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Alhalili Z. Metal Oxides Nanoparticles: General Structural Description, Chemical, Physical, and Biological Synthesis Methods, Role in Pesticides and Heavy Metal Removal through Wastewater Treatment. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073086. [PMID: 37049850 PMCID: PMC10096196 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology (NT) is now firmly established in both the private home and commercial markets. Due to its unique properties, NT has been fully applied within multiple sectors like pharmacy and medicine, as well as industries like chemical, electrical, food manufacturing, and military, besides other economic sectors. With the growing demand for environmental resources from an ever-growing world population, NT application is a very advanced new area in the environmental sector and offers several advantages. A novel template synthesis approach is being used for the promising metal oxide nanostructures preparation. Synthesis of template-assisted nanomaterials promotes a greener and more promising protocol compared to traditional synthesis methods such as sol-gel and hydrothermal synthesis, and endows products with desirable properties and applications. It provides a comprehensive general view of current developments in the areas of drinking water treatment, wastewater treatment, agriculture, and remediation. In the field of wastewater treatment, we focus on the adsorption of heavy metals and persistent substances and the improved photocatalytic decomposition of the most common wastewater pollutants. The drinking water treatment section covers enhanced pathogen disinfection and heavy metal removal, point-of-use treatment, and organic removal applications, including the latest advances in pesticide removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahrah Alhalili
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts-Sajir, Shaqra University, Sahqra 17684, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Singh AK, Bhowmik B. Selective gas detection of titania nanoparticles via impedance spectroscopy and capacitive measurement. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:435501. [PMID: 35835069 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac810d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present paper demonstrated the impedance analysis of Au/TiO2nanoparticles/Si-Al capacitive sensor for selective detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at different frequency regimes. TiO2nanoparticles (NP) were synthesized through the solution process and characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy , x-ray diffraction analysis, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The gas sensitivity of Au/TiO2-NP/Si-Al was investigated, with the effect of temperature modulation (25 °C-250 °C) and dielectric variation in the vicinity of nanoparticles. Impedance spectroscopy of TiO2-NP was carried out to obtain resonant peaks over the frequency ranging from 0.05 to 225 kHz and fitted with a complex nonlinear least-squares method. The optimum sensor response of 136%, 63%, 152%, and 174% was found at resonant frequencies of 0.38 kHz, 0.22 kHz, 0.15 kHz, and 0.1 kHz for the exposure of 2-propanol, acetone, ethanol, and methanol, respectively. The fastest response time and recovery time were found to be 32/21 s, 31.2/8 s, 32.5/9 s, and 40/26 s for acetone, 2-propanol, ethanol, and methanol, respectively. Selective detection of different VOCs at various resonant frequencies has correlated with the dielectric variation of the NPs and their associated void region under gas exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kumar Singh
- Thin Film Device Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur-831014, India
| | - Basanta Bhowmik
- Thin Film Device Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur-831014, India
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3
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Shah V, Bhaliya J, Patel GM, Joshi P. Room-Temperature Chemiresistive Gas Sensing of SnO2 Nanowires: A Review. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-02198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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4
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Nagaraju Y, Ganesh H, Veeresh S, Vijeth H, Basappa M, Devendrappa H. Self-templated one-step hydrothermal synthesis of hierarchical actinomorphic flower-like SnO2-ZnO nanorods for high-performance supercapacitor application. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Kong Y, Li Y, Cui X, Su L, Ma D, Lai T, Yao L, Xiao X, Wang Y. SnO2 nanostructured materials used as gas sensors for the detection of hazardous and flammable gases: A review. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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6
