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Saien J, Kharazi M, Pino V, Pacheco-Fernández I. Trends offered by ionic liquid-based surfactants: Applications in stabilization, separation processes, and within the petroleum industry. SEPARATION & PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2022.2052094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Saien
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, 65174, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mona Kharazi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, 65174, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Verónica Pino
- Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químico (MAT4LL), Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 Tenerife, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación de Bioanalítica y Medioambiente, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Idaira Pacheco-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químico (MAT4LL), Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 Tenerife, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación de Bioanalítica y Medioambiente, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 Tenerife, Spain
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2
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Beil S, Markiewicz M, Pereira CS, Stepnowski P, Thöming J, Stolte S. Toward the Proactive Design of Sustainable Chemicals: Ionic Liquids as a Prime Example. Chem Rev 2021; 121:13132-13173. [PMID: 34523909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The tailorable and often unique properties of ionic liquids (ILs) drive their implementation into a broad variety of seminal technologies. The modular design of ILs allows in this context a proactive selection of structures that favor environmental sustainability─ideally without compromising their technological performance. To achieve this objective, the whole life cycle must be taken into account and various aspects considered simultaneously. In this review, we discuss how the structural design of ILs affects their environmental impacts throughout all stages of their life cycles and scrutinize the available data in order to point out knowledge gaps that need further research activities. The design of more sustainable ILs starts with the selection of the most beneficial precursors and synthesis routes, takes their technical properties and application specific performance into due account, and considers its environmental fate particularly in terms of their (eco)toxicity, biotic and abiotic degradability, mobility, and bioaccumulation potential. Special emphasis is placed on reported structure-activity relationships and suggested mechanisms on a molecular level that might rationalize the empirically found design criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Beil
- Institute of Water Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marta Markiewicz
- Institute of Water Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Cristina Silva Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jorg Thöming
- Chemical Process Engineering, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan Stolte
- Institute of Water Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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3
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Ikeda T. Facile Synthesis of Tetra-Branched Tetraimidazolium and Tetrapyrrolidinium Ionic Liquids. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:19623-19628. [PMID: 34368549 PMCID: PMC8340402 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A facile synthetic route for tetra-branched tetraimidazolium and tetrapyrrolidinium ionic liquids was developed. In contrast to the previous synthetic scheme, the new synthetic route requires only three reaction steps instead of seven. The total yield of tetracation was also improved from 17-21 to 39-41%. Using the new synthetic scheme, four kinds of tetracations were synthesized from the combination of two cationic units (imidazolium and pyrrolidinium) and two counteranions [bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI) and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI)]. Basic physical properties including glass transition temperature, thermal decomposition temperature, density, viscosity, and ionic conductivity were determined. The counterion exchange from TFSI to FSI resulted in lower glass transition temperature and higher ionic conductivity. Tetrapyrrolidinium exhibited higher viscosity and lower ionic conductivity than tetraimidazolium. The counterion exchange from TFSI to FSI resulted in lower viscosity in the case of tetraimidazolium, while the opposite result was obtained in the case of tetrapyrrolidinium. Tetracations composed of ethyl imidazolium units, diethylene glycol spacers, and FSI counterions exhibited the highest ionic conductivity of 3.5 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 25 °C under anhydrous conditions. This is the best ionic conductivity in the tetracations ever reported.
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Mezzetta A, Guglielmero L, Mero A, Tofani G, D’Andrea F, Pomelli CS, Guazzelli L. Expanding the Chemical Space of Benzimidