang M, Pang WH, Yuen OY, Ng SS, So CM. Palladium-Catalyzed Deuterodehalogenation of Halogenated Aryl Triflates Using Isopropanol- d8 as the Deuterium Source. Org Lett 2023; 25:8429-8433. [PMID: 37975627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel and efficient Pd-catalyzed chemoselective deuterodehalogenation reaction of halogenated aryl triflates was developed using isopropanol-d8 as the deuterium source. This chemoselective reaction afforded an unconventional chemoselectivity order of C-Br > C-Cl > C-OTf. This catalytic system was successfully applied to chemoselective hydrodehalogenation of chloroaryl triflates, providing excellent C-Cl chemoselectivity over C-OTf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, People's Republic of China
| | - Wai Hang Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - On Ying Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Shan Shan Ng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chau Ming So
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
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4
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Tse MH, Choy PY, Kwong FY. Facile Assembly of Modular-Type Phosphines for Tackling Modern Arylation Processes. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3688-3705. [PMID: 36472355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This Account presents an overview of a promising collection of phosphine ligands simply made from the modular Fischer indolization process and their applications in modern arylation processes. Using one easily accessible 2-arylindole scaffold, three major phosphino-moiety-positioned ligand series can be readily generated. We have attempted to explore challenging electrophilic and nucleophilic partners for the coupling reaction using the modular ligand tool. For the electrophilic partner study, CM-phos-type ligands, where the phosphino group is located at the 2-arene position of 2-arylindole, allow the successful cross-coupling of aryl mesylates. The CM-phos ligand forms a palladacycle before entering the cross-coupling catalytic cycle. For the nucleophilic partner investigation, the indole C3-positioned phosphines show the first accomplishment of Pd-catalyzed organotitanium nucleophile arylation. Indeed, the aryl-titanium nucleophile undergoes cross-coupling more efficiently than does the organoboron coupling partner in particular cases. Moreover, in the indole C3-positioned phosphine series, the -PPh2-containing ligands perform better in the highly sterically hindered cross-coupling of aryl chlorides than do ligands containing the -PCy2 moiety. The catalyst loading can even be reduced to 0.2 mol % Pd for tetra-ortho-substituted biaryl synthesis. This finding offers a new perspective on the next-generation design of phosphine ligands in which the sterically bulky and electron-rich -PR2 group (R = alkyl) may not be necessary for the cross-coupling of aryl chlorides. In general, we hypothesize that a good balance of steric and electronic properties for entertaining the oxidative addition and reductive elimination steps is crucial to the success of the reaction. For the steric factor, the highly sterically congested -PR2 group normally favors the reductive elimination, yet we conjecture that this sterically bulky group would serve as an obstacle for the incoming aryl halides. For the electronic factor, the electron rich -PR2 group is believed to support the oxidative cleavage of the C(Ar)-Cl bond by donating more electron density to the corresponding σ* orbital. Nevertheless, the high electron richness of the -PR2 group may disfavor the reductive elimination electronically. Overall, an appropriate balance of both electron density and steric bulkiness is suggested to allow the sterically hindered cross-coupling to proceed smoothly. We have found that the -PPh2-containing ligand is a good starting point for this investigation. The formation of aromatic carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds from aryl chlorides was successfully realized using our proprietary phosphines.In addition to the indole-core-bearing ligand skeleton, we also explored the relevant imidazolyl and carbazolyl phosphines for their unique applications. Interestingly, the carbazolyl ligand, having more flexible C-N axial chirality, displays particular interchangeable Pd-N and Pd-arene coordination, which facilitates both oxidative addition and reductive elimination processes. Moreover, this C-N axially chiral ligand allows the successful asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura coupling for attaining the most sterically hindered tetra-ortho-substituted biaryls with excellent enantioselectivity. The rationale behind these scientifically interesting findings is presented in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ho Tse
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis of Medicinal Organic Molecules, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, No. 10, Second Yuexing Road, Shenzhen 518507, China
| | - Pui Ying Choy
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis of Medicinal Organic Molecules, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, No. 10, Second Yuexing Road, Shenzhen 518507, China
| | - Fuk Yee Kwong
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis of Medicinal Organic Molecules, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, No. 10, Second Yuexing Road, Shenzhen 518507, China
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5
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De Smet G, Bai X, Mensch C, Sergeyev S, Evano G, Maes BUW. Selective Nickel‐Catalyzed Hydrodeacetoxylation of Aryl Acetates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201751. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles De Smet
- Organic Synthesis Division Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Xingfeng Bai
- Organic Synthesis Division Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Carl Mensch
- Organic Synthesis Division Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Sergey Sergeyev
- Organic Synthesis Division Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Organic Synthesis Division Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