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Shabanian M, Khaleghi M, Allahyari F, Attar F, Ahmadi HR, Roohani M, Seidi F, Khonakdar HA, Wagenknecht U. Tannic acid-modified tin oxide nanoparticle and aromatic polyamide: from synthesis to their application for preparation of safe p-PVC. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03160-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Sreekanth TVM, Ramaraghavulu R, K.Yoo, Kim J. Facile One-Pot Decoration of SnO2 Quantum Dots on the Surface of the Iron Phosphate Nanosheets for Enhanced Catalytic Decolorization of Methylene Blue Dye in the Presence of NaBH4. J CLUST SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-021-02006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Packirisamy RG, Govindasamy C, Sanmugam A, Venkatesan S, Kim HS, Vikraman D. Synthesis of novel Sn1-xZnxO-chitosan nanocomposites: Structural, morphological and luminescence properties and investigation of antibacterial properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:546-555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Liu R, Liu Y, Yu S, Yang C, Li Z, Li G. A Highly Proton-Conductive 3D Ionic Cadmium-Organic Framework for Ammonia and Amines Impedance Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1713-1722. [PMID: 30525375 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lately, the progressive study of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for the detection of ammonia and amines has made infusive achievements. Nevertheless, the investigation of proton-conductive MOFs used to detect the low concentrations of ammonia and amine gases at different relative humidities (RHs) at room temperature is relatively restricted. Herein, by solvothermal reaction of Cd(NO3)2 with 2-methyl-1 H-imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (H3MIDC), a three-dimensional ionic MOF {Na[Cd(MIDC)]} n (1) bearing ordered one-dimensional channels was successfully synthesized. Our research indicates that the uncoordination carboxylate sites are beneficial to proton transfer and the recognition of ammonia and amine compounds. The optimized proton conductivity of 1 reaches a high value of 1.04 × 10-3 S·cm-1 (100 °C, 98% RH). The room temperature sensing properties of ammonia and amine gases were explored under 68, 85, and 98% RHs, respectively. Satisfactorily, the detection limits of MOF 1 toward ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, and ethylamine are 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 4 ppm, respectively, which is one of the best room-temperature sensors for ammonia among previous sensors based on proton-conductive MOFs. The proton conducting and sensing mechanisms were highlighted as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Yaru Liu
- School of Science , North University of China , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030051 , P. R. China
| | - Shihang Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Chenglin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Zifeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
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10
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Temperature dependent selective detection of hydrogen and acetone using Pd doped WO3/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Vallaey B, Radhakrishnan S, Heylen S, Chandran CV, Taulelle F, Breynaert E, Martens JA. Reversible room temperature ammonia gas absorption in pore water of microporous silica-alumina for sensing applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:13528-13536. [PMID: 29726873 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01586d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microporous silica and silica-alumina powders exhibit a reversible uptake and release of ammonia gas from water vapor containing gas mixtures at ambient temperature, with capacities of 0.9 and 2.0 mmol g-1 in the presence of 100 ppm and 1000 ppm NH3, respectively. The ammonia trapping mechanism was revealed using a combination of direct excitation 1H MAS, 1H-1H EXSY and 1H DQ-SQ NMR spectroscopy, indicating that the major part of the captured ammonia is blended in the hydrogen bonded water network in the pores of the adsorbent. A small fraction is irreversibly bound as result of protonation and chemisorption. While common ammonia adsorbents need thermal regeneration, microporous silica-alumina can be regenerated by sweeping with dry gas at ambient temperature, desorbing the physisorbed fraction together with occluded water. As carbon dioxide does not interfere with the ammonia absorption process, this reversible absorption process of ammonia gas at ambient temperature is particularly attractive for sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecht Vallaey
- KU Leuven, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
| | - Sambhu Radhakrishnan
- KU Leuven, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
| | - Steven Heylen
- KU Leuven, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
| | - C Vinod Chandran
- KU Leuven, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
