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Varničić M, Fellinger TP, Titirici MM, Sundmacher K, Vidaković-Koch T. Rational Design of Enzymatic Electrodes: Impact of Carbon Nanomaterial Types on the Electrode Performance. Molecules 2024; 29:2324. [PMID: 38792185 PMCID: PMC11124491 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This research focuses on the rational design of porous enzymatic electrodes, using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a model biocatalyst. Our goal was to identify the main obstacles to maximizing biocatalyst utilization within complex porous structures and to assess the impact of various carbon nanomaterials on electrode performance. We evaluated as-synthesized carbon nanomaterials, such as Carbon Aerogel, Coral Carbon, and Carbon Hollow Spheres, against the commercially available Vulcan XC72 carbon nanomaterial. The 3D electrodes were constructed using gelatin as a binder, which was cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. The bioelectrodes were characterized electrochemically in the absence and presence of 3 mM of hydrogen peroxide. The capacitive behavior observed was in accordance with the BET surface area of the materials under study. The catalytic activity towards hydrogen peroxide reduction was partially linked to the capacitive behavior trend in the absence of hydrogen peroxide. Notably, the Coral Carbon electrode demonstrated large capacitive currents but low catalytic currents, an exception to the observed trend. Microscopic analysis of the electrodes indicated suboptimal gelatin distribution in the Coral Carbon electrode. This study also highlighted the challenges in transferring the preparation procedure from one carbon nanomaterial to another, emphasizing the importance of binder quantity, which appears to depend on particle size and quantity and warrants further studies. Under conditions of the present study, Vulcan XC72 with a catalytic current of ca. 300 µA cm-2 in the presence of 3 mM of hydrogen peroxide was found to be the most optimal biocatalyst support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Varničić
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.V.); (K.S.)
- Department of Electrochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tim-Patrick Fellinger
- Division 3.6 Electrochemical Energy Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Maria-Magdalena Titirici
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7, UK;
| | - Kai Sundmacher
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.V.); (K.S.)
- Process Systems Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Vidaković-Koch
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.V.); (K.S.)
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Selectivity and Sustainability of Electroenzymatic Process for Glucose Conversion to Gluconic Acid. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10030269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroenzymatic processes are interesting solutions for the development of new processes based on renewable feedstocks, renewable energies, and green catalysts. High-selectivity and sustainability of these processes are usually assumed. In this contribution, these two aspects were studied in more detail. In a membrane-less electroenzymatic reactor, 97% product selectivity at 80% glucose conversion to gluconic acid was determined. With the help of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, two main side products were identified. The yields of D-arabinose and formic acid can be controlled by the flow rate and the electroenzymatic reactor mode of operation (fuel cell or ion-pumping). The possible pathways for the side product formation have been discussed. The electroenzymatic cathode was found to be responsible for a decrease in selectivity. The choice of the enzymatic catalyst on the cathode side led to 100% selectivity of gluconic acid at somewhat reduced conversion. Furthermore, sustainability of the electroenzymatic process is estimated based on several sustainability indicators. Although some indicators (like Space Time Yield) are favorable for electroenzymatic process, the E-factor of electroenzymatic process has to improve significantly in order to compete with the fermentation process. This can be achieved by an increase of a cycle time and/or enzyme utilization which is currently low.
