1
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Parui N, Mandal T, Maiti S, Dash J. Efficient Synthesis of Cyclohepta[b]indoles and Cyclohepta[b]indole-Indoline Conjugates via RCM, Hydrogenation, and Acid-Catalyzed Ring Expansion: A Biomimetic Approach. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401059. [PMID: 38623002 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Cyclohepta[b]indoles, prevalent in natural products and pharmaceuticals, are conventionally accessed via metal or Lewis acid-mediated cycloadditions with prefunctionalized substrates. Our study introduces an innovative sequential catalytic assembly for synthesizing cyclohepta[b]indoles from readily available isatin derivatives. The process involves three catalytic sequences: ring-closing metathesis, catalytic hydrogenation, and acid-catalyzed ring expansion. The RCM of 2,2-dialkene-3-oxindoles, formed by butenyl Grignard addition to 3-allyl-3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles, yields versatile spirocyclohexene-3-oxindole derivatives. These derivatives undergo further transformations, including dibromination, dihydroxylation, epoxidation, Wacker oxidation at the double bond. Hydrogenation of spirocyclohexene-3-oxindole yields spirocyclohexane-3-oxindoles. Their subsequent acid-catalyzed ring expansion/aromatization, dependent on the acid catalyst, results in either cyclohepta[b]indoles or cyclohepta[b]indole-indoline conjugates, adding a unique synthetic dimension. The utility of this methodology is exemplified through the synthesis of an A-FABP inhibitor, showcasing its potential in pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabin Parui
- School of chemical sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, 700032, Kolkata, India
| | - Tirtha Mandal
- School of chemical sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, 700032, Kolkata, India
| | - Sandip Maiti
- School of chemical sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, 700032, Kolkata, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dash
- School of chemical sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, 700032, Kolkata, India
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2
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Baruah B, Pegu CD, Deb ML. Indole as a Versatile Building Block in Cycloaddition Reactions: Synthesis of Diverse Heterocyclic Frameworks. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:18. [PMID: 38758483 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Indole, a ubiquitous and structurally versatile aromatic compound, has emerged as a key player in the synthesis of diverse heterocyclic frameworks via cycloaddition reactions. These reactions are completely atom-economical and, hence, are considered as green reactions. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the pivotal role played by indole in the construction of complex and biologically relevant heterocyclic compounds. Here we explore the chemistry of indole-based cycloadditions, highlighting their synthetic utility in accessing a wide array of heterocyclic architectures, including cyclohepta[b]indoles, tetrahydrocarbazoles, tetrahydroindolo[3,2-c]quinoline, and indolines, among others. Additionally, we discuss the mechanistic insights that underpin these transformations, emphasizing the strategic importance of indole as a building block. The content of this article will certainly encourage the readers to explore more work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajita Baruah
- Department of Chemistry, Pandu College, Guwahati, Assam, 781012, India.
| | - Choitanya Dev Pegu
- Department of Chemistry, Madhabdev University, Lakhimpur, Assam, 784164, India
| | - Mohit L Deb
- Advanced Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya, 793101, India.
