1
|
Binhweel F, Ahmad MI, Zaki SA. Utilization of Polymeric Materials toward Sustainable Biodiesel Industry: A Recent Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3950. [PMID: 36235898 PMCID: PMC9572429 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The biodiesel industry is expanding rapidly in accordance with the high energy demand and environmental deterioration related to the combustion of fossil fuel. However, poor physicochemical properties and the malperformance of biodiesel fuel still concern the researchers. In this flow, polymers were introduced in biodiesel industry to overcome such drawbacks. This paper reviewed the current utilizations of polymers in biodiesel industry. Hence, four utilizing approaches were discussed, namely polymeric biodiesel, polymeric catalysts, cold-flow improvers (CFIs), and stabilized exposure materials. Hydroxyalkanoates methyl ester (HAME) and hydroxybutyrate methyl ester (HBME) are known as polymeric biodiesel sourced from carbon-enriched polymers with the help of microbial activity. Based on the literature, the highest HBME yield was 70.7% obtained at 10% H2SO4 ratio in methanol, 67 °C, and 50 h. With increasing time to 60 h, HAME highest yield was reported as 68%. In addition, polymers offer wide range of esterification/transesterification catalysts. Based on the source, this review classified polymeric catalysts as chemically, naturally, and waste derived polymeric catalysts. Those catalysts proved efficiency, non-toxicity, economic feasibility, and reusability till the 10th cycle for some polymeric composites. Besides catalysis, polymers proved efficiency to enhance the biodiesel flow-properties. The best effect reported in this review was an 11 °C reduction for the pour point (PP) of canola biodiesel at 1 wt% of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of B20 waste oil biodiesel at 0.08 wt% of EVA copolymer. Polymeric CFIs have the capability to modify biodiesel agglomeration and facilitate flowing. Lastly, polymers are utilized for storage tanks and auto parts products in direct contact with biodiesel. This approach is completely exclusive for polymers that showed stability toward biodiesel exposure, such as polyoxymethylene (POM) that showed insignificant change during static immersion test for 98 days at 55 °C. Indeed, the introduction of polymers has expanded in the biodiesel industry to promote green chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fozy Binhweel
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Mardiana Idayu Ahmad
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Sheikh Ahmad Zaki
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Comparative Catalytic Performance Study of 12-Tungstophosphoric Heteropoly Acid Supported on Mesoporous Supports for Biodiesel Production from Unrefined Green Seed Canola Oil. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12060658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, three solid acid catalysts, namely mesoporous aluminophosphate-supported 12-tungstophosphoric heteropoly acid (HPW/MAP), mesoporous aluminosilicate-supported 12-tungstophosphoric heteropoly acid (HPW/MAS), and gamma alumina-supported 12-tungstophosphoric heteropoly acid (HPW/γ-Al2O3) were prepared and characterized. Mesoporous aluminophosphate (MAP) and mesoporous aluminosilicate (MAS) were synthesized via sol-gel and hydrothermal methods, respectively, and 25 wt.% of 12-tungstophosphoric heteropoly acid (HPW) was immobilized on the support materials using the wet impregnation method. The features of the fabricated catalysts were comprehensively investigated using various techniques such as BET, XRD, NH3-TPD, TGA, and TEM. The surface area of the supported catalysts decreased after HPW impregnation according to BET results, which indicates that HPW loaded on the supports and inside of their pores successfully. The density and strengths of the acid sites of the support materials and the catalysts before reaction and after regeneration were determined by the NH3-TPD technique. Accordingly, an increase in acidity was observed after HPW immobilization on all the support materials. The catalytic performance of the catalysts was studied through alcoholysis reaction using unrefined green seed canola oil as the feedstock. The maximum biodiesel yield of 82.3% was obtained using 3 wt.% of HPW/MAS, with a methanol to oil molar ratio of 20:1, at 200 °C and 4 MPa over 7 h. The reusability study of HPW/MAS showed that it can maintain 80% of its initial activity after five runs.
Collapse
|
3
|
Hu C, Li T, Yin H, Hu L, Tang J, Ren K. Preparation and corrosion protection of three different acids doped polyaniline/epoxy resin composite coatings on carbon steel. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.126069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
4
|
Abd El-Lateef HM, Khalaf MM. Fabrication and characterization of alumina-silica/poly(o-toluidine) nanocomposites as novel anticorrosive epoxy coatings films on carbon steel. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Parangi
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Manish Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li S, Tao Y, Maryum P, Wang Q, Zhu J, Min F, Cheng H, Zhao S, Wang C. Bifunctional polyaniline electroconductive hydrogels with applications in supercapacitor and wearable strain sensors. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2020; 31:938-953. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2020.1731787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- College of Material Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Yulun Tao
- College of Material Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Pakeeza Maryum
- College of Material Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Qingping Wang
- College of Material Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Jinbo Zhu
- College of Material Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Fanfei Min
- College of Material Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- College of Material Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Chengjun Wang
- College of Material Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Eskandari E, Kosari M, Davood Abadi Farahani MH, Khiavi ND, Saeedikhani M, Katal R, Zarinejad M. A review on polyaniline-based materials applications in heavy metals removal and catalytic processes. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
8
|
Hu C, Li Y, Li T, Qing Y, Tang J, Yin H, Hu L, Zhang L, Xie Y, Ren K. Fabrication of poly(N-methylaniline)/SiC-ZnO bilayer coatings onto the carbon steel substrate and studies on its anticorrosion properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
9
|
Zhang H, Xu C(C, Zhou K, Yang S. Chemo-catalytic Esterification and Transesterification over Organic Polymer-Based Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666190715124659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The major sources of fuels in today's world predominantly come from traditional
fossil resources such as coal, petroleum and natural gas, which are limited and nonrenewable.