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Reginald SS, Lee H, Lee YS, Yasin M, Chang IS. Dissolved carbon monoxide concentration monitoring platform based on direct electrical connection of CO dehydrogenase with electrically accessible surface structure. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 297:122436. [PMID: 31787515 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
CO dehydrogenase (CODH) employed in a dissolved CO biosensor development study harbors a solvent-exposed cofactor capable of DET to electrode. Here, CODH was immobilized on arrays of AuNPs of various dimensions to determine the effect of the size and shape of the electrode surface on the direct electrical connection between CODH and electrode surface. The results showed the degree of proximity between the CODH cofactor and electrode surface, which varied with AuNP size and caused significant changes to the electrical connection at the interface as well as to the substrate accessibility. Consequently, a high-density nanoscale SRS was fabricated on electrode to further facilitate direct electrical connection as well as to enable distribution of CODH into monolayer or near-monolayer for lowering the barrier of CO diffusion toward enzyme. The findings show the feasibility of controlling the direct electrical connection between CODH and the electrode as well as controlling the substrate accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Simai Reginald
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeryeong Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Seok Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Yasin
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea; Bioenergy & Environmental Sustainable Membrane Technology (BEST) Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - In Seop Chang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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Vidakovic-Koch T. Electron Transfer Between Enzymes and Electrodes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 167:39-85. [PMID: 29224083 DOI: 10.1007/10_2017_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Efficient electron transfer between redox enzymes and electrocatalytic surfaces plays a significant role in development of novel energy conversion devices as well as novel reactors for production of commodities and fine chemicals. Major application examples are related to enzymatic fuel cells and electroenzymatic reactors, as well as enzymatic biosensors. The two former applications are still at the level of proof-of-concept, partly due to the low efficiency and obstacles to electron transfer between enzymes and electrodes. This chapter discusses the theoretical backgrounds of enzyme/electrode interactions, including the main mechanisms of electron transfer, as well as thermodynamic and kinetic aspects. Additionally, the main electrochemical methods of study are described for selected examples. Finally, some recent advancements in the preparation of enzyme-modified electrodes as well as electrodes for soluble co-factor regeneration are reviewed. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Vidakovic-Koch
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Do T, Varničić M, Flassig R, Vidaković-Koch T, Sundmacher K. Dynamic and steady state 1-D model of mediated electron transfer in a porous enzymatic electrode. Bioelectrochemistry 2015; 106:3-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Varničić M, Vidaković-Koch T, Sundmacher K. Gluconic Acid Synthesis in an Electroenzymatic Reactor. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.05.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Reuillard B, Gentil S, Carrière M, Le Goff A, Cosnier S. Biomimetic versus enzymatic high-potential electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide on a functionalized carbon nanotube electrode. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5139-5143. [PMID: 29142732 PMCID: PMC5666682 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01473e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the non-covalent functionalization of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) electrode with a biomimetic model of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) active site.
We report the non-covalent functionalization of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) electrode with a biomimetic model of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) active site. By modifying the MWCNT electrode surface with imidazole-modified polypyrrole, a new biomimetic complex of HRP was synthesized on the MWCNT sidewalls via the coordination of imidazole (Im) to the metal centre of iron protoporphyrin IX, affording (Im)(PP)FeIII. Compared to the pi-stacking of non-coordinated (PP)FeIII on a MWCNT electrode, the (Im)(PP)FeIII-modified MWCNT electrode exhibits higher electrocatalytic activity with an Imax = 0.52 mA cm–2 for the reduction of H2O2, accompanied by a high onset potential of 0.43 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The performances of these novel surface-confined HRP mimics were compared to those of a MWCNT electrode modified by HRP. Although the enzyme electrode displays a higher electrocatalytic activity towards H2O2 reduction, the (Im)(PP)FeIII-modified MWCNT electrode exhibits a markedly higher operational stability, retaining 63% of its initial activity after one month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Reuillard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , DCM UMR 5250 , F-38000 Grenoble , France and CNRS , DCM UMR 5250 , F-38000 Grenoble , France .
| | - Solène Gentil
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , DCM UMR 5250 , F-38000 Grenoble , France and CNRS , DCM UMR 5250 , F-38000 Grenoble , France .
| | - Marie Carrière
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , DCM UMR 5250 , F-38000 Grenoble , France and CNRS , DCM UMR 5250 , F-38000 Grenoble , France .
| | - Alan Le Goff
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , DCM UMR 5250 , F-38000 Grenoble , France and CNRS , DCM UMR 5250 , F-38000 Grenoble , France .
| | - Serge Cosnier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , DCM UMR 5250 , F-38000 Grenoble , France and CNRS , DCM UMR 5250 , F-38000 Grenoble , France .
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Do T, Varničić M, Hanke-Rauschenbach R, Vidaković-Koch T, Sundmacher K. Mathematical Modeling of a Porous Enzymatic Electrode with Direct Electron Transfer Mechanism. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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