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3
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Gharpure SJ, Kumari S. Cascade radical cyclization on 3-propargyl-2-alkenyl indole gives stereoselective access to cyclohepta[ b]indole over carbazole. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:538-541. [PMID: 38050781 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05237k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
A protecting group-dependent diastereoselective synthesis of cyclohepta[b]indole over carbazole derivatives is developed. This strategy involves a regioselective 6-exo-trig radical cyclization-cyclopropanation-ring expansion cascade of 3-propargyl-2-alkenyl indole. The cascade radical cyclization was also performed on indole derivatives possessing alkyne, acrylate and vinylogous carbamate moieties, which delivered pyridocarbazole giving credence to the mechanistic hypothesis. Furthermore, cyclohepta[b]indole could be selectively converted to sulfone and sulfoxide as well as benzoazulenoindole via intramolecular Friedel-Crafts acylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh J Gharpure
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Sanyog Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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4
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Ataka Y, Kitajima M, Ishikawa H. Enantioselective Total Syntheses of (-)-Silicine and (-)-20-Episilicine. Org Lett 2023; 25:7601-7605. [PMID: 37696799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective total syntheses of (-)-silicine and (-)-20-episilicine, which contain a chiral piperidine with three contiguous chiral centers (D-ring) and a strained seven-membered ring (C-ring) attached to an indole, were achieved. The key steps of these syntheses included a chiral secondary amine-catalyzed formal aza-[3 + 3] cycloaddition reaction and Lewis acid-mediated irreversible ring-closing reaction. In addition, the stereochemistry at C20 was controlled at a later stage in the syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ataka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Mariko Kitajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hayato Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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5
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Natho P, Yang Z, Allen LAT, Rey J, White AJP, Parsons PJ. An entry to 2-(cyclobut-1-en-1-yl)-1 H-indoles through a cyclobutenylation/deprotection cascade. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4048-4053. [PMID: 33885127 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00430a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A transition-metal-free strategy for the synthesis of 2-(cyclobut-1-en-1-yl)-1H-indoles under mild conditions is described herein. A series of substituted 2-(cyclobut-1-en-1-yl)-1H-indoles are accessed by a one-pot cyclobutenylation/deprotection cascade from N-Boc protected indoles. Preliminary experimental and density functional theory calculations suggest that a Boc-group transfer is involved in the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Natho
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, W12 0BZ London, UK.
| | - Zeyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, W12 0BZ London, UK.
| | - Lewis A T Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, W12 0BZ London, UK.
| | - Juliette Rey
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, W12 0BZ London, UK.
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, W12 0BZ London, UK.
| | - Philip J Parsons
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, W12 0BZ London, UK.
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6
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Liu X, Liu Y, Chen L. Tandem Annulations of Propargylic Alcohols to Indole Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yan Liu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics Chengdu University 168 Hua Guan Road Chengdu 610052 People's Republic of China
| | - Yun‐Lin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangzhou University 230 Wai Huan Xi Road Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Long Chen
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics Chengdu University 168 Hua Guan Road Chengdu 610052 People's Republic of China
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7
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Selvaraj K, Chauhan S, Sandeep K, Swamy KCK. Advances in [4+3]‐Annulation/Cycloaddition Reactions Leading to Homo‐ and Heterocycles with Seven‐Membered Rings. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2380-2402. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karuppu Selvaraj
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Hyderabad Hyderabad-500046 Telangana India
| | - Sachin Chauhan
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Hyderabad Hyderabad-500046 Telangana India
| | - K. Sandeep
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Hyderabad Hyderabad-500046 Telangana India
| | - K. C. Kumara Swamy
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Hyderabad Hyderabad-500046 Telangana India
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8
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Pirovano V, Brambilla E, Moretti A, Rizzato S, Abbiati G, Nava D, Rossi E. Synthesis of Cyclohepta[ b]indoles by (4 + 3) Cycloaddition of 2-Vinylindoles or 4 H-Furo[3,2- b]indoles with Oxyallyl Cations. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3265-3276. [PMID: 31975604 PMCID: PMC7997566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The synthesis of cyclohepta[b]indole derivatives
