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Zhang Y, Zhou S, Sun K. Cu 2ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) for Photoelectrochemical CO 2 Reduction: Efficiency, Selectivity, and Stability. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2762. [PMID: 37887913 PMCID: PMC10609760 DOI: 10.3390/nano13202762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Massive emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) have caused environmental issues like global warming, which needs to be addressed. Researchers have developed numerous methods to reduce CO2 emissions. Among these, photoelectrochemical (PEC) CO2 reduction is a promising method for mitigating CO2 emissions. Recently, Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) has been recognized as good photocathode candidate in PEC systems for CO2 reduction due to its earth abundance and non-toxicity, as well as its favourable optical/electrical properties. The performance of PEC CO2 reduction can be evaluated based on its efficiency, selectivity, and stability, which are significantly influenced by the photocathode materials. As a result, researchers have applied various strategies to improve the performance of CZTS photocathodes, including band structure engineering and surface catalytic site engineering. This review provides an overview of advanced methods to enhance the PEC systems for CO2 reduction, focusing on CZTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Zhang
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Shujie Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kaiwen Sun
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
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2
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Alhazime AA. Wide bandgap Cu-Zn-Sn-S compound thin films for transparent semiconductors. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2022.2119790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Alhazime
- College of Science of Science, Physics Department, Taibah University, Madina, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Hadke S, Huang M, Chen C, Tay YF, Chen S, Tang J, Wong L. Emerging Chalcogenide Thin Films for Solar Energy Harvesting Devices. Chem Rev 2021; 122:10170-10265. [PMID: 34878268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chalcogenide semiconductors offer excellent optoelectronic properties for their use in solar cells, exemplified by the commercialization of Cu(In,Ga)Se2- and CdTe-based photovoltaic technologies. Recently, several other chalcogenides have emerged as promising photoabsorbers for energy harvesting through the conversion of solar energy to electricity and fuels. The goal of this review is to summarize the development of emerging binary (Sb2X3, GeX, SnX), ternary (Cu2SnX3, Cu2GeX3, CuSbX2, AgBiX2), and quaternary (Cu2ZnSnX4, Ag2ZnSnX4, Cu2CdSnX4, Cu2ZnGeX4, Cu2BaSnX4) chalcogenides (X denotes S/Se), focusing especially on the comparative analysis of their optoelectronic performance metrics, electronic band structure, and point defect characteristics. The performance limiting factors of these photoabsorbers are discussed, together with suggestions for further improvement. Several relatively unexplored classes of chalcogenide compounds (such as chalcogenide perovskites, bichalcogenides, etc.) are highlighted, based on promising early reports on their optoelectronic properties. Finally, pathways for practical applications of emerging chalcogenides in solar energy harvesting are discussed against the backdrop of a market dominated by Si-based solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyash Hadke
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.,Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Menglin Huang
- Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (MOE), Key State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System and School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.,Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Ying Fan Tay
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Shiyou Chen
- Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (MOE), Key State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System and School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiang Tang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.,Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Lydia Wong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.,Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Nanomaterials for Energy and Energy-Water Nexus (NEW), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore 138602, Singapore
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4
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Aruna-Devi R, Latha M, Velumani S, Santos-Cruz J, Murali B, Chávez-Carvayar JÁ, Pulgarín-Agudelo FA, Vigil-Galán O. Cu 2ZnSn(S,Se) 4 thin-films prepared from selenized nanocrystals ink. RSC Adv 2019; 9:18420-18428. [PMID: 35515224 PMCID: PMC9064833 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02669j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
For the first time, CZTS ink was formulated using low-temperature heating up synthesis of NCs. Besides, the influence of powder concentration on the properties of the films was examined. Subsequently, the CZTS films were annealed under a selenium (Se)/argon (Ar) atmosphere at different temperatures to enhance their properties. The influence of selenization temperature on the properties of CZTS films was examined in detail. Structural analysis showed a peak shift towards lower 2θ values for CZTSSe films because of Se incorporation, resulting in larger lattice parameters for CZTSSe than CZTS. As the selenization temperature increases, an increment in the grain size was observed and the band gap was decreased from 1.52 to 1.05 eV. Hall Effect studies revealed a significant improvement in the mobility and carrier concentration with respect to selenization temperatures. Moreover, film selenized at 550 °C exhibited higher photoconductivity as compared to other films, indicating their potential application in the field of low-cost thin-film solar cells. For the first time, CZTS ink was formulated using low-temperature heating up synthesis of NCs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aruna-Devi
- Facultad de Química, Materiales-Energía, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro 76010 Santiago de Querétaro Qro Mexico
| | - M Latha
- Facultad de Química, Materiales-Energía, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro 76010 Santiago de Querétaro Qro Mexico
| | - S Velumani
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica (SEES), CINVESTAV-IPN Av. IPN 2508 07360 San Pedro Zacatenco Mexico
| | - J Santos-Cruz
- Facultad de Química, Materiales-Energía, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro 76010 Santiago de Querétaro Qro Mexico
| | - Banavoth Murali
- Solar Cells and Photonics Research Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad Prof. C. R. Rao Road Telangana India 500046
| | | | | | - O Vigil-Galán
- Escuela Superior de Física y Matemáticas - Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ESFM - IPN) 07738 Mexico
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5
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Ros C, Andreu T, Giraldo S, Izquierdo-Roca V, Saucedo E, Morante JR. Turning Earth Abundant Kesterite-Based Solar Cells Into Efficient Protected Water-Splitting Photocathodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:13425-13433. [PMID: 29578332 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
