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Saleem MS, Chen Q, Shepelin NA, Dolabella S, Rossell MD, Zhang X, Kronawitter CX, La Mattina F, Braun A. The Role of Strain in Proton Conduction in Multi-Oriented BaZr 0.9Y 0.1O 3-δ Thin Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:55915-55924. [PMID: 36508578 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Within the emerging field of proton-conducting fuel cells, BaZr0.9Y0.1O3-δ (BZY10) is an attractive material due to its high conductivity and stability. The fundamentals of conduction in sintered pellets and thin films heterostructures have been explored in several studies; however, the role of crystallographic orientation, grains, and grain boundaries is poorly understood for proton conduction. This article reports proton conduction in a self-assembled multi-oriented BZY10 thin film grown on top of a (110) NdGaO3 substrate. The multiple orientations are composed of different lattices, which provide a platform to study the lattice-dependent conductivity through different orientations in the vicinity of grain boundary between them and the substrate. The crystalline stacking of each orientation is confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning transmission electron microscopy. The transport measurements are carried out under different gas atmospheres. The highest conductivity of 3.08 × 10-3 S cm-1 at 400 °C is found under a wet H2 environment together with an increased lattice parameter of 4.208 Å, while under O2 and Ar environments, the film shows lower conductivity and lattice parameter. Our findings not only demonstrate the role of crystal lattice for conduction properties but also illustrate the importance of self-assembled strategies to achieve high proton conduction in BZY10 thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahrukh Saleem
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf8600, Switzerland
| | - Qianli Chen
- University of Michigan─Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240, China
| | - Nick A Shepelin
- Laboratory for Multiscale Materials Experiments, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI5232, Switzerland
| | - Simone Dolabella
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf8600, Switzerland
| | - Marta D Rossell
- Electron Microscopy Center, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf8600, Switzerland
| | - Xuhai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Coleman X Kronawitter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California95616, United States
| | - Fabio La Mattina
- Laboratory for Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf8600, Switzerland
| | - Artur Braun
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf8600, Switzerland
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Schmid H, Gilardi E, Gregori G, Longo P, Maier J, van Aken PA. Structure and chemistry of interfaces between ceria and yttria-stabilized zirconia studied by analytical STEM. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 188:90-100. [PMID: 29602057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epitaxial undoped and Gd2O3-doped ceria films were grown by pulsed laser deposition on (1 1 1) faced Y2O3-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). Highly localized cerium reduction at the film-substrate interfaces is revealed by atomically resolved valence EELS mapping using Cs aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. The chemical profiles reveal interdiffusion of Ce, (Gd), Y, Zr, forming an intermixing zone at the interface 7-9 (1 1 1) lattice planes wide. In its vicinity, the fraction of Ce3+ raises gradually over 6-8 lattice planes from zero in the bulk ceria to ≈100% in one single plane at the interface. Beyond this plane the Ce3+ fraction drops sharply within the YSZ substrate. In the vicinity of the interface systematic scan deflections are observed during EELS line scans. The advancing electron probe experiences a retarding force at the ceria side, and an accelerating force at the YSZ side, irrespective of the scan direction. This behavior is suggestive of coulombic interactions between the electron probe and a charged interface. This is interpreted as an indication of the presence of a space-charge situation at the YSZ/ceria interface, resulting from an excess negative charge at the ceria side (due to Ce3+cations) and an excess positive charge at the YSZ side (due to oxygen vacancies).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schmid
- Stuttgart Center for Electron Microscopy at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research (MPI-FKF), Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany.
| | - E Gilardi
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Solids, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Solids, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - P Longo
- Gatan Inc., Pleasanton, CA, USA
| | - J Maier
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Solids, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - P A van Aken
- Stuttgart Center for Electron Microscopy at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research (MPI-FKF), Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany.
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Keppner J, Schubert J, Ziegner M, Mogwitz B, Janek J, Korte C. Influence of texture and grain misorientation on the ionic conduction in multilayered solid electrolytes – interface strain effects in competition with blocking grain boundaries. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:9269-9280. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06951k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the relaxation of mismatch induced interface strain as a function of the texture and its influence on the ionic conductivity in YSZ/Er2O3 multilayer thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Keppner
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung
- Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik (IEK-3)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- D-52425 Jülich
- Germany
| | - J. Schubert
- Peter-Grünberg-Institut
- Halbleiter-Nanoelektronik (PGI-9)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- 52425 Jülich
- Germany
| | - M. Ziegner
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung
- Werkstoffstruktur/-eigenschaften (IEK-2)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- 52425 Jülich
- Germany
| | - B. Mogwitz
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
- 35392 Gießen
- Germany
| | - J. Janek
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
- 35392 Gießen
- Germany
| | - C. Korte
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung
- Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik (IEK-3)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- D-52425 Jülich
- Germany
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Fluri A, Marcolongo A, Roddatis V, Wokaun A, Pergolesi D, Marzari N, Lippert T. Enhanced Proton Conductivity in Y-Doped BaZrO 3 via Strain Engineering. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1700467. [PMID: 29270353 PMCID: PMC5737104 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of stress-induced lattice distortions (strain) on the conductivity of Y-doped BaZrO3, a high-temperature proton conductor with key technological applications for sustainable electrochemical energy conversion, are studied. Highly ordered epitaxial thin films are grown in different strain states while monitoring the stress generation and evolution in situ. Enhanced proton conductivity due to lower activation energies is discovered under controlled conditions of tensile strain. In particular, a twofold increased conductivity is measured at 200 °C along a 0.7% tensile strained lattice. This is at variance with conclusions coming from force-field simulations or the static calculations of diffusion barriers. Here, extensive first-principles molecular dynamic simulations of proton diffusivity in the proton-trapping regime are therefore performed and found to agree with the experiments. The simulations highlight that compressive strain confines protons in planes parallel to the substrate, while tensile strain boosts diffusivity in the perpendicular direction, with the net result that the overall conductivity is enhanced. It is indeed the presence of the dopant and the proton-trapping effect that makes tensile strain favorable for proton conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Fluri
- Thin Films and Interfaces GroupResearch with Neutrons and Muons DivisionPaul Scherrer Institute5232Villigen PSISwitzerland
| | - Aris Marcolongo
- Theory and Simulations of Materials (THEOS), and National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL)École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneStation 121015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Vladimir Roddatis
- Institute of Materials PhysicsUniversity of GöttingenFriedrich‐Hund‐Platz 1Göttingen37077Germany
| | - Alexander Wokaun
- Thin Films and Interfaces GroupResearch with Neutrons and Muons DivisionPaul Scherrer Institute5232Villigen PSISwitzerland
| | - Daniele Pergolesi
- Thin Films and Interfaces GroupResearch with Neutrons and Muons DivisionPaul Scherrer Institute5232Villigen PSISwitzerland
| | - Nicola Marzari
- Theory and Simulations of Materials (THEOS), and National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL)École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneStation 121015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Thomas Lippert
- Thin Films and Interfaces GroupResearch with Neutrons and Muons DivisionPaul Scherrer Institute5232Villigen PSISwitzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryVladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 1‐5/10, ETH Zürich8093ZürichSwitzerland
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Toward Defect Engineering Strategies to Optimize Energy and Electronic Materials. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7070674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Equilibrium oxygen storage capacity of ultrathin CeO 2-δ depends non-monotonically on large biaxial strain. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15360. [PMID: 28516915 PMCID: PMC5454370 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastic strain is being increasingly employed to enhance the catalytic properties of mixed ion–electron conducting oxides. However, its effect on oxygen storage capacity is not well established. Here, we fabricate ultrathin, coherently strained films of CeO2-δ between 5.6% biaxial compression and 2.1% tension. In situ ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals up to a fourfold enhancement in equilibrium oxygen storage capacity under both compression and tension. This non-monotonic variation with strain departs from the conventional wisdom based on a chemical expansion dominated behaviour. Through depth profiling, film thickness variations and a coupled photoemission–thermodynamic analysis of space-charge effects, we show that the enhanced reducibility is not dominated by interfacial effects. On the basis of ab initio calculations of oxygen vacancy formation incorporating defect interactions and vibrational contributions, we suggest that the non-monotonicity arises from the tetragonal distortion under large biaxial strain. These results may guide the rational engineering of multilayer and core–shell oxide nanomaterials. The surface oxygen storage capacity is an important metric of catalytic activity, but its dependence on strain is not well characterized. Here, the authors show the surface oxygen nonstoichiometry in coherently strained CeO2-δ films increases non-monotonically with biaxial strain.
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Shi Y, Lee SC, Monti M, Wang C, Feng ZA, Nix WD, Toney MF, Sinclair R, Chueh WC. Growth of Highly Strained CeO 2 Ultrathin Films. ACS NANO 2016; 10:9938-9947. [PMID: 27934073 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Large biaxial strain is a promising route to tune the functionalities of oxide thin films. However, large strain is often not fully realized due to the formation of misfit dislocations at the film/substrate interface. In this work, we examine the growth of strained ceria (CeO2) thin films on (001)-oriented single crystal yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) via pulsed-laser deposition. By varying the film thickness systematically between 1 and 430 nm, we demonstrate that ultrathin ceria films are coherently strained to the YSZ substrate for thicknesses up to 2.7 nm, despite the large lattice mismatch (∼5%). The coherency is confirmed by both X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. This thickness is several times greater than the predicted equilibrium critical thickness. Partial strain relaxation is achieved by forming semirelaxed surface islands rather than by directly nucleating dislocations. In situ reflective high-energy electron diffraction during growth confirms the transition from 2-D (layer-by-layer) to 3-D (island) at a film thickness of ∼1 nm, which is further supported by atomic force microscopy. We propose that dislocations likely nucleate near the surface islands and glide to the film/substrate interface, as evidenced by the presence of 60° dislocations. An improved understanding of growing oxide thin films with a large misfit lays the foundation to systematically explore the impact of strain and dislocations on properties such as ionic transport and redox chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yezhou Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and ∥Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and ∥Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Matteo Monti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and ∥Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Colvin Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and ∥Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Zhuoluo A Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and ∥Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - William D Nix
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and ∥Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Michael F Toney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and ∥Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Robert Sinclair
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and ∥Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and ∥Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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Shi Y, Bork AH, Schweiger S, Rupp JLM. The effect of mechanical twisting on oxygen ionic transport in solid-state energy conversion membranes. NATURE MATERIALS 2015; 14:721-727. [PMID: 26076303 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding 'electro-chemo-mechanics' in oxygen ion conducting membranes represents a foundational step towards new energy devices such as micro fuel cells and oxygen or fuel separation membranes. For ionic transport in macro crystalline electrolytes, doping is conventionally used to affect oxygen ionic association/migration energies. Recently, tuning ionic transport in films through lattice strain conveyed by substrates or heterostructures has generated much interest. However, reliable manipulation of strain states to twist the ionic conduction in real micro energy devices remains intractable. Here, we demonstrate that the oxygen ionic conductivity clearly correlates with the compressive strain energy acting on the near order of the electrolyte lattices by comparing thin-film ceria-based membrane devices against substrate-supported flat structures. It is possible to capitalize on this phenomenon with a smart choice of strain patterns achieved through microelectrode design. We highlight the importance of electro-chemo-mechanics in the electrolyte material for the next generation of solid-state energy conversion microdevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanuo Shi
- Electrochemical Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Hansen Bork
- Electrochemical Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Schweiger
- Electrochemical Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Switzerland
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Korte C, Keppner J, Peters A, Schichtel N, Aydin H, Janek J. Coherency strain and its effect on ionic conductivity and diffusion in solid electrolytes--an improved model for nanocrystalline thin films and a review of experimental data. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:24575-91. [PMID: 25309994 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03055a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A phenomenological and analytical model for the influence of strain effects on atomic transport in columnar thin films is presented. A model system consisting of two types of crystalline thin films with coherent interfaces is assumed. Biaxial mechanical strain ε0 is caused by lattice misfit of the two phases. The conjoined films consist of columnar crystallites with a small diameter l. Strain relaxation by local elastic deformation, parallel to the hetero-interface, is possible along the columnar grain boundaries. The spatial extent δ0 of the strained hetero-interface regions can be calculated, assuming an exponential decay of the deformation-forces. The effect of the strain field on the local ionic transport in a thin film is then calculated by using the thermodynamic relation between (isostatic) pressure and free activation enthalpy ΔG(#). An expression describing the total ionic transport relative to bulk transport of a thin film or a multilayer as a function of the layer thickness is obtained as an integral average over strained and unstrained regions. The expression depends only on known material constants such as Young modulus Y, Poisson ratio ν and activation volume ΔV(#), which can be combined as dimensionless parameters. The model is successfully used to describe own experimental data from conductivity and diffusion studies. In the second part of the paper a comprehensive literature overview of experimental studies on (fast) ion transport in thin films and multilayers along solid-solid hetero-interfaces is presented. By comparing and reviewing the data the observed interface effects can be classified into three groups: (i) transport along interfaces between extrinsic ionic conductors (and insulator), (ii) transport along an open surface of an extrinsic ionic conductor and (iii) transport along interfaces between intrinsic ionic conductors. The observed effects in these groups differ by about five orders of magnitude in a very consistent way. The modified interface transport in group (i) is most probably caused by strain effects, misfit dislocations or disordered transition regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Korte
- Institut für Energieforschung, Brennstoffzellen (IEK-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
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