through the dearomative (4 + 3) cycloaddition reaction of 2-vinylindoles
or 4H-furo[3,2-b]indoles with in
situ generated oxyallyl cations is reported. Oxyallyl cations are
generated from α-bromoketones in the presence of a base and
a perfluorinated solvent. Cyclohepta[b]indole scaffolds
are obtained under mild reaction conditions, in the absence of expensive
catalysts, starting from simple reagents, in good to excellent yields
and with complete diasteroselectivity. Preliminary expansion of the
scope to 3-vinylindoles and to aza-oxyallyl cations is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pirovano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche-Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Brambilla
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche-Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Moretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche-Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Rizzato
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Abbiati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche-Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Nava
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche-Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche-Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
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9
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Ivanova OA, Trushkov IV. Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes in the Synthesis of Carbocycles. CHEM REC 2019; 19:2189-2208. [PMID: 30707497 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor cyclopropanes not only participate in a broad range of ring openings with nucleophiles, electrophiles, radical and red-ox agents, but also are excellent substrates for various (3+n)-cycloaddition and (3+n)-annulation processes. Moreover, under treatment with Lewis acid donor-acceptor cyclopropanes can produce new ring systems via isomerization or cyclodimerization. Authors' contribution to the synthesis of diverse carbocycles from donor-acceptor cyclopropanes is summarized in this account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Ivanova
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Igor V Trushkov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Samory Mashela, 1, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
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10
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Thopate SB, Jadhav SB, Nanubolu JB, Chegondi R. Stereoselective Desymmetrization of Cyclohexadienone-Tethered Enones: Efficient Access to Highly Strained Polycyclic Indoles. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satish B. Thopate
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Sandip B. Jadhav
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | | | - Rambabu Chegondi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
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11
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Parker AN, Martin MC, Shenje R, France S. Calcium-Catalyzed Formal [5 + 2] Cycloadditions of Alkylidene β-Ketoesters with Olefins: Chemodivergent Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Cyclohepta[b]indole Derivatives. Org Lett 2019; 21:7268-7273. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel N. Parker
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - M. Cynthia Martin
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Raynold Shenje
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Stefan France
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Viresh H. Rawal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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13
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Gupta GR, Shah J, Vadagaonkar KS, Lavekar AG, Kapdi AR. Hetero-bimetallic cooperative catalysis for the synthesis of heteroarenes. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7596-7631. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01152h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Review covering the synthesis of 5- and 6-membered as well as condensed heteroarenes, focussing on the combinations in cooperative catalytic systems in strategies used to achieve selectivity and also highlights the mode of action for the cooperative catalysis leading to the synthesis of commercially and biologically relevant heteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav R. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai-400019
- India
| | - Jagrut Shah
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai-400019
- India
| | | | - Aditya G. Lavekar
- Former Research Fellow
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow-226031
- India
| | - Anant R. Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai-400019
- India
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14
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Sun Z, Xiang K, Tao H, Guo L, Li Y. Synthesis of 2-substituted 3-chlorobenzofurans via TMSCl-mediated nucleophilic annulation of isatin-derived propargylic alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:6133-6139. [PMID: 30101259 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01731j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A TMSCl-mediated cascade annulation of isatin-derived propargylic alcohols for the synthesis of 2-substituted 3-chlorobenzofurans is now reported. Mechanistic investigations showed that this proceeded through a sequential Meyer-Schuster rearrangement/nucleophilic addition/intramolecular annulation. TMSCl not only acts as a promoter, but also acts as a chlorine source in this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. of China.