CZTS/Se kesterite-based solar cells have been protected by conformal atomic layer deposition (ALD)-deposited TiO2 demonstrating its feasibility as powerful photocathodes for water splitting in highly acidic conditions (pH < 1), achieving stability with no detected degradation and with current density levels similar to photovoltaic productivities. The ALD has allowed low deposition temperatures of 200 °C for TiO2, preventing significant variations to the kesterite structure and CdS heterojunction, except for the pure-sulfide stoichiometry, which was studied by Raman spectroscopy. The measured photocurrent at 0 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode, 37 mA·cm-2, is the highest reported to date, and the associated half-cell solar-to-hydrogen efficiency reached 7%, being amongst the largest presented for kesterite-based photocathodes, corroborating the possibility of using them as abundant low-cost alternative photoabsorbers as their efficiencies are improved toward those of chalcopyrites. An electrical circuit has been proposed to model the photocathode, which comprises the photon absorption, charge transfer through the protective layer, and catalytic performance, which paves the way to the design of highly efficient photoelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Ros
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, IREC , Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1 , 08930 Sant Adrià de Besòs , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Teresa Andreu
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, IREC , Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1 , 08930 Sant Adrià de Besòs , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Sergio Giraldo
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, IREC , Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1 , 08930 Sant Adrià de Besòs , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Victor Izquierdo-Roca
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, IREC , Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1 , 08930 Sant Adrià de Besòs , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Edgardo Saucedo
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, IREC , Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1 , 08930 Sant Adrià de Besòs , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Joan Ramon Morante
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, IREC , Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1 , 08930 Sant Adrià de Besòs , Barcelona , Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès, 1 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
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6
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Yang W, Oh Y, Kim J, Kim H, Shin H, Moon J. Photoelectrochemical Properties of Vertically Aligned CuInS2 Nanorod Arrays Prepared via Template-Assisted Growth and Transfer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:425-431. [PMID: 26645722 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although copper-based chalcopyrite materials such as CuInS2 have been considered promising photocathodes for solar water splitting, the fabrication route for a nanostructure with vertical orientation has not yet been developed. Here, a fabrication route for vertically aligned CuInS2 nanorod arrays from an aqueous solution using anodic aluminum oxide template-assisted growth and transfer is presented. The nanorods exhibit a phase-pure CuInS2 chalcopyrite structure and cathodic photocurrent response without co-catalyst loading. Small particles of CdS and ZnS were conformally decorated onto CuInS2 nanorods using a successive ion layer adsorption and reaction method. With surface modification of CdS/ZnS, the photoelectrochemical properties of CuInS2 nanorod arrays are enhanced via flat-band potential shift, as determined by analyses of onset potential and Mott-Schottky plots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseok Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjung Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunchul Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Shin
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooho Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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7
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Chen Y, Qin Z, Chen T, Su J, Feng X, Liu M. Optimization of (Cu2Sn)xZn3(1−x)S3/CdS pn junction photoelectrodes for solar water reduction. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07841a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimization of (Cu2Sn)xZn3(1−x)S3/CdS pn junction photoelectrodes led to the incident photon to current conversion efficiency of 24.7% for water reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Chen
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- P. R. China
| | - Zhixiao Qin
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- P. R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- P. R. China
| | - Jinzhan Su
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Feng
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- P. R. China
| | - Maochang Liu
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- P. R. China
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8
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Wang J, Zhang P, Song X, Gao L. Sol–gel nanocasting synthesis of kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 nanorods. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13054e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CZTS nanorods with a kesterite structure and a diameter of 6.8 nm were successfully synthesized using a nanocasting route. A sol–gel process is proposed for the impregnation and crystallization of the quaternary compound during nanocasting synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China 200240
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China 200240
| | - Xuefeng Song
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China 200240
| | - Lian Gao
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China 200240
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9
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Nguyen TH, Septina W, Fujikawa S, Jiang F, Harada T, Ikeda S. Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film solar cells with 5.8% conversion efficiency obtained by a facile spray pyrolysis technique. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13000j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A CZTS-based thin film solar cell with a powder conversion efficiency of 5.8% was obtained by using facile spray pyrolysis deposition followed by annealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hiep Nguyen
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Wilman Septina
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Shotaro Fujikawa
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Feng Jiang
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Takashi Harada
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Shigeru Ikeda
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
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10
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Wang J, Zhang P, Song X, Gao L. Surfactant-free hydrothermal synthesis of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanocrystals with photocatalytic properties. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03444a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CZTS nanocrystals possessing an average size of 12 nm have been prepared using a surfactant-free hydrothermal method and their photocatalytic properties tested both in thin films and in slurry systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai, P.R. China 200240
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai, P.R. China 200240
| | - Xuefeng Song
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai, P.R. China 200240
| | - Lian Gao
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai, P.R. China 200240
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