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6
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Selective Nickel‐Catalyzed Hydrodeacetoxylation of Aryl Acetates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Zhou T, Szostak M. Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings by C-O Bond Activation. Catal Sci Technol 2020; 10:5702-5739. [PMID: 33796263 PMCID: PMC8009314 DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01159b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl halides and reactive pseudohalides has revolutionized the way organic molecules are constructed today across various fields of chemistry, comparatively less progress has been made in the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of less reactive C-O electrophiles. This is despite the fact that the use of phenols and phenol derivatives as bench-stable cross-coupling partners has been well-recognized to bring about major advantages over aryl halides, such as (1) natural abundance of phenols, (2) avoidance of toxic halides, (3) orthogonal cross-coupling conditions, (4) prefunctionalization of phenolic substrates by electrophilic substitution or C-H functionalization, (5) ready availability of phenols from a different pool of precursors than aryl halides. In this review, we present an overview of recent advances made in the field of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of C-O electrophiles with a focus on (1) catalytic systems, (2) reaction type, and (3) class of C-O coupling partners. Although the field has been historically dominated by nickel catalysis, it is now evident that the use of more versatile, more functional group tolerant and highly active palladium catalysts supported by appropriately designed ancillary ligands enables the cross-coupling with improved substrate scope and generality, and likely represents a practical solution to the broadly applicable cross-coupling of various C-O bonds across diverse chemical disciplines. The review covers the period through June 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
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8
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Qiu Z, Li CJ. Transformations of Less-Activated Phenols and Phenol Derivatives via C–O Cleavage. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10454-10515. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zihang Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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9
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Ruhs NP, Khusnutdinova JR, Rath NP, Mirica LM. Mononuclear Organometallic Pd(II), Pd(III), and Pd(IV) Complexes Stabilized by a Pyridinophane Ligand with a C-Donor Group. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Ruhs
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
| | - Julia R. Khusnutdinova
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Nigam P. Rath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, One University Boulevard, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4400, United States
| | - Liviu M. Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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10
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Kuriyama M, Kujirada S, Tsukuda K, Onomura O. Nickel-Catalyzed Deoxygenative Deuteration of Aryl Sulfamates. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201601105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masami Kuriyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki University; 1-14 Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki 852-8521 Japan
| | - Shota Kujirada
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki University; 1-14 Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki 852-8521 Japan
| | - Kotaro Tsukuda
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki University; 1-14 Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki 852-8521 Japan
| | - Osamu Onomura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki University; 1-14 Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki 852-8521 Japan
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11
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Shi WJ, Li XL, Li ZW, Shi ZJ. Nickel catalyzed reduction of arenols under mild conditions. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00395d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mild Ni-catalyzed reduction of arenols features a broad substrate scope, non-sensitivity to steric hindrance and no over-reduction of the aryl ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Green Chemistry Center
- Peking University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xiao-Lei Li
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Green Chemistry Center
- Peking University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Zhao-Wei Li
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Green Chemistry Center
- Peking University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Zhang-Jie Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Green Chemistry Center
- Peking University
- Beijing
- China
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12
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Abstract
The chronological development of metal assisted defunctionalization reactions is discussed from the stoichiometric to the catalytic stage with their application in synthetic organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Modak
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Mumbai
- India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Mumbai
- India
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13
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14
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Iranpoor N, Panahi F. Nickel-Catalyzed One-Pot Deoxygenation and Reductive Homocoupling of Phenols via C–O Activation Using TCT Reagent. Org Lett 2014; 17:214-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol503560e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Iranpoor
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran
| | - Farhad Panahi
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran
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