Meanwhile, their consumption releases large undesirable greenhouse gas and
noxious gases. Therefore, the development of renewable and sustainable feedstocks to replace
traditional fossil resources has attracted great interest. Biodiesel, mainly produced
through esterification and transesterification reaction from renewable oil resources using
acids and bases as catalysts, is deemed as a green and renewable biofuel that shows enormous
potential to replace fossil diesel. Compared to homogeneous catalytic systems, the
development of efficient and stable heterogeneous catalysts is vital to synthesizing biodiesel
in an efficient and green manner. Among the developed solid catalysts, organic polymer-
based catalytic materials are an extremely important topic, wherein distinct advantages of higher concentration
of active sites and better stability of active groups are associated with each other. In this review, effective
catalytic valorization of sustainable feedstocks into biodiesel via transesterification and esterification reactions
mediated by functionalized organic polymer-based catalysts is discussed. Special emphasis has been
given to the synthetic routes to the versatile organic polymers-based catalytic materials, and some other interesting
catalytic roles derived from physicochemical property, like adjustable hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity
along with swelling property in transesterification and esterification, are also illustrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Gizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Chunbao (Charles) Xu
- Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources (ICFAR), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontrario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Kaichen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Gizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Gizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang H, Li H, Xu CC, Yang S. Heterogeneously Chemo/Enzyme-Functionalized Porous Polymeric Catalysts of High-Performance for Efficient Biodiesel Production. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
- Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources (ICFAR), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Hu Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Chunbao Charles Xu
- Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources (ICFAR), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450066, China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide & Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Na S, Minhua Z, Xiuqin D, Lingtao W. Preparation of sulfonated ordered mesoporous carbon catalyst and its catalytic performance for esterification of free fatty acids in waste cooking oils. RSC Adv 2019; 9:15941-15948. [PMID: 35521382 PMCID: PMC9064366 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02546d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonated ordered mesoporous carbon (SO3H-OMC) solid acid catalysts from sucrose were prepared using hard-template method, and their catalytic performance as well as the deactivation mechanism for esterification of free fatty acids (FFAs) in waste cooking oils (WCOs) were evaluated. Effects of sulfonation time, sulfonation temperature and hard template structure type for the textural properties and acid properties of SO3H-OMC were systematically investigated by N2 adsorption–desorption, FT-IR, NH3-TPD, TEM and strong acid density analysis. The results indicated that, SO3H-OMC(s)-6-160 catalyst, which was prepared by using SBA-15 as hard template at sulfonation time of 6 h and sulfonation temperature of 160 °C, had well-ordered mesoporous structure and high –SO3H groups density (2.32 mmol g−1). Compared with SO3H-APC-6-160 catalyst, cation-exchange resin D072 and SO3H-OMC(k)-6-160 catalyst, it was found that the SO3H-OMC(s)-6-160 catalyst exhibited highest activity (FFAs conversion was 93.8%) and good stability for the FFAs esterification, attributed to its 2D-hexagonal channels and hydrophobic surface. The –SO3H groups being leached out of SO3H-OMC catalysts into the liquid phase (especially methanol) would be the main reason causing catalyst deactivation. Sulfonated ordered mesoporous carbon solid acid catalysts had excellent catalytic performance for esterification of methanol with FFAs in WCOs.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Na
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Zhang Minhua
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Dong Xiuqin
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Wang Lingtao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education
- R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hu C, Li Y, Yin Y, Qing Y. Fabrication of poly(alkyl-aniline)-SiC/zinc bilayer coatings and evaluation of their corrosion resistance properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
13
|
Savaliya ML, Dholakiya BZ. Eco-friendly process for preparation of biodiesel from WFO over MTSA-Si catalyst: An innovative approach for the utilization of side product. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
14
|
Preparation and characterization of poly(o-anisidine)/SiC composites and study of their corrosion resistances blended with epoxy resin. Colloid Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-017-4152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
15
|
Hu C, Li Y, Zhang N, Ding Y. Synthesis and characterization of a poly(o-anisidine)–SiC composite and its application for corrosion protection of steel. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27343b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, a poly(o-anisidine) (POA)–SiC composite epoxy coating was synthesized which demonstrates excellent corrosion protection of steel surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbo Hu
- School of Metallurgy
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Metallurgical Sensor and Technology
| | - Ying Li
- School of Metallurgy
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Metallurgical Sensor and Technology
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Metallurgy
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Metallurgical Sensor and Technology
| | - Yushi Ding
- School of Metallurgy
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Metallurgical Sensor and Technology
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gottam R, Srinivasan P, La DD, Bhosale SV. Improving the photocatalytic activity of polyaniline and a porphyrin via oxidation to obtain a salt and a charge-transfer complex. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02399e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple, efficient, and one-step polymerization of aniline to a novel polyaniline salt consisting of sulfate and porphyrin dopants as an efficient photocatalyst for dyes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Gottam
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- India
- Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry Department
- Andhra Univeristy
- India
| | - Palaniappan Srinivasan
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- India
- CSIR – Network Institutes for Solar Energy
- India
| | - Duong Duc La
- School of Science, RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|