| | - Francis Taulelle
- KU Leuven, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
| | - Eric Breynaert
- KU Leuven, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
| | - Johan A Martens
- KU Leuven, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
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12
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Rawal I, Kumar L, Tripathi RK, Panwar OS. Surface Structure-Dependent Low Turn-On Electron Field Emission from Polypyrrole/Tin Oxide Hybrid Cathodes. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7515-7524. [PMID: 31457313 PMCID: PMC6645290 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a new surface structure-dependent cold cathode material capable of sustaining high electron emission current suitable for next-generation low turn-on field-emission devices. The low turn-on electric field for electron emission in the cathode materials is critical, which facilitates the low-power room-temperature operation, a key factor required by the industrial sector. We demonstrate the facile synthesis of polypyrrole (PPy)/tin oxide (SnO2)-based core-shell hybrid cold cathode materials for large area applications. The technique used here is based on a simple and economical method of surfactant-mediated polymerization. The coupled investigation of X-ray diffraction along with electron microscopy reveals the formation of rutile phase SnO2 nanoparticles of size ∼15 nm. These SnO2 nanoparticles act as nucleation sites for the growth of PPy nanofibers, resulting in encapsulated SnO2 nanoparticles in the PPy amorphous matrix. The coupling of spherical-shaped core-shell structures of PPy/SnO2 resulted into the particle train-like nanostructured form of the hybrid material. These core-shell structures formed the local p-n junction between the n-type SnO2 (core) and p-type PPy (shell). The long chains of these p-n junctions in nanofibers result in the modification of the electronic band structure of PPy, leading to a reduction in the work function of the electrons. The significant surface structural modification in PPy/SnO2 causes a prominent reduction in the turn-on electric field for electron emission in PPy/SnO2 nanocomposite (∼1.5 V/μm) as compared to the pure PPy (∼3.3 V/μm) without significant loss in current density (∼1 mA/cm2). The mechanism of improved field-emission behavior and advantages of using such hybrid nanomaterials as compared to other composite nanomaterials have also been discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishpal Rawal
- Department
of Physics, Kirori Mal College, and Department of Physics, Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department
of Physics, Kirori Mal College, and Department of Physics, Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ravi Kant Tripathi
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Physical Sciences, B. B. A. University, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Omvir Singh Panwar
- Department
of Physics, School of Engineering and Technology, BML Munjal University, NH-8, 67 KM Stone, Sidhrawali, Gurgaon 122413, India
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13
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Jiang C, Zhang D, Yin N, Yao Y, Shaymurat T, Zhou X. Acetylene Gas-Sensing Properties of Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembled Ag-Decorated Tin Dioxide/Graphene Nanocomposite Film. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7090278. [PMID: 28927021 PMCID: PMC5618389 DOI: 10.3390/nano7090278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates an acetylene gas sensor based on an Ag-decorated tin dioxide/reduced graphene oxide (Ag–SnO2/rGO) nanocomposite film, prepared by layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technology. The as-prepared Ag–SnO2/rGO nanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectrum. The acetylene sensing properties were investigated using different working temperatures and gas concentrations. An optimal temperature of 90 °C was determined, and the Ag–SnO2/rGO nanocomposite sensor exhibited excellent sensing behaviors towards acetylene, in terms of response, repeatability, stability and response/recovery characteristics, which were superior to the pure SnO2 and SnO2/rGO film sensors. The sensing mechanism of the Ag–SnO2/rGO sensor was attributed to the synergistic effect of the ternary nanomaterials, and the heterojunctions created at the interfaces between SnO2 and rGO. This work indicates that the Ag–SnO2/rGO nanocomposite is a good candidate for constructing a low-temperature acetylene sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxing Jiang
- College of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
| | - Dongzhi Zhang
- College of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
| | - Nailiang Yin
- College of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
| | - Yao Yao
- College of Communication Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China.
| | - Talgar Shaymurat
- Key Laboratory of New Energy and Materials Research, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 83000, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
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14
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Du J, Huang X, Zhao R, Li J, Asefa T. Hierarchically Self‐Assembled Star‐Shaped ZnO Microparticles for Electrochemical Sensing of Amines. Chemistry 2016; 22:8068-73. [PMID: 27017147 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology 79 Yingze West Street, Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 610 Taylor Road Piscataway New Jersey 08854 USA
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 610 Taylor Road Piscataway New Jersey 08854 USA
| | - Ruihua Zhao
- Shanxi Kunming Tobacco Limited Liability Company 86 Bingzhou East Road, Taiyuan Shanxi 030012 P. R. China
| | - Jinping Li
- Research Institute of Special Chemicals Taiyuan University of Technology 79 Yingze West Street, Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 P. R. China
| | - Tewodros Asefa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 610 Taylor Road Piscataway New Jersey 08854 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 98 Brett Road Piscataway New Jersey 08854 USA
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15
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Raudonyte-Svirbutaviciene E, Mikoliunaite L, Drabavicius A, Juskenas R, Sakirzanovas S, Jüstel T, Katelnikovas A. Photochemical synthesis of CeO2 nanoscale particles using sodium azide as a photoactive material: effects of the annealing temperature and polyvinylpyrrolidone addition. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The size of CeO2 nanoparticles can be controlled by VUV irradiation time and post annealing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lina Mikoliunaite
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Vilnius University
- LT-03225 Vilnius
- Lithuania
| | - Audrius Drabavicius
- Department of Characterization of Materials Structure
- Institute of Chemistry
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology
- LT-10257 Vilnius
- Lithuania
| | - Remigijus Juskenas
- Department of Characterization of Materials Structure
- Institute of Chemistry
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology
- LT-10257 Vilnius
- Lithuania
| | - Simas Sakirzanovas
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Vilnius University
- LT-03225 Vilnius
- Lithuania
| | - Thomas Jüstel
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Münster University of Applied Sciences
- D-48565 Steinfurt
- Germany
| | - Arturas Katelnikovas
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry
- Vilnius University
- LT-03225 Vilnius
- Lithuania
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Manikandan K, Dhanuskodi S, Thomas AR, Maheswari N, Muralidharan G, Sastikumar D. Size–strain distribution analysis of SnO2 nanoparticles and their multifunctional applications as fiber optic gas sensors, supercapacitors and optical limiters. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20503h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by a wet chemical method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) (rutile tetragonal), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (Sn–O, 657 cm−1) and micro Raman spectroscopy (Sn–O, 635 cm−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Manikandan
- Nonlinear Optical Materials Laboratory
- School of Physics
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli-620 024
- India
| | - S. Dhanuskodi
- Nonlinear Optical Materials Laboratory
- School of Physics
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli-620 024
- India
| | - Anitta Rose Thomas
- Light and Matter Physics Group
- Raman Research Institute
- Bangalore-560 080
- India
| | - N. Maheswari
- Department of Physics
- Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University
- Dindigul-624 302
- India
| | - G. Muralidharan
- Department of Physics
- Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University
- Dindigul-624 302
- India
| | - D. Sastikumar
- Department of Physics
- National Institute of Technology
- Tiruchirappalli-620 015
- India
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Liu X, Chen N, Han B, Xiao X, Chen G, Djerdj I, Wang Y. Nanoparticle cluster gas sensor: Pt activated SnO2 nanoparticles for NH3 detection with ultrahigh sensitivity. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:14872-80. [PMID: 26289622 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03585f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pt activated SnO2 nanoparticle clusters were synthesized by a simple solvothermal method. The structure, morphology, chemical state and specific surface area were analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and N2-sorption studies, respectively. The SnO2 nanoparticle cluster matrix consists of tens of thousands of SnO2 nanoparticles with an ultra-small grain size estimated to be 3.0 nm. And there are abundant random-packed wormhole-like pores, caused by the inter-connection of the SnO2 nanoparticles, throughout each cluster. The platinum element is present in two forms including metal (Pt) and tetravalent metal oxide (PtO2) in the Pt activated SnO2 nanoparticle clusters. The as-synthesized pure and Pt activated SnO2 nanoparticle clusters were used to fabricate gas sensor devices. It was found that the gas response toward 500 ppm of ammonia was improved from 6.48 to 203.44 through the activation by Pt. And the results indicate that the sensor based on Pt activated SnO2 not only has ultrahigh sensitivity but also possesses good response-recovery properties, linear dependence, repeatability, selectivity and long-term stability, demonstrating the potential to use Pt activated SnO2 nanoparticle clusters as ammonia gas sensors. At the same time, the formation mechanisms of the unique nanoparticle clusters and highly enhanced sensitivity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, People's Republic of China
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