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Phylogeny, Phytomedicines, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Properties, and Toxicity of Croton gratissimus Burch (Euphorbiaceae). Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2022; 2022:1238270. [PMID: 35619875 PMCID: PMC9130011 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1238270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Croton gratissimus is an important plant in Africa setup and across the globe for its ethnomedicinal uses in managing a wide range of diseases. Its phylogeny, pharmacological properties, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and cytotoxicity have been highlighted in various articles and journals. This review article aims to give a comprehensively overviewed literature about Croton gratissimus genus. Authentic literature sources such as books, peer reviewed articles, journals, theses, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and any other validated internet source have been used to develop this review. Croton gratissimus is richly found across different climatic zones because of its ability to adapt to various climatic conditions. It is mainly found in rocky hills as a scrub that is about 12–15 m tall. Its leaves are glossy, green on the top, and silvery underneath. Some of the leaves may look brick red rusty. Croton gratissimus has been explored traditionally to manage a number of diseases among the human race since time immemorial. It has been used to treat different ailments ranging from respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, malaria, diabetes, hypertension, dermatological conditions, arthritis, gastrointestinal disorders, fever, sexually transmitted diseases, and infertility. Studies have shown that parts of this plant have antioxidative, antimicrobial, anticholinesterases inhibitory, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, anticonvulsant, antiulcer, antihypertensive, antiproliferative, antiplasmodial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Terpenoids and flavonoids have shown to be the major classes of compounds in this plant. Its toxicity has not been well established; some studies have suggested that Croton gratissimus can cause hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity. More studies are needed to elucidate the compounds and their structures giving this plant a wide range of pharmacological activities, efficacy, safety, and toxicity levels, since the plant has greater ethnomedicinal uses. This would give a great indication of discovering new novelties that can give a breakthrough in drug discovery.
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The In Vitro Antiplasmodial Activities of Aqueous Extracts of Selected Ghanaian Herbal Plants. J Parasitol Res 2020; 2020:5041919. [PMID: 32518693 PMCID: PMC7256685 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5041919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The asexual and sexual stages (gametocytes) of Plasmodium falciparum parasites are known to respond differently to antimalarial drugs. Herbal products with extended treatment regimens and inadequate dosing information are widely used to treat malaria in Ghana. This study set out to determine the in vitro activity of selected herbal extracts on the development of asexual and sexual stage malaria parasites. Methods The 72-hour SYBR Green 1-based in vitro drug assay was used to determine the asexual parasite growth inhibitory effects exhibited by aqueous extracts of Alchornea cordifolia, Polyalthia longifolia, Moringa oleifera, and Mangifera indica on the NF54, CamWT_C580Y, and IPC 4912 strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The effects of exposure of asexual and early-stage NF54 gametocytes to varying concentrations of the aqueous herbal extracts were assessed by microscopy after 7 days of continuous culturing in the presence of the herbal extract. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening were also performed on the herbal extracts. Results In the SYBR Green 1 assay, aqueous extracts of Alchornea cordifolia exhibited moderate (IC50 of 5.8, 17.4, and 15.8 μg/ml) and Mangifera indica exhibited low (IC50 of 65.4, 96.7, and 81.7 μg/ml) activities against the NF54, Cam WT_C580Y, and IPC 4912 parasites, respectively, whilst Polyalthia longifolia and Moringa oleifera were inactive. Long-term treatment of NF54 parasites with 1 mg/ml of Polyalthia longifolia produced the highest densities of gametocytes and the least (56%) inhibition of asexual parasites on Day 7. Long-term treatment of NF54 parasites with 10 μg/ml Alchornea cordifolia resulted in complete parasite (asexual and gametocyte) clearance on Day 7. Conclusions. Alchornea cordifolia exhibited a ‘moderate' activity against the three parasites tested in the 72-hour SYBR Green 1 assay and also effectively cleared both asexual parasites and gametocytes. Long-term treatment of malaria parasites with herbal extracts mimics a treatment regimen and should be used to determine the antimalarial properties of herbal extracts.
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Simoben CV, Ntie-Kang F, Akone SH, Sippl W. Compounds from African Medicinal Plants with Activities Against Selected Parasitic Diseases: Schistosomiasis, Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2018; 8:151-169. [PMID: 29744736 PMCID: PMC5971035 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-018-0165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases continue to represent a threat on a global scale, particularly among the poorest countries in the world. This is particularly because of the absence of vaccines, and in some cases, resistance against available drugs, currently being used for their treatment. In this review emphasis is laid on natural products and scaffolds from African medicinal plants (AMPs) for lead drug discovery and possible further development of drugs for the treatment of parasitic diseases. In the discussion, emphasis has been laid on alkaloids, terpenoids, quinones, flavonoids and narrower compound classes of compounds with micromolar range activities against Schistosoma, Trypanosoma and Leishmania species. In each subparagraph, emphasis is laid on the compound subclasses with most promising in vitro and/or in vivo activities of plant extracts and isolated compounds. Suggestions for future drug development from African medicinal plants have also been provided. This review covering 167 references, including 82 compounds, provides information published within two decades (1997-2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad V Simoben
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, 00237, Cameroon.
