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Ezike TC, Okpala US, Onoja UL, Nwike CP, Ezeako EC, Okpara OJ, Okoroafor CC, Eze SC, Kalu OL, Odoh EC, Nwadike UG, Ogbodo JO, Umeh BU, Ossai EC, Nwanguma BC. Advances in drug delivery systems, challenges and future directions. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17488. [PMID: 37416680 PMCID: PMC10320272 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in molecular pharmacology and an improved understanding of the mechanism of most diseases have created the need to specifically target the cells involved in the initiation and progression of diseases. This is especially true for most life-threatening diseases requiring therapeutic agents which have numerous side effects, thus requiring accurate tissue targeting to minimize systemic exposure. Recent drug delivery systems (DDS) are formulated using advanced technology to accelerate systemic drug delivery to the specific target site, maximizing therapeutic efficacy and minimizing off-target accumulation in the body. As a result, they play an important role in disease management and treatment. Recent DDS offer greater advantages when compared to conventional drug delivery systems due to their enhanced performance, automation, precision, and efficacy. They are made of nanomaterials or miniaturized devices with multifunctional components that are biocompatible, biodegradable, and have high viscoelasticity with an extended circulating half-life. This review, therefore, provides a comprehensive insight into the history and technological advancement of drug delivery systems. It updates the most recent drug delivery systems, their therapeutic applications, challenges associated with their use, and future directions for improved performance and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobechukwu Christian Ezike
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ugochukwu Solomon Okpala
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ufedo Lovet Onoja
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chinenye Princess Nwike
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Chimeh Ezeako
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Osinachi Juliet Okpara
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Charles Chinkwere Okoroafor
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Shadrach Chinecherem Eze
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Onyinyechi Loveth Kalu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | | | - Ugochukwu Gideon Nwadike
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - John Onyebuchi Ogbodo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Bravo Udochukwu Umeh
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Chekwube Ossai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Bennett Chima Nwanguma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Qi L, Liu C, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Duan H, Zhao H, Xin X, Chen L, Jin M, Guan Y, Gao Z, Huang W. Development of Mitomycin C-Loaded Nanoparticles Prepared Using the Micellar Assembly Driven by the Combined Effect of Hydrogen Bonding and π-π Stacking and Its Therapeutic Application in Bladder Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1776. [PMID: 34834192 PMCID: PMC8624376 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Micelle is mainly used for drug delivery and is prepared from amphiphilic block copolymers. It can be formed into an obvious core-shell structure that can incorporate liposoluble drugs. However, micelles are not suitable for the encapsulation of water-soluble drugs, and it is also difficult to maintain stability in the systemic circulation. To solve these problems, a type of polymer material, Fmoc-Lys-PEG and Fmoc-Lys-PEG-RGD, was designed and synthesized. These copolymers could self-assemble into micelles driven by π-π stacking and the hydrophobic interaction of 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbony (Fmoc) and, at the same time, form a framework for a hydrogen-bonding environment in the core. Mitomycin C (MMC), as a water-soluble drug, can be encapsulated into micelles by hydrogen-bonding interactions. The interaction force between MMC and the polymers was analyzed by molecular docking simulation and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). It was concluded that the optimal binding conformation can be obtained, and that the main force between the MMC and polymers is hydrogen bonding. Different types of MMC nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared and the physicochemical properties of them were systematically evaluated. The pharmacodynamics of the MMC NPs in vitro and in vivo were also studied. The results show that MMC NPs had a high uptake efficiency, could promote cell apoptosis, and had a strong inhibitory effect on cell proliferation. More importantly, the as-prepared NPs could effectively induce tumor cell apoptosis and inhibit tumor growth and metastasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Yingying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Zheao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Hongxia Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Heming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Xin Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Liqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Mingji Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Youyan Guan
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhonggao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
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Yang H, Wang M, Huang Y, Qiao Q, Zhao C, Zhao M. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a novel mitomycin nanomicelle delivery system. RSC Adv 2019; 9:14708-14717. [PMID: 35516345 PMCID: PMC9064152 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02660f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitomycin C (MMC), naturally synthesized by Streptomyces caespitosus, is a potent antineoplastic antibiotic for the treatment of various solid tumors. However, the defects of conventional MMC injections have greatly limited its clinical application due to its toxic side effects and non-specific interactions. To solve this problem, the PEG2k-Fmoc-Ibuprofen (PEG-FIbu) micellar nanocarrier was synthesized and the MMC-loaded micelles (PEG-FIbu/MMC) were prepared by thin film hydration method and characterized. Ibuprofen was used as a hydrophobic domain of PEG-FIbu nanocarrier, and we expect it to synergize with codelivered MMC in the overall antitumor activity. The in vitro release of PEG-FIbu/MMC was examined by dialysis method using MMC injection as a control. Our data suggested that PEG-FIbu/MMC micelles presented appropriate particle size, low CMC value, good stability, high drug loading efficiency and sustained release properties. In vitro cytotoxicity studies with several tumor cell lines showed that the carrier was effective in mediating intracellular delivery of MMC to tumor cells. In vivo pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and therapeutic study proved that PEG-FIbu/MMC micelles prolonged blood circulation, significantly improved the tumor accumulation and therapeutic efficacy, and reduced undesirable side effect on normal tissues compared to MMC injection. In general, PEG-FIbu/MMC micelles represented an effective strategy to improve the performance for the delivery of MMC and safety of medication. The introduction of a micellar delivery system of MMC increase efficiency, reduce toxicity and enhance specific interactions in tumor.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Yang
