1
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Liquid-phase epoxidation of propylene with molecular oxygen by chloride manganese meso-tetraphenylporphyrins. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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2
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Zheng Y, Shen Q, Li Z, Jing X, Duan C. Two Copper-Containing Polyoxometalate-Based Metal-Organic Complexes as Heterogeneous Catalysts for the C-H Bond Oxidation of Benzylic Compounds and Olefin Epoxidation. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11156-11164. [PMID: 35799381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using a one-pot assembly method, two novel copper-containing Keggin-type polyoxometalates (POMs)-based metal-organic complexes, that is, [CuII2(pbba)2NO3-(H2O)2(PW12O40)]·3H2O [PW12-Cu-pbba, H2pbba = 1,1'-(1,4-phenylene-bis(methylene))-bis(pyridine-3-carboxylic acid)] and [CuII2(pbba)2(H2O)2(GeW12O40)]·3H2O (GeW12-Cu-pbba), were successfully synthesized. These two complexes are isostructural, differing only in their POM components. They are applicable as heterogeneous catalysts for the C-H bond oxidation of benzylic compounds and olefin epoxidation under mild conditions, with oxygen as the oxidant and isobutyraldehyde as the coreductant. The catalytic activity of PW12-Cu-pbba was superior to that of GeW12-Cu-pbba. Under the optimal conditions, PW12-Cu-pbba catalyzed the oxidation of indane into 1-indanone with an 81% yield and >99% selectivity within 48 h. As heterogeneous catalysts, both complexes demonstrated excellent recoverability and high stability and could be stably reused five times without significant activity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Qingbo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Zhentao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xu Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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3
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Zhou XT, Yu HY, Li Y, Wu HB, Ji HB. Manganese porphyrin-mediated aerobic epoxidation of propylene with isoprene: A new strategy for simultaneously preparing propylene epoxide and isoprene monoxide. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Ren J, Wang L, Li P, Xing X, Wang H, Lv B. Ag supported on alumina for the epoxidation of 1-hexene with molecular oxygen: the effect of Ag +/Ag 0. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05926b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic liquid-phase oxidation of 1-hexene with O2 using Ag/porous bowl-shaped alumina shows good selectivity for the epoxidation product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liancheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Penghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangying Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Baoliang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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5
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Triandafillidi I, Kokotou MG, Lotter D, Sparr C, Kokotos CG. Aldehyde-catalyzed epoxidation of unactivated alkenes with aqueous hydrogen peroxide. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10191-10196. [PMID: 34377408 PMCID: PMC8336450 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02360h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The organocatalytic epoxidation of unactivated alkenes using aqueous hydrogen peroxide provides various indispensable products and intermediates in a sustainable manner. While formyl functionalities typically undergo irreversible oxidations when activating an oxidant, an atropisomeric two-axis aldehyde capable of catalytic turnover was identified for high-yielding epoxidations of cyclic and acyclic alkenes. The relative configuration of the stereogenic axes of the catalyst and the resulting proximity of the aldehyde and backbone residues resulted in high catalytic efficiencies. Mechanistic studies support a non-radical alkene oxidation by an aldehyde-derived dioxirane intermediate generated from hydrogen peroxide through the Payne and Criegee intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 Basel 4056 Switzerland
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Dominik Lotter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 Basel 4056 Switzerland
| | - Christof Sparr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 Basel 4056 Switzerland
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
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6
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7
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Rayati S, Nejabat F, Radmanesh P. Catalytic performance of modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes with manganese(III) porphyrin in aerobic olefin oxidation. J COORD CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2021.1897581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Rayati
- Department of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nejabat
- Department of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paria Radmanesh
- Department of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Illinois, USA
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8
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Zhou XT, Yu HY, Li Y, Xue C, Ji HB. Cerium(IV) Sulfate as a Cocatalyst for Promoting the Direct Epoxidation of Propylene by Ruthenium Porphyrin with Molecular Oxygen. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Tai Zhou
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Yang Yu
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Can Xue
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Bing Ji
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, P. R. China
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9
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Mukherjee M, Dey A. Catalytic C–H Bond Oxidation Using Dioxygen by Analogues of Heme Superoxide. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:7415-7425. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manjistha Mukherjee
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Abhishek Dey
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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10
