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Rožić T, Hochlaf M, Ben Said R, Došlić N. A Computational Approach to Nontraditional Intrinsic Luminescence: Vibrationally Resolved Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra of DABCO. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1094-1102. [PMID: 35168330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c09256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, so-called "nontraditional intrinsic luminescence" has been reported in several macromolecular systems. Although DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) is the first system in which the effect was observed, a thorough analysis of the optical properties of the molecule, which would reveal the origin of this mysterious effect, is still pending. We perform an advanced post-Hartree-Fock treatment of the low-lying electronic states of this molecule, which need to be described with care because of their pronounced Rydberg character. We take a deeper look into the low-lying electronic transitions of DABCO targeting the explanation of the complex vibronic structures of its absorption and fluorescence spectra. Two electronic states, the 1E'(n+3pxy) and 1A2″(n+3pz) states, contribute to the absorption spectrum in the 39000-46000 cm-1 spectral range. We also reveal the spectroscopic signature of the 1A2″(n+3pz) state. The analyses of the contributions of individual vibrational normal modes allowed the identification of those giving rise to the complex vibronic structures of the spectra. Fluorescence emission arises from the vibronic coupling of the one-photon forbidden transition between the 1A1'(n+3s) state and the electronic ground state. The spectrum, which can be interpreted in terms of populating a few vibrational normal modes, is shifted toward visible wavelengths mostly due to the forced interaction of the lone pair electrons of the two nitrogen atoms. Our work on DABCO may help to rationalize the luminescence of more complex systems containing tertiary amine groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Rožić
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Majdi Hochlaf
- COSYS/LISIS, Université Gustave Eiffel, 5 Bd Descartes 77454, Champs sur Marne, France
| | - Ridha Ben Said
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Arts at ArRass, Qassim University, PO Box 53, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nađa Došlić
- Department of Physical Chemistry, R. Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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2
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Wang X, Shi W, Wang Y, Cheng D, Liu J, Xu S, Liu W, Dong B, Sun J. Intrinsic Blue Fluorescence of 2.0G PAMAM-DCM Polymer Dots and Its Applications for Fe3+ Sensing. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22031075. [PMID: 35161821 PMCID: PMC8838466 DOI: 10.3390/s22031075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A typical and environment-friendly fluorescent polyamine-amine (PAMAM) features good compatibility and unique surface modification, while it is restricted by a low fluorescence property performance and an unclear fluorescence mechanism. In this work, we prepared blue fluorescent PAMAM polymer dots (PDs) via a simple hydrothermal method based on dichloromethane (DCM) and 2.0G PAMAM. The quantum yield achieved was 32.1%, which was 25 times stronger than that of 2.0G PAMAM due to the lone-pair electron leap of the amine groups, the aggregation of carbonyl groups, as well as the crosslinking induced by DCM inside the PAMAM. In addition, the fluorescent 2.0G PAMAM-DCM PDs show a great Fe3+ sensing property with the detection limit of 56.6 nM, which is much lower than the safety limits (5.36 μM) in drinking water, indicating its great potential for Fe3+ detection in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China; (X.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Weiguang Shi
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China; (X.W.); (J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Continental Shale Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Efficient Development, Ministry of Education, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Yuda Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
| | - Dan Cheng
- Daqing Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Daqing 163318, China;
| | - Jiahui Liu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China; (X.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Shihan Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (W.L.); (B.D.)
| | - Biao Dong
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (W.L.); (B.D.)
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (J.S.)