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15
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Gelis C, Levitre G, Merad J, Retailleau P, Neuville L, Masson G. Highly Diastereo- and Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclohepta[b
]indoles by Chiral-Phosphoric-Acid-Catalyzed (4+3) Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12121-12125. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Gelis
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Guillaume Levitre
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Jérémy Merad
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Luc Neuville
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
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16
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Gelis C, Levitre G, Merad J, Retailleau P, Neuville L, Masson G. Highly Diastereo- and Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclohepta[b
]indoles by Chiral-Phosphoric-Acid-Catalyzed (4+3) Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Gelis
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Guillaume Levitre
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Jérémy Merad
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Luc Neuville
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
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17
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Jadhav AS, Pankhade YA, Vijaya Anand R. Exploring Gold Catalysis in a 1,6-Conjugate Addition/Domino Electrophilic Cyclization Cascade: Synthesis of Cyclohepta[b]indoles. J Org Chem 2018; 83:8615-8626. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet S. Jadhav
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City,
Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli (PO), Punjab 140306, India
| | - Yogesh A. Pankhade
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City,
Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli (PO), Punjab 140306, India
| | - Ramasamy Vijaya Anand
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City,
Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli (PO), Punjab 140306, India
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18
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Kaufmann J, Jäckel E, Haak E. Rutheniumkatalysierte Kaskadenanellierung von Indol mit Propargylalkoholen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kaufmann
- Institut für Chemie; Otto von Guericke Universität Magdeburg; Universitätsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Deutschland
| | - Elisabeth Jäckel
- Institut für Chemie; Otto von Guericke Universität Magdeburg; Universitätsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Deutschland
| | - Edgar Haak
- Institut für Chemie; Otto von Guericke Universität Magdeburg; Universitätsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Deutschland
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19
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Kaufmann J, Jäckel E, Haak E. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Cascade Annulation of Indole with Propargyl Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5908-5911. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kaufmann
- Institute of Chemistry; Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg; Universitätsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Elisabeth Jäckel
- Institute of Chemistry; Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg; Universitätsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Edgar Haak
- Institute of Chemistry; Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg; Universitätsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Germany
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20
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Amuthavalli A, Edison D, Prakash B, Sivaramkumar MS, Velmurgan R. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 7,8,9,10-Tetrahydro-2-bromo-cyclohepta[b]indol-6(5H)-one. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774517070033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Gazvoda M, Krivec M, Časar Z, Košmrlj J. En Route to 2-(Cyclobuten-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole. J Org Chem 2018; 83:2486-2493. [PMID: 29378397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A six-step synthetic route from 4-chloro-2-methylaniline to 5-chloro-2-(cyclobut-1-en-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole (1) has been reported. Compound 1a is a key impurity of reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz, an important anti-HIV/AIDS drug. Synthetic challenges, dead ends, and detours are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gazvoda
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana , Vec̆na pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Krivec
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana , Vec̆na pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zdenko Časar
- Lek Pharmaceuticals, d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia , Verovškova ulica 57, SI-1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Košmrlj
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana , Vec̆na pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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22
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Wang Z, Addepalli Y, He Y. Construction of Polycyclic Indole Derivatives via Multiple Aryne Reactions with Azaheptafulvenes. Org Lett 2018; 20:644-647. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory
of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P.R. China
| | - Yesu Addepalli
- Chongqing Key Laboratory
of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P.R. China
| | - Yun He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory
of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P.R. China
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23
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Li Y, Zhu CZ, Zhang J. Gold-Catalyzed [4+3] Cycloaddition/C-H Functionalization Cascade: Regio- and Diastereoselective Route to Cyclohepta[b
]indoles. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; 3663 N. Zhongshan Road 200062 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Chao-Ze Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; 3663 N. Zhongshan Road 200062 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; 3663 N. Zhongshan Road 200062 Shanghai P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS; 345 Lingling Road 200032 Shanghai China
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24