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Liu X, Yu H, Xue C, Zhou X, Ji H. Cyclohexene Promoted Efficient Biomimetic Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by Manganese Porphyrin under Mild Conditions. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Hui Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai Guangdong 519082 China
| | - Hai‐Yang Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai Guangdong 519082 China
| | - Can Xue
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai Guangdong 519082 China
| | - Xian‐Tai Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai Guangdong 519082 China
| | - Hong‐Bing Ji
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Low‐Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510275 China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology Maoming Guangdong 525000 China
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11
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Theoretical Study on Electronic Structural Properties of Catalytically Reactive Metalloporphyrin Intermediates. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metalloporphyrins have attracted great attention in the potential application of biomimetic catalysis. Especially, they were widely investigated as green catalysts in the chemical oxidation of various hydrocarbons through the catalytic activation of molecular oxygen. The structural properties of active central metal ions were reported to play a decisive role in catalytic activity. However, those delicate structural changes are difficult to be experimentally captured or elucidated in detail. Herein, we explored the electronic structural properties of metalloporphyrins (metal porphyrin (PMII, PMIIICl)) and their corresponding catalytically active intermediates (metal(III)-peroxo(PMIII-O2), metal(III)-hydroperoxo(PMIII-OH), and metal(IV)-oxo(PMIV=O), (M=Fe, Mn, and Co)) through the density functional theory method. The ground states of these intermediates were determined based on the assessment of relative energy and the corresponding geometric structures of ground states also further confirmed the stability of energy. Furthermore, our analyses of Mulliken charges and frontier molecular orbitals revealed the potential catalytic behavior of reactive metalloporphyrin intermediates.
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12
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Galinato MGI, Brocious EP, Paulat F, Martin S, Skodack J, Harland JB, Lehnert N. Elucidating the Electronic Structure of High-Spin [MnIII(TPP)Cl] Using Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:2144-2162. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Grace I. Galinato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
- School of Science-Chemistry, Penn State Behrend, Erie, Pennsylvania 16563, United States
| | - Emily P. Brocious
- School of Science-Chemistry, Penn State Behrend, Erie, Pennsylvania 16563, United States
| | - Florian Paulat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Sherri Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Joshua Skodack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jill B. Harland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Nicolai Lehnert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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13
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Gan T, Zhang H, Liu Y, He Q, Zhang Y, He X, Ji H. Self‐Assembled Metalloporphyrins–Magnesium Phosphate Hybrid Spheres as Efficient Catalysts for Cycloaddition of Carbon Dioxide. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gan
- School of ChemistrySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519000 China
| | - Yifei Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light IndustryGuangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Qian He
- School of ChemistrySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologySun Yat-sen University Zhuhai 519000 China
| | - Xiaohui He
- School of ChemistrySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Hongbing Ji
- School of ChemistrySun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
- Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000 Guangdong China
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14
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Mukherjee M, Dey A. Electron Transfer Control of Reductase versus Monooxygenase: Catalytic C-H Bond Hydroxylation and Alkene Epoxidation by Molecular Oxygen. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:671-682. [PMID: 31041387 PMCID: PMC6487540 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic oxidation of organic substrates, using a green oxidant like O2, has been a long-term goal of the scientific community. In nature, these oxidations are performed by metalloenzymes that generate highly oxidizing species from O2, which, in turn, can oxidize very stable organic substrates, e.g., mono-/dioxygenases. The same oxidants are produced during O2 reduction/respiration in the mitochondria but are reduced by electron transfer, i.e., reductases. Iron porphyrin mimics of the active site of cytochrome P450 (Cyt P450) are created atop a self-assembled monolayer covered electrode. The rate of electron transfer from the electrode to the iron porphyrin site is attenuated to derive monooxygenase reactivity from these constructs that otherwise show O2 reductase activity. Catalytic hydroxylation of strong C-H bonds to alcohol and epoxidation of alkenes, using molecular O2 (with 18O2 incorporation), is demonstrated with turnover numbers >104. Uniquely, one of the two iron porphyrin catalysts used shows preferential oxidation of 2° C-H bonds of cycloalkanes to alcohols over 3° C-H bonds without overoxidation to ketones. Mechanistic investigations with labeled substrates indicate that a compound I (FeIV=O bound to a porphyrin cation radical) analogue, formed during O2 reduction, is the primary oxidant. The selectivity is determined by the shape of the distal pocket of the catalyst, which, in turn, is determined by the substituents on the periphery of the porphyrin macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhishek Dey
- Address:
Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A&2B
Raja SC Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India 700032.