| | - Sergi H Akone
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitaetsstrasse1, Geb. 26.23, Duesseldorf, 40225, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157, Douala, 00237, Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Pinkerton DM, Bernhardt PV, Savage GP, Williams CM. Towards the Total Synthesis of Gedunin: Construction of the Fully Elaborated ABC Ring System. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Pinkerton
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences University of Queensland St Lucia 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Paul V. Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences University of Queensland St Lucia 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - G. Paul Savage
- CSIRO Manufacturing Clayton South 3169 Victoria Australia
| | - Craig M. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences University of Queensland St Lucia 4072 Queensland Australia
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Pinkerton DM, Vanden Berg TJ, Bernhardt PV, Williams CM. Gaining Synthetic Appreciation for the Gedunin ABC Ring System. Chemistry 2017; 23:2282-2285. [PMID: 28042894 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gedunin, first isolated in 1960, displays a remarkable range of biological activity, but has yet to receive dedicated synthetic attention from a ground up construction perspective. Presented herein is a successfully executed approach to the fully functionalized ABC ring system of this challengingly complex natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Pinkerton
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Timothy J Vanden Berg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul V Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Craig M Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia
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Ntie-Kang F, Njume LE, Malange YI, Günther S, Sippl W, Yong JN. The Chemistry and Biological Activities of Natural Products from Northern African Plant Families: From Taccaceae to Zygophyllaceae. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2016; 6:63-96. [PMID: 26931529 PMCID: PMC4805656 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-016-0091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Traditional medicinal practices have a profound influence on the daily lives of people living in developing countries, particularly in Africa, since the populations cannot generally afford the cost of Western medicines. We have undertaken to investigate the correlation between the uses of plants in Traditional African medicine and the biological activities of the derived natural products, with the aim to validate the use of traditional medicine in Northern African communities. The literature is covered for the period 1959-2015 and part III of this review series focuses on plant families with names beginning with letters T to Z. The authors have focused on curating data from journals in natural products and phytomedicine. Within each journal home page, a query search based on country name was conducted. All articles "hits" were then verified, one at a time, that the species was harvested within the Northern African geographical regions. The current data partly constitutes the bases for the development of the Northern African natural compounds database. The review discusses 284 plant-based natural compounds from 34 species and 11 families. It was observed that the ethnobotanical uses of less than 40 % of the plant species surveyed correlated with the bioactivities of compounds identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidele Ntie-Kang
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- />Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Leonel E. Njume
- />Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Yvette I. Malange
- />Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Stefan Günther
- />Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Research Group Pharmaceutical Bioinformatics, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Joseph N. Yong
- />Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
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Wang S, Zhang H, Li X, Zhang J. Gene expression profiling analysis reveals a crucial gene regulating metabolism in adventitious roots of neem (Azadirachta indica). RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20494e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neem is a widely used traditional plant containing bioactive secondary metabolites, especially azadirachtin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanying Wang
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Xinglin Li
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin
- China
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Singh BN, Saha C, Galun D, Upreti DK, Bayry J, Kaveri SV. European Viscum album: a potent phytotherapeutic agent with multifarious phytochemicals, pharmacological properties and clinical evidence. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27381a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viscum albumL. or European mistletoe (Loranthaceae), a semi-parasitic shrub, has been used as a traditional medicine in Europe for centuries to treat various diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disorder, epilepsy, infertility, hypertension and arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahma N. Singh
- Pharmacognosy & Ethnopharmacology Division
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute
- Lucknow-226 001
- India
| | - Chaitrali Saha
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138
- Paris
- France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers
- Equipe – Immunopathologie et immuno-intervention thérapeutique
| | - Danijel Galun
- Clinic for Digestive Surgery
- Clinical Centre of Serbia
- Belgrade
- Serbia
- Medical School
| | - Dalip K. Upreti
- Lichenology Division
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute
- Lucknow-226 001
- India
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138
- Paris
- France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers
- Equipe – Immunopathologie et immuno-intervention thérapeutique
| | - Srini V. Kaveri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138
- Paris
- France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers
- Equipe – Immunopathologie et immuno-intervention thérapeutique
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Babiaka SB, Ntie-Kang F, Lifongo LL, Ndingkokhar B, Mbah JA, Yong JN. The chemistry and bioactivity of Southern African flora I: a bioactivity versus ethnobotanical survey of alkaloid and terpenoid classes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01912e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As a whole, the African continent is highly endowed with a huge floral biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smith B. Babiaka
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
| | - Lydia L. Lifongo
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
| | - Bakoh Ndingkokhar
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
| | - James A. Mbah
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
- Cameroon
| | - Joseph N. Yong
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
- Cameroon
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Babiaka SB, Ntie-Kang F, Ndingkokhar B, Mbah JA, Sippl W, Yong JN. The chemistry and bioactivity of Southern African flora II: flavonoids, quinones and minor compound classes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05524e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is intended to highlight the relevance of natural products in drug discovery paying particular attention to those derived from Southern African medicinal plants with diverse biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smith B. Babiaka
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
| | - Bakoh Ndingkokhar
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
| | - James A. Mbah
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
- Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
- Halle (Saale)
- Germany
| | - Joseph N. Yong
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
- Cameroon
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Yong JN, Ntie-Kang F. The chemistry and biological activities of natural products from Northern African plant families: from Ebenaceae to Solanaceae. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra15377d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicinal practices significantly affect the livelihoods of populations in countries with developing economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N. Yong
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
- Cameroon
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea
- Cameroon
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Ntie-Kang F, Yong JN. The chemistry and biological activities of natural products from Northern African plant families: from Aloaceae to Cupressaceae. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11467a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicinal practices play a key role in health care systems in countries with developing economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Joseph N. Yong
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
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