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González-Gamboa I, Caparco AA, McCaskill JM, Steinmetz NF. Bioconjugation Strategies for Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200323. [PMID: 35835718 PMCID: PMC9624232 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) is a plant virus closely related to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), sharing many of its structural and chemical features. These rod-shaped viruses, comprised of 2130 identical coat protein subunits, have been utilized as nanotechnological platforms for a myriad of applications, ranging from drug delivery to precision agriculture. This versatility for functionalization is due to their chemically active external and internal surfaces. While both viruses are similar, they do exhibit some key differences in their surface chemistry, suggesting the reactive residue distribution on TMGMV should not overlap with TMV. In this work, we focused on the establishment and refinement of chemical bioconjugation strategies to load molecules into or onto TMGMV for targeted delivery. A combination of NHS, EDC, and diazo coupling reactions in combination with click chemistry were used to modify the N-terminus, glutamic/aspartic acid residues, and tyrosines in TMGMV. We report loading with over 600 moieties per TMGMV via diazo-coupling, which is a >3-fold increase compared to previous studies. We also report that cargo can be loaded to the solvent-exposed N-terminus and carboxylates on the exterior/interior surfaces. Mass spectrometry revealed the most reactive sites to be Y12 and Y72, both tyrosine side chains are located on the exterior surface. For the carboxylates, interior E106 (66.53 %) was the most reactive for EDC-propargylamine coupled reactions, with the exterior E145 accounting for >15 % reactivity, overturning previous assumptions that only interior glutamic acid residues are accessible. A deeper understanding of the chemical properties of TMGMV further enables its functionalization and use as a multifunctional nanocarrier platform for applications in medicine and precision farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne González-Gamboa
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adam A Caparco
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Justin M McCaskill
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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2
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Tassone G, Paolino M, Pozzi C, Reale A, Salvini L, Giorgi G, Orlandini M, Galvagni F, Mangani S, Yang X, Carlotti B, Ortica F, Latterini L, Olivucci M, Cappelli A. Xanthopsin-Like Systems via Site-Specific Click-Functionalization of a Retinoic Acid Binding Protein. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100449. [PMID: 34647400 PMCID: PMC8934143 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of light-responsive proteins to control both living or synthetic cells, is at the core of the expanding fields of optogenetics and synthetic biology. It is thus apparent that a richer reaction toolbox for the preparation of such systems is of fundamental importance. Here, we provide a proof-of-principle demonstration that Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts can be employed to perform a facile site-specific, irreversible and diastereoselective click-functionalization of a lysine residue buried into a lipophilic binding pocket and yielding an unnatural chromophore with an extended π-system. In doing so we effectively open the path to the in vitro preparation of a library of synthetic proteins structurally reminiscent of xanthopsin eubacterial photoreceptors. We argue that such a library, made of variable unnatural chromophores inserted in an easy-to-mutate and crystallize retinoic acid transporter, significantly expand the scope of the recently introduced rhodopsin mimics as both optogenetic and "lab-on-a-molecule" tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Tassone
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Paolino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Pozzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Reale
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Salvini
- Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giorgi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Orlandini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Federico Galvagni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Mangani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Xuchun Yang
- Chemistry Department, Bowling Green State University, Overman Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Benedetta Carlotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fausto Ortica
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Loredana Latterini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Chemistry Department, Bowling Green State University, Overman Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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3
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Stevens CA, Kaur K, Klok HA. Self-assembly of protein-polymer conjugates for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:447-460. [PMID: 33984408 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein-polymer conjugates are a class of molecules that combine the stability of polymers with the diversity, specificity, and functionality of biomolecules. These bioconjugates can result in hybrid materials that display properties not found in their individual components and can be particularly relevant for drug delivery applications. Engineering amphiphilicity into these bioconjugate materials can lead to phase separation and the assembly of high-order structures. The assembly, termed self-assembly, of these hierarchical structures entails multiple levels of organization: at each level, new properties emerge, which are, in turn, influenced by lower levels. Here, we provide a critical review of protein-polymer conjugate self-assembly and how these materials can be used for therapeutic applications and drug delivery. In addition, we discuss central bioconjugate design questions and propose future perspectives for the field of protein-polymer conjugate self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Stevens
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Kuljeet Kaur
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Ko JH, Maynard HD. A guide to maximizing the therapeutic potential of protein-polymer conjugates by rational design. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:8998-9014. [PMID: 30443654 PMCID: PMC6322549 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00606g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are an important class of therapeutics that have advantages including high target specificity, but challenges to their use include rapid clearance and low physical stability. Conjugation of synthetic polymers is an effective approach to address the drawbacks and enhance other properties such as solubility. In this review, we present various considerations in synthesizing protein-polymer conjugates for therapeutic applications with a focus on the choice of polymer, protein, and conjugation method, as well as characterization and evaluation of the resulting conjugate in order to maximize the therapeutic potential of the protein drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hoon Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA.
| | - Heather D. Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA.