E-mail:
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15
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Hemmat K, Nasseri MA, Allahresani A. Olefins oxidation with molecular O
2
in the presence of chiral Mn (III) salen complex supported on magnetic CoFe
2
O
4
@SiO
2
@CPTMS. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Hemmat
- Department of Chemistry, College of SciencesUniversity of Birjand Birjand 97175‐615 Iran
| | - Mohammad A. Nasseri
- Department of Chemistry, College of SciencesUniversity of Birjand Birjand 97175‐615 Iran
| | - Ali Allahresani
- Department of Chemistry, College of SciencesUniversity of Birjand Birjand 97175‐615 Iran
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16
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Qi L, Wang T, Wei Y, Tian H. Mechanism of Propylene Epoxidation via O2
with Co-Oxidation of Aldehydes by Metalloporphyrins. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianshan Qi
- School of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Yongmei Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Hengshui Tian
- School of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 200237 Shanghai China
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariette M. Pereira
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lucas D. Dias
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mário J. F. Calvete
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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18
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Metalloporphyrin-mediated aerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons in cumene: Co-substrate specificity and mechanistic consideration. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Rayati S, Nejabat F. The catalytic efficiency of Fe–porphyrins supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the oxidation of olefins and sulfides with molecular oxygen. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01530e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Fe–porphyrin catalyst was anchored covalently onto functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Rayati
- Department of Chemistry
- K.N. Toosi University of Technology
- Tehran 15418
- Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nejabat
- Department of Chemistry
- K.N. Toosi University of Technology
- Tehran 15418
- Iran
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20
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Martínez H, Cáceres MF, Martínez F, Páez-Mozo EA, Valange S, Castellanos NJ, Molina D, Barrault J, Arzoumanian H. Photo-epoxidation of cyclohexene, cyclooctene and 1-octene with molecular oxygen catalyzed by dichloro dioxo-(4,4′-dicarboxylato-2,2′-bipyridine) molybdenum(VI) grafted on mesoporous TiO2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Vanoye L, Wang J, Pablos M, de Bellefon C, Favre-Réguillon A. Epoxidation using molecular oxygen in flow: facts and questions on the mechanism of the Mukaiyama epoxidation. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy00309e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mukaiyama reaction was performed G/L continuous-flow microreactor. In less than 5 minutes at room temperature, cyclooctene was efficiently transformed to the corresponding epoxide using O2 as oxidant and aldehyde as co-reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Vanoye
- Univ Lyon
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques
- CPE Lyon
- F-69100 Villeurbanne
- France
| | - Jiady Wang
- Univ Lyon
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques
- CPE Lyon
- F-69100 Villeurbanne
- France
| | - Mertxe Pablos
- Univ Lyon
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques
- CPE Lyon
- F-69100 Villeurbanne
- France
| | - Claude de Bellefon
- Univ Lyon
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques
- CPE Lyon
- F-69100 Villeurbanne
- France
| | - Alain Favre-Réguillon
- Univ Lyon
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques
- CPE Lyon
- F-69100 Villeurbanne
- France
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