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Yihe Huang
- College of Chemistry
- Liaoning University
- Shenyang 110036
- China
- Shenyang Medical College
| | - Qiaoyu Qiao
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
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Kydd J, Jadia R, Velpurisiva P, Gad A, Paliwal S, Rai P. Targeting Strategies for the Combination Treatment of Cancer Using Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2017; 9:E46. [PMID: 29036899 PMCID: PMC5750652 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics9040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have characteristics of acquired and intrinsic resistances to chemotherapy treatment-due to the hostile tumor microenvironment-that create a significant challenge for effective therapeutic regimens. Multidrug resistance, collateral toxicity to normal cells, and detrimental systemic side effects present significant obstacles, necessitating alternative and safer treatment strategies. Traditional administration of chemotherapeutics has demonstrated minimal success due to the non-specificity of action, uptake and rapid clearance by the immune system, and subsequent metabolic alteration and poor tumor penetration. Nanomedicine can provide a more effective approach to targeting cancer by focusing on the vascular, tissue, and cellular characteristics that are unique to solid tumors. Targeted methods of treatment using nanoparticles can decrease the likelihood of resistant clonal populations of cancerous cells. Dual encapsulation of chemotherapeutic drug allows simultaneous targeting of more than one characteristic of the tumor. Several first-generation, non-targeted nanomedicines have received clinical approval starting with Doxil® in 1995. However, more than two decades later, second-generation or targeted nanomedicines have yet to be approved for treatment despite promising results in pre-clinical studies. This review highlights recent studies using targeted nanoparticles for cancer treatment focusing on approaches that target either the tumor vasculature (referred to as 'vascular targeting'), the tumor microenvironment ('tissue targeting') or the individual cancer cells ('cellular targeting'). Recent studies combining these different targeting methods are also discussed in this review. Finally, this review summarizes some of the reasons for the lack of clinical success in the field of targeted nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janel Kydd
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts, 1 University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Rahul Jadia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts, 1 University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Praveena Velpurisiva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts, 1 University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Aniket Gad
- Confocal Imaging Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Shailee Paliwal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 1 University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Prakash Rai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts, 1 University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 1 University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
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Bar-Zeev M, Livney YD, Assaraf YG. Targeted nanomedicine for cancer therapeutics: Towards precision medicine overcoming drug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2017; 31:15-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lin J, Li Y, Li Y, Wu H, Yu F, Zhou S, Xie L, Luo F, Lin C, Hou Z. Drug/Dye-Loaded, Multifunctional PEG-Chitosan-Iron Oxide Nanocomposites for Methotraxate Synergistically Self-Targeted Cancer Therapy and Dual Model Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:11908-20. [PMID: 25978458 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional nanocomposites hold great potential to integrate therapeutic and diagnostic functions into a single nanoscale structure. In this paper, we prepared the MTX-PEG-CS-IONPs-Cy5.5 nanocomposites by functionalizing the surface of chitosan-decorated iron oxide nanoparticles (CS-IONPs) with polyethylene glycolated methotraxate (MTX-PEG) and near-infrared fluorescent cyanin dye (Cy5.5). A clinically useful PEGylated anticancer prodrug, MTX-PEG, was also developed as a tumor cell-specific targeting ligand for self-targeted cancer treatment. In such nanocomposites, the advantage was that the orthogonally functionalized, self-targeted MTX-PEG-CS-IONPs-Cy5.5 can synergistically combine an early phase selective tumor-targeting efficacy with a late-phase cancer-killing effect, which was also confirmed by dual model (magnetic resonance and fluorescence) imaging. Furthermore, with the aids of the folate (FA) receptor-mediated endocytosis (able to turn cellular uptake "off" in normal cells and "on" in cancer cells) and pH/intracellular protease-mediated hydrolyzing peptide bonds (able to turn drug release "off" in systemic circulation and "on" inside endo/lysosomes), the MTX-PEG-CS-IONPs-Cy5.5 could deliver MTX to FA receptors-overexpressed cancer cells, showing the improved anticancer activity with the reduced side effects. Together, the MTX-PEG-CS-IONPs-Cy5.5 could act as a highly convergent, flexible, and simplified system for dual model imaging and synergistically self-targeted cancer therapy, holding great promise for versatile biomedical applications in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hongjie Wu
- §Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | | | | | - Liya Xie
- ⊥The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China
| | - Fanghong Luo
- ∥Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | | | - Zhenqing Hou
- ◊Department of Physics, Changji University, Changji 831100, China
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