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3
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Igartúa DE, Ybarra DE, Cabezas DM, Alonso SDV, Alvira FC. Aging process of polyamidoamine dendrimers: Effect of pH and shaking in the fluorescence emission and aggregation‐state. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela E. Igartúa
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Laboratorio de Bio‐Nanotecnología Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Laboratorio de Investigación en Funcionalidad y Tecnología de los Alimentos Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - David E. Ybarra
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Laboratorio de Bio‐Nanotecnología Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
- Grupo de Biología Estructural y Biotecnología (GBEyB), Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Darío M. Cabezas
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Laboratorio de Investigación en Funcionalidad y Tecnología de los Alimentos Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Silvia del V. Alonso
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Laboratorio de Bio‐Nanotecnología Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
- Grupo de Biología Estructural y Biotecnología (GBEyB), Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Fernando C. Alvira
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Laboratorio de Bio‐Nanotecnología Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
- Grupo de Biología Estructural y Biotecnología (GBEyB), Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE) Buenos Aires Argentina
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Rizzi V, Gubitosa J, Fini P, Fraix A, Sortino S, Agostiano A, Cosma P. Development of Spirulina sea-weed raw extract/polyamidoamine hydrogel system as novel platform in photodynamic therapy: Photostability and photoactivity of chlorophyll a. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 119:111593. [PMID: 33321637 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present and characterize Polyamidoamine-based hydrogels (PAA) as scaffolds to host photoactive Chlorophyll a (Chl a) from Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) sea-weed Extract (SE), for potential applications in Photodynamic Therapy (PDT). The pigment extracted from SE was blended inside PAA without further purification, according to Green Chemistry principles. A comprehensive investigation of this hybrid platform, PAA/SE-based, was thus performed in our laboratory and, by means of Visible absorption and emission spectroscopies, the Chl a features, stability and photoactivity were studied. The obtained results evidenced the presence of two main Chl a forms, monomeric and dimeric, interacting with hydrogel polyamidoamines network. To better understand the nature of this interaction, the spectroscopic investigation of this system was performed both before and after the solidification of the hydrogel, that occurred at least in 24 h. Then, focusing the attention on solid scaffold, the 1Chl a⁎ fluorescence lifetime and FTIR-ATR analyses of PAA/SE were carried out, confirming the findings. The swelling and Point Zero Charge (PZC) measurements of solid PAA and PAA/SE were additionally performed to investigate the hydrogel behavior in water. Chl a molecules blended in PAA were (photo) stable and photoactive, and this latter feature was demonstrated showing that the pigment induced, when swelled in water and under irradiation, the formation of singlet oxygen (1O2), measured by direct and indirect methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Rizzi
- Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro" di Bari, Dip. Chimica, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Jennifer Gubitosa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR-IPCF, UOS Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Fini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR-IPCF, UOS Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Aurore Fraix
- Laboratory of Photochemistry, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sortino
- Laboratory of Photochemistry, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Agostiano
- Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro" di Bari, Dip. Chimica, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR-IPCF, UOS Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Pinalysa Cosma
- Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro" di Bari, Dip. Chimica, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNR-IPCF, UOS Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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5
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E. Ybarra D, Igartúa DE, V. Alonso S, C. Alvira F. Experimental Findings about the Fluorescence Emission of Generation 4.0 and 4.5 Polyamidoamine Dendrimers. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Ybarra
- Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Department: Science and Technology Department, Laboratorio de BioNanotecnología (LBN) Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Roque Sáenz Peña 352 Bs. As Argentina
- Grupo de Biología Estructural y Biotecnología (GBEyB) IMBICE (CONICET-CCT La Plata) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Daniela E. Igartúa
- Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Department: Science and Technology Department, Laboratorio de BioNanotecnología (LBN) Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Roque Sáenz Peña 352 Bs. As Argentina
- Grupo de Biología Estructural y Biotecnología (GBEyB) IMBICE (CONICET-CCT La Plata) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Silvia V. Alonso
- Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Department: Science and Technology Department, Laboratorio de BioNanotecnología (LBN) Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Roque Sáenz Peña 352 Bs. As Argentina
- Grupo de Biología Estructural y Biotecnología (GBEyB) IMBICE (CONICET-CCT La Plata) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Fernando C. Alvira
- Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Department: Science and Technology Department, Laboratorio de BioNanotecnología (LBN) Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Roque Sáenz Peña 352 Bs. As Argentina
- Grupo de Biología Estructural y Biotecnología (GBEyB) IMBICE (CONICET-CCT La Plata) Buenos Aires Argentina
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Studzian M, Działak P, Pułaski Ł, Hedstrand DM, Tomalia DA, Klajnert-Maculewicz B. Synthesis, Internalization and Visualization of N-(4-Carbomethoxy) Pyrrolidone Terminated PAMAM [G5:G3-TREN] Tecto(dendrimers) in Mammalian Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194406. [PMID: 32992824 PMCID: PMC7583011 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tecto(dendrimers) are well-defined, dendrimer cluster type covalent structures. In this article, we present the synthesis of such a PAMAM [G5:G3-(TREN)]-N-(4-carbomethoxy) pyrrolidone terminated tecto(dendrimer). This tecto(dendrimer) exhibits nontraditional intrinsic luminescence (NTIL; excitation 376 nm; emission 455 nm) that has been attributed to three fluorescent components characterized by different fluorescence lifetimes. Furthermore, it has been shown that this PAMAM [G5:G3-(TREN)]-N-(4-carbomethoxy) pyrrolidone terminated tecto(dendrimer) is able to form a polyplex with double stranded DNA, and is nontoxic for HeLa and HMEC-1 cells up to a concentration of 10 mg/mL, even though it accumulates in endosomal compartments as demonstrated by its unique NTIL emission properties. Many of the above features would portend the proposed use of this tecto(dendrimer) as an efficient transfection agent. Quite surprisingly, transfection activity could not be demonstrated in HeLa cells, and the possible reasons are discussed in the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Studzian
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (P.D.)
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Paula Działak
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (P.D.)
| | - Łukasz Pułaski
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - David M. Hedstrand
- National Dendrimer & Nanotechnology Center, NanoSynthons LCC, 1200 N. Fancher Avenue, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48858, USA;
| | - Donald A. Tomalia
- National Dendrimer & Nanotechnology Center, NanoSynthons LCC, 1200 N. Fancher Avenue, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48858, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
- Correspondence: (D.A.T.); (B.K.-M.)
| | - Barbara Klajnert-Maculewicz
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (P.D.)
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, 01397 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: (D.A.T.); (B.K.-M.)
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7
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Zhou Q, Cui J, Yang T, Hu C, Zhong Z, Sun Z, Gong Y, Pei S, Zhang Y. Intrinsic emission and tunable phosphorescence of perfluorosulfonate ionomers with evolved ionic clusters. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9704-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Study of the Intrinsic Fluorescence of a Highly Branched Cationic Dendrimer, Poly(Ethyleneimine) (PEI). Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203690. [PMID: 31615035 PMCID: PMC6832717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) is a weakly basic, synthetic, polycationic polymer, due to the presence of primary, secondary, and tertiary amino groups. The amino groups are responsible for the variety of applications of PEI (e.g., transfection, bioimaging, solar cell, etc.). Our study presents some new and reproducible methods for the quantification of molecular or mass concentration of highly branched PEI of different molecular weights (800–2000–25,000–750,000 MW PEI). In the course of the direct method, spectrophotometry and fluorometry were applied to determine the absorption and fluorescence of PEI dilution series. An increase in the MW at the same concentration produces a higher count number because of the higher number of amino groups in PEI molecules. The character of increment in fluorescence intensity is essentially different in the case of mass concentrations and molar concentrations. The increment of the fluorescence intensity related to the molar concentration is non-linear. In the case of mass concentration, the slope is linear. Moreover, their fluorescence is enhanced with the decrease in pH values. The spectrophotometry is a reliable method for measuring the quantity of PEI molecules in solution. Our data help in recognizing the detailed properties of PEI in dendrimer research.
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Konopka M, Janaszewska A, Klajnert-Maculewicz B. Intrinsic Fluorescence of PAMAM Dendrimers-Quenching Studies. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10050540. [PMID: 30966574 PMCID: PMC6415388 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic, non-traditional fluorescence of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers that do not possess classical fluorophores has been attracting considerable interest for the last decade. Many hypotheses regarding the source of the fluorescence have appeared, but some of them are still disputable. In order to shed new light on the nature of the phenomenon, we applied quenchers that are normally used to study intrinsic fluorescence of proteins (i.e., KI, CsCl, and acrylamide). KI and acrylamide efficiently quenched steady state fluorescence of PAMAM G2, PAMAM G3, and PAMAM G4 dendrimers. Stern-Volmer plots exhibited a downward curvature that has been elucidated by heterogenous emission. We assume that there are two distinct fluorescent moieties in the dendrimer structure that are characterized by different accessibility to the quenchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Konopka
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Janaszewska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Barbara Klajnert-Maculewicz
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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Christadore L, Grinstaff MW, Schaus SE. Fluorescent Dendritic Micro-Hydrogels: Synthesis, Analysis and Use in Single-Cell Detection. Molecules 2018; 23:E936. [PMID: 29669998 PMCID: PMC6017717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are of keen interest for a wide range of medical and biotechnological applications including as 3D substrate structures for the detection of proteins, nucleic acids, and cells. Hydrogel parameters such as polymer wt % and crosslink density are typically altered for a specific application; now, fluorescence can be incorporated into such criteria by specific macromonomer selection. Intrinsic fluorescence was observed at λmax 445 nm from hydrogels polymerized from lysine and aldehyde- terminated poly(ethylene glycol) macromonomers upon excitation with visible light. The hydrogel’s photochemical properties are consistent with formation of a nitrone functionality. Printed hydrogels of 150 μm were used to detect individual cell adherence via a decreased in fluorescence. The use of such intrinsically fluorescent hydrogels as a platform for cell sorting and detection expands the current repertoire of tools available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Christadore
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Scott E Schaus
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Du Y, Yan H, Niu S, Bai L, Chai F. Facile one-pot synthesis of novel water-soluble fluorescent hyperbranched poly(amino esters). RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19062f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two kinds of water-soluble fluorescent hyperbranched poly(amino esters) were first synthesized by a convenient one-pot approach via the A2 + B3 Michael addition reaction of trimethylolpropane triacrylate and aliphatic diamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqun Du
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710129
| | - Hongxia Yan
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710129
| | - Song Niu
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710129
| | - Lihua Bai
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710129
| | - Fu Chai
- Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710129
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