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Sun Z, Tian S, Li S, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Li Y. Facile synthesis of thiochromanyl-spirooxindoles via K 2 CO 3 catalyzed tandem sulfa-Michael/Aldol reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Stempel E, Gaich T. Cyclohepta[b]indoles: A Privileged Structure Motif in Natural Products and Drug Design. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2390-2402. [PMID: 27709885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Seven-membered rings fused with an indole are termed cyclohepta[b]indoles. Compounds exhibiting this structure motif display a broad spectrum of biological activities, ranging from inhibition of adipocyte fatty-acid-binding protein (A-FABP), deacetylation of histones, inhibition of leukotriene production p53, antituberculosis activities, and anti-HIV activities. These biological profiles are found in natural products containing the cyclohepta[b]indole motif, as well as in pharmaceuticals that contain this structure motif. Therefore, the biology of molecules derived from the skeleton of cyclohepta[b]indoles, as well as cyclopenta- and cyclohexa[b]indoles, has attracted considerable interest from the pharmaceutical industry as potential therapeutics in recent years. This is reflected by more than two dozen patents that have been issued in the past decade, solely based on the cyclohepta[b]indole structure motif. The efficient preparation of highly functionalized and unsymmetrically substituted cyclohepta[b]indoles has therefore become of central interest for synthetic organic chemists. Historically, this structure motif most often has been prepared by means of a Fischer indole synthesis. Although very robust and useful, this reaction poses certain limitations. Especially unsymmetrically functionalized cyclohepta[b]indoles are not suitable for a Fischer indole type synthesis, since product mixtures are inevitable. Therefore, novel methodologies to overcome these synthetic obstacles have been developed in recent years. This Account introduces all natural products and pharmaceutical compounds exhibiting the cyclohepta[b]indole motif. The structural variability within cyclohepta[b]indole alkaloids in combination with the broad range of organisms where these alkaloids have been isolated from, strongly suggests that the cyclohepta[b]indole is somehow a "privileged" structure motif. The organisms producing these compounds range from evergreen trees (actinophyllic acid) to cyanobacteria (ambiguinines). The synthetic methodologies to construct these molecular scaffolds (natural and unnatural in origin) are in turn highlighted and discussed with regard to their potential to access highly functionalized and unsymmetrical cyclohepta[b]indoles, for which they specifically have been designed. The methods are classified with respect to reaction type and whether or not they are enantioselective. Finally, the syntheses of cyclohepta[b]indole natural products are presented, thereby in each case, focusing on the construction of this structure motif in the course of the respective total synthesis. As a conclusion, we end by contrasting the methodological progress in the field with the actual successful application of the newly developed methods to the synthesis of complex structures to pinpoint the urgent requirement for further synthetic development for efficient synthetic design of this "privileged" structure motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Stempel
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tanja Gaich
- Lehrstuhl
für Organische Chemie, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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26
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Liu Y, Sun Z, Li S, Xiang K, Zhang Y, Li Y. Mg(ClO4)2-promoted [4 + 3] cycloaddition of oxindole derivatives with conjugated dienes: concise synthesis of spirocycloheptane oxindole derivatives. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03259a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel Mg(ClO4)2-promoted [4 + 3] cycloaddition reaction of oxindole derivatives and cyclopentadiene was achieved for the construction of the spirocycloheptane oxindole skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Zhou Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Song Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Kuirong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
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27
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Liu J, Wang L, Wang X, Xu L, Hao Z, Xiao J. Fluorinated alcohol-mediated [4 + 3] cycloaddition reaction of indolyl alcohols with cyclopentadiene. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:11510-11517. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01953f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a catalyst- and additive-free, [4 + 3] cycloaddition reaction of 3-indolylmethanols with cyclopentadiene in HFIP, producing cyclohepta[b]indole derivatives in high yields and with wide substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Qingdao Agricultural University
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Qingdao Agricultural University
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Qingdao Agricultural University
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Lubin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Qingdao Agricultural University
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Qingdao Agricultural University
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Jian Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Qingdao Agricultural University
- Qingdao
- China
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28
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Abstract
Silver is a less expensive noble metal. Superior alkynophilicity due to π-coordination with the carbon-carbon triple bond makes silver salts ideal catalysts for alkyne-based organic reactions. This review highlights the progress in alkyne chemistry via silver catalysis primarily over the past five years (ca. 2010-2014). The discussion is developed in terms of the bond type formed with the acetylenic carbon (i.e., C-C, C-N, C-O, C-Halo, C-P and C-B). Compared with other coinage metals such as Au and Cu, silver catalysis is frequently observed to be unique. This critical review clearly indicates that silver catalysis provides a significant impetus to the rapid evolution of alkyne-based organic reactions, such as alkynylation, hydrofunctionalization, cycloaddition, cycloisomerization, and cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guichun Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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