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6
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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7
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Peyrot C, Vivès T, Legentil L, Lemiègre L, Daniellou R. Microwave-Assisted Reduction of Nitroarenes by Aminothiophenol/dithiotreitol. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Peyrot
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes; CNRS, UMR 6226; 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837 35708 Rennes Cedex 7 France
- Université de Bretagne Loire; France
- ICOA UMR CNRS 7311; Université d'Orléans; rue de Chartres, BP6759 45067 Orléans cedex 2 France
| | - Thomas Vivès
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes; CNRS, UMR 6226; 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837 35708 Rennes Cedex 7 France
- Université de Bretagne Loire; France
| | - Laurent Legentil
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes; CNRS, UMR 6226; 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837 35708 Rennes Cedex 7 France
- Université de Bretagne Loire; France
| | - Loïc Lemiègre
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes; CNRS, UMR 6226; 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837 35708 Rennes Cedex 7 France
- Université de Bretagne Loire; France
| | - Richard Daniellou
- ICOA UMR CNRS 7311; Université d'Orléans; rue de Chartres, BP6759 45067 Orléans cedex 2 France
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8
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Wang L, Jiang R, Wang L, Liu Y, Sun XL. Preparation of chain-end clickable recombinant protein and its bio-orthogonal modification. Bioorg Chem 2016; 65:159-66. [PMID: 26953841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Introducing unique functional group into protein is an attractive approach for site-selective protein modification applications. In this report, we systemically investigated four site-selective strategies to introduce azide functionality into recombinant thrombomodulin (TM456), via direct recombinant expression with unnatural amino acid, chemical, and enzymatic modification for its bio-orthogonal modification application. First, a straightforward recombinant method to express TM456 with azide functionality near C-terminus by replacing methionine with azidohomoanlanine from methionine auxotroph Escherichia coli cell was investigated. Next, a sortase-mediated ligation (SML) method to incorporate azide functionality into the C-terminus of recombinant TM456 was demonstrated. The third is to add azide functionality to the N-terminal amine of recombinant TM456via amidation chemistry, and the fourth is tyrosine selective three-component Mannich reaction to introduce azide functionality to recombinant TM456. Overall, SML of recombinant protein affords the highest overall yield for incorporating azide functionality into the C-terminus recombinant TM456 since the key protein expression step uses natural amino acids. Also, single site modification facilitates the highest TM456 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA; College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Xue-Long Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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9
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Kimani FW, Jewett JC. Water-Soluble Triazabutadienes that Release Diazonium Species upon Protonation under Physiologically Relevant Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Kimani FW, Jewett JC. Water-soluble triazabutadienes that release diazonium species upon protonation under physiologically relevant conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:4051-4. [PMID: 25663253 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Triazabutadienes are an understudied structural motif that have remarkable reactivity once rendered water-soluble. It is shown that these molecules readily release diazonium species in a pH-dependent manner in a series of buffer solutions with pH ranges similar to those found in cells. Upon further development, we expect that this process will be well suited to cargo-release strategies and organelle-specific bioconjugation reactions. These compounds offer one of the mildest ways of generating diazonium species in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora W Kimani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 (USA)
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Lonshakov DV, Sheremet'ev SV, Belosludtseva EM, Korovkin SA, Semchenko AV, Katlinskij AV. Synthesis of 4-aminobenzoic acid esters of polyethylene glycol and their use for pegylation of therapeutic proteins. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04950d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Aminobenzoic acid esters of polyethylene glycol were synthesized and used for pegylation of recombinant human interferon α-2b and erythropoietin β.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. V. Lonshakov
- Limited Liability Company “FORT” (LLC “FORT”)
- Ryazan
- 390000 Russian Federation
| | - S. V. Sheremet'ev
- Limited Liability Company “FORT” (LLC “FORT”)
- Ryazan
- 390000 Russian Federation
| | - E. M. Belosludtseva
- Limited Liability Company “FORT” (LLC “FORT”)
- Ryazan
- 390000 Russian Federation
| | - S. A. Korovkin
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera
- Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
- Moscow
- 105064 Russian Federation
| | - A. V. Semchenko
- Limited Liability Company “FORT” (LLC “FORT”)
- Ryazan
- 390000 Russian Federation
| | - A. V. Katlinskij
- Limited Liability Company “FORT” (LLC “FORT”)
- Ryazan
- 390000 Russian Federation
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