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Li W, Li CQ, Leng G, Yan YK, Ma Y, Xu Z, Yang L. Theoretical Investigation on Dialumenes toward Dihydrogen Activation: Mechanism and Ligand Effect. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:3273-3284. [PMID: 38635947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a computation study based on the density functional theory calculations to understand the mechanism and ligand effect of the base-stabilized dialumenes toward dihydrogen activation. Among all of the examined modes of dihydrogen activation using the base-stabilized dialumene, we found that the concerted 1,2-hydrogenation of the Al═Al double bond is kinetically more preferable. The concerted 1,2-hydrogenation of the Al═Al double bond adopts an electron-transfer model with certain asynchrony. That is, the initial electron donation from the H-H σ bonding orbital to the empty 3p orbital of the Al1 center is followed by the backdonation from the lone pair electron of the Al2 center to the H-H σ antibonding orbital. Combined with the energy decomposition analysis on the transition states of the concerted 1,2-hydrogenation of the Al═Al double bond and the topographic steric mapping analysis on the free dialumenes, we ascribe the higher reactivity of the aryl-substituted dialumene over the silyl-substituted analogue in dihydrogen activation to the stronger electron-withdrawing effect of the aryl group, which not only increases the flexibility of the Al═Al double bond but also enhances the Lewis acidity of the Al═Al core. Consequently, the aryl-substituted dialumene fragment suffers less geometric deformation, and the orbital interactions between the dialumene and dihydrogen moieties are more attractive during the 1,2-hydrogenation process. Moreover, our calculations also predict that the Al═Al double bond has a good tolerance with the stronger electron-withdrawing group (-CF3) and the weaker σ-donating N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) analogue (e.g., triazol carbene and NHSi). The reactivity of the dialumene in dihydrogen activation can be further improved by introducing these groups as the supporting ligand and the stabilizing base on the Al═Al core, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Li
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Qin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, P. R. China
| | - Geng Leng
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
- TIianfu Co-Innovation Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610299, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Kun Yan
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Yueyue Ma
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Ziyan Xu
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Lingsong Yang
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
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2
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Roy R, Kar A, Paul S, Mohapatra S, Ghosh S. 3D Cyclophane for the Selective Conversion of Epoxide to Cyclic Carbonate. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14388-14395. [PMID: 37816074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel three-dimensional (3D) cyclophane molecule 1 was synthesized and fully characterized. Cyclophane 1, which can form a N heterocyclic carbene, was tested for conversion of certain epoxides (3-6) [scheme 2] to cyclic carbonates in the presence of CO2. Propylene oxide (3) was found to have more reactivity with cyclophane 1 compared to the other epoxides. The theoretical calculations based on N,N'-disubstituted imidazol(in)ium-2-carboxylates derived from N,N' disubstituted imidazole as the source of N-heterocyclic carbene show lower activation energy in the case of the reactivity of epoxides 5 and 6 as compared to 3 and 4. However, cyclophane 1, which possesses a 3D geometry, can form the open intermediate with CO2 and propylene oxide more feasibly than the other three epoxides, which have larger sizes as compared to propylene oxide. Hence, the reaction of propylene oxide, CO2, and cyclophane 1 can follow the mechanistic path 1, whereas the epoxides 4-6 can follow a different mechanistic path 2. Cyclophane 1 is the first example of a cyclophane to act as an organocatalyst for the conversion of CO2 and epoxide to cyclic carbonate via the N heterocyclic carbene pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Alipurduar University, Alipurduar 736122, West Bengal, India
| | - Archita Kar
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, India
| | - Satadal Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Bangabasi Morning College, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Sudip Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Kurseong College, Kurseong 734203, West Bengal, India
| | - Sushobhan Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Alipurduar University, Alipurduar 736122, West Bengal, India
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3
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Delaude L. The Chemistry of Azolium‐Carboxylate Zwitterions and Related Compounds: a Survey of the Years 2009–2020. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Delaude
- Laboratory of CatalysisMolSys Research UnitInstitut de Chimie Organique (B6a)Université de Liège Allée du six Août 13 4000 Liège Belgium
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4
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Alkorta I, Elguero J. Prototropic tautomerism of the addition products of N-heterocyclic carbenes to CO2, CS2, and COS. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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5
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Alkorta I, Elguero J. Interaction ofN-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Simple Carbenes with Small Molecules (One to Three Atoms) Excluding Metals: Formation of Covalent C-X Bonds. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica; CSIC; Juan de la Cierva, 3 Madrid E-28006 Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica; CSIC; Juan de la Cierva, 3 Madrid E-28006 Spain
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6
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Li W, Huang D, Lyu Y. A comparative computational study of N-heterocyclic olefin and N-heterocyclic carbene mediated carboxylative cyclization of propargyl alcohols with CO 2. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:10875-10885. [PMID: 27812589 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01901c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The carboxylative cyclization of a propargyl alcohol with CO2 mediated by a N-heterocyclic olefin (NHO) or N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) has been comparatively studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The calculations show that the advantageous catalytic performance of the NHO in the title reaction can be attributed to two aspects: (i) the active site of the NHO extends outside the imidazolium ring, which enhances the reactivity and stability of the [NHOH]+[carbonate]- ionic pair intermediate. Thus, the turnover frequency (TOF)-determining intramolecular cyclization step is kinetically more favorable in the NHO system. (ii) As the basicity of the NHO is weaker than the NHC, deprotonation of the propargyl alcohol by the NHO is relatively more difficult. Consequently, the side reaction of ring-opening transesterification of the α-alkylidene cyclic carbonate with the nucleophilic [NHOH]+[alkoxide]- ionic pair intermediate can be inhibited using the NHO system. The present mechanistic study provides a basis for further application of these promising organocatalysts in more organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Li
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, Sichuan, P. R. China.
| | - Dongfeng Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, P. R. China
| | - Yajing Lyu
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, Sichuan, P. R. China.
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7
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Cycloaddition of CO2 to challenging N-tosyl aziridines using a halogen-free niobium complex: Catalytic activity and mechanistic insights. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Oh R, Lim E, Zhang X, Heo J, Bowen KH, Kim SK. Ab initio study on anomalous structures of anionic [(N-heterocycle)-CO2]− complexes. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:134304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4979576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rena Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Eunhak Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Jiyoung Heo
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Sangmyung University, Seoul 31066, South Korea
| | - Kit H. Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Seong Keun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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9
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Li W, Kim CK. A Theoretical Study on the Mechanism of Methylation ofN-methylaniline with CO2and Silyl Hydrides. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Design and Applications of Molecular Catalysts; Inha University; Incheon 22212 Korea
| | - Chan Kyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Design and Applications of Molecular Catalysts; Inha University; Incheon 22212 Korea
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10
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Li W, Yang N, Lyu Y. Theoretical Insights into the Catalytic Mechanism of N-Heterocyclic Olefins in Carboxylative Cyclization of Propargyl Alcohol with CO2. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5303-13. [PMID: 27266858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Li
- School
of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Na Yang
- Institute
of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, P. R. China
| | - Yajing Lyu
- School
of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
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11
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Li W, Yang N, Lyu Y. A mechanistic study on guanidine-catalyzed chemical fixation of CO2 with 2-aminobenzonitrile to quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00085a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Both basicity of TMG and acidity of the [TMGH]+ guanidinium are crucial for a reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Li
- School of Science
- Xihua University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Na Yang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Yajing Lyu
- School of Science
- Xihua University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
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12
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Hollóczki O. Unveiling the peculiar hydrogen bonding behavior of solvated N-heterocyclic carbenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:126-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05369b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
After fitting a molecular mechanical force field for imidazol-2-ylidenes, MD simulations revealed carbene–carbene and three-center hydrogen bonds of carbenes. The practical importance of these structures is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldamur Hollóczki
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry
- University of Bonn
- D-53115 Bonn
- Germany
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
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13
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Zhou Q, Li Y. The Real Role of N-Heterocyclic Carbene in Reductive Functionalization of CO2: An Alternative Understanding from Density Functional Theory Study. J Am Chem Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yuxue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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14
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Liu FY, Tan XF, Long ZW, Long B, Zhang WJ. New insights in atmospheric acid-catalyzed gas phase hydrolysis of formaldehyde: a theoretical study. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04118j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A two-step mechanism of the gas phase hydrolysis of formaldehyde catalyzed by nitric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yu Liu
- Department of Physics
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- China
| | - Xing-Feng Tan
- College of Computer and Information Engineering
- Guizhou MinZu University
- Guiyang
- China
| | | | - Bo Long
- College of Computer and Information Engineering
- Guizhou MinZu University
- Guiyang
- China
| | - Wei-Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
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15
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Hu YL, Lu M, Yang XL. Highly efficient synthesis of cyclic carbonates from carbon dioxide and epoxides catalyzed by ionic liquid [Heemim][ZrCl5]. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11786k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile and efficient synthesis of cyclic carbonates by cycloaddition reaction is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Hu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- China Three Gorges University
- Yichang 443002
- P. R. China
| | - Ming Lu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Xue-Lin Yang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- China Three Gorges University
- Yichang 443002
- P. R. China
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16
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Dong L, Wen J, Li W. A theoretical investigation of substituent effects on the stability and reactivity of N-heterocyclic olefin carboxylates. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:8533-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01021g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of four phenyl groups at C-position and N-position not only favors decarboxylation but also ensures NHO as a strong nucleophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Dong
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Wen
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Weiyi Li
- School of Science
- Xihua University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
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17
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Beattie C, North M. VanadiumV(salen) catalysed synthesis of oxazolidinones from epoxides and isocyanates. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04427d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of a vanadiumV(salen) complex V+O(salen) EtOSO3− and tetrabutylammonium bromide forms a highly active catalyst system for the reaction between epoxides and isocyanates leading to oxazolidinones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael North
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of York
- York, UK
- School of Chemistry
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