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Chen X, Qin H, Zhu W, Zhang B, Lu W, Bernholc J, Zhang QM. Giant Electrostriction Enabled by Defect-Induced Critical Phenomena in Relaxor Ferroelectric Polymers. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hancheng Qin
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8202, United States
| | - Wenyi Zhu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8202, United States
| | - Wenchang Lu
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8202, United States
| | - J. Bernholc
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8202, United States
| | - Q. M. Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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2
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Koski JP, Moore SG, Clay RC, O'Hearn KA, Aktulga HM, Wilson MA, Rackers JA, Lane JMD, Modine NA. Water in an External Electric Field: Comparing Charge Distribution Methods Using ReaxFF Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 18:580-594. [PMID: 34914383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The growing interest in the effects of external electric fields on reactive processes requires predictive methods that can reach longer length and time scales than quantum mechanical simulations. Recently, many studies have included electric fields in ReaxFF, a widely used reactive molecular dynamics method. In the case of modeling an external electric field, the charge distribution method used in ReaxFF is critical. The most common charge distribution method used in previous studies of electric fields is the charge equilibration (QEq) method, which assumes that the system is a contiguous conductor and that charge transfer can occur across any distance. In contrast, many systems of interest are insulators or semiconductors, and long-distance charge transfer should not occur in response to a small difference in potential. This study focuses on the limitations of the QEq method in the context of water in an external electric field. We demonstrate that QEq can predict unphysical charge distributions and exhibits properties that do not converge as a function of system size. Furthermore, we show that electric fields within the recently developed atom-condensed Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT) approximated to the second-order (ACKS2) approach address the major limitations of electric fields in QEq. With ACKS2, we observe more physical charge distributions and properties that converge as a function of system size. We do not suggest that ACKS2 is perfect in all circumstances but rather show specific cases where it addresses the major shortcomings of QEq in the context of an external electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Koski
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Stan G Moore
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Raymond C Clay
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Kurt A O'Hearn
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - H Metin Aktulga
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Mark A Wilson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Joshua A Rackers
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - J Matthew D Lane
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Normand A Modine
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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Xing Y, Chen Y, Chi J, Zheng J, Zhu W, Wang X. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Cracking Process of Bisphenol F Epoxy Resin under High-Energy Particle Impact. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244339. [PMID: 34960890 PMCID: PMC8705859 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current lead insulation of high-temperature superconductivity equipment is under the combined action of large temperature gradient field and strong electric field. Compared with a uniform temperature field, its electric field distortion is more serious, and it is easy to induce surface discharge to generate high-energy particles, destroy the insulation surface structure and accelerate insulation degradation. In this paper, the degradation reaction process of bisphenol F epoxy resin under the impact of high-energy particles, such as O3−, HO–, H3O+ and NO+, is calculated based on ReaxFF simulation. According to the different types of high-energy particles under different voltage polarities, the micro-degradation mechanism, pyrolysis degree and pyrolysis products of epoxy resin are analyzed. The results show that in addition to the chemical reaction of high-energy particles with epoxy resin, their kinetic energy will also destroy the molecular structure of the material, causing the cross-linked epoxy resin to pyrolyze, and the impact of positive particles has a more obvious impact on the pyrolysis of epoxy resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqi Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (Y.X.); (Y.C.); (J.C.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (Y.X.); (Y.C.); (J.C.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Jiakai Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (Y.X.); (Y.C.); (J.C.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Jingquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (Y.X.); (Y.C.); (J.C.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- China Southern Power Grid Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (Y.X.); (Y.C.); (J.C.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1382-192-9690
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Tasei Y, Mijiddorj B, Fujito T, Kawamura I, Ueda K, Naito A. Thermal and Nonthermal Microwave Effects of Ethanol and Hexane-Mixed Solution as Revealed by In Situ Microwave Irradiation Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:9615-9624. [PMID: 33079541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microwave heating is widely used to accelerate the organic synthesis reaction. However, the role of the nonthermal microwave effect in the chemical reaction has not yet been well characterized. The microwave heating processes of an ethanol-hexane mixed solution were investigated using in situ microwave irradiation nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The temperature of the solution under microwave irradiation was estimated from the temperature dependence of the 1H chemical shifts (chemical shift calibrated (CSC)-temperature). The CSC-temperature increased to 58 °C for CH2 and CH3 protons, while it increased to 42 °C for OH protons during microwave irradiation. The CSC-temperature of CH2 and CH3 protons reflects the bulk temperature of solution by the thermal microwave effect. The lower CSC-temperature of the OH proton can be attributed to a nonthermal microwave effect. MD simulation revealed that electron dipole moments of OH groups ordered along the oscillated electric field decreased the entropy by absorbing microwave energy and simultaneously increased the entropy by dissipating energy to the solution as the thermal and nonthermal microwave effect. Ordered polar molecules interact to increase hydrogen bonds between OH groups as the nonthermal microwave effect, which explains the lower CSC-temperature of the OH protons. The nonthermal microwave effects contribute to the intrinsic acceleration of the organic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Tasei
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Batsaikhan Mijiddorj
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.,School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia
| | | | - Izuru Kawamura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Ueda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Naito
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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Yue K, Wei Y, Jin X, Sun X, Zhang X. Molecular mechanism of thermal sensitization effect of potential materials for microwave hyperthermia. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2020.1792901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yue
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Shunde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiang Wei
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiucheng Jin
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaochen Sun
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Shunde Graduate School of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Shunde, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Liu X, Cheng K, Jia G. Investigation of nonlinear dielectric response of DMSO-methanol mixture by molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Yang X, Cheng K, Jia GZ. Microwave heating and non-thermal effects of sodium chloride aqueous solution. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1662505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- College of Physical and Electronics Engineering, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Cheng
- College of Optoelectronic Technology, Chengdu University of Information technology, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-zhu Jia
- College of Physical and Electronics Engineering, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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Zhou M, Cheng K, Sun H, Jia G. Investigation of Nonlinear Output-Input Microwave Power of DMSO-Ethanol Mixture by Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7186. [PMID: 29739957 PMCID: PMC5940686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonlinear response of output-input microwave power for DMSO-ethanol mixture, which was exhibited as the direct evidence of non-thermal effect in experiment, was investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. Effects of microwave field on the mixture were evaluated from the alteration in structure, transport, hydrogen bonding dynamics and intermolecular interaction energy. Increasing the strength of the microwave field did not lead to any markedly conformational change, but decrease the diffusion coefficient. Prolonged hydrogen bonding lifetimes, which caused by the redistribution of microwave energy, was also detected. Distinct threshold effect was observed, which was consistent with the behavior in the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- College of Physical and Electronics Engineering, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610101, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- College of Optoelectronic Technology, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610103, China
| | - Haoran Sun
- College of Optoelectronic Technology, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610103, China
| | - Guozhu Jia
- College of Physical and Electronics Engineering, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610101, China.
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Zhang X, Wu Y, Chen X, Wen H, Xiao S. Theoretical Study on Decomposition Mechanism of Insulating Epoxy Resin Cured by Anhydride. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9080341. [PMID: 30971017 PMCID: PMC6418942 DOI: 10.3390/polym9080341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High temperatures caused by partial discharge results in the decomposition of insulating epoxy resins in electrical equipment. In this paper, the ReaxFF force field is used to investigate the decomposition process of epoxy resins cured by anhydride and the formation mechanisms of small-molecule gases. Results show that the initiation reaction is the cleavage of an ester bond linked with an epoxy resin. Produced by the decomposition of ester groups, CO2 is the first and most abundant product. Meanwhile, CH2O can be generated through three main ways, although the process still depends on the decomposition of epoxy functional groups. H2O is produced by free radical collision and dehydration. The production of small-molecule gases has the following sequence: CO2, CH2O, CO, and H2O. The produced gases have the following order according to amount: CO2, CH2O, H2O, and CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Yunjian Wu
- School of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- State Grid Shaoxing Power Supply Company, Shaoxing 312000, China.
| | - Hao Wen
- School of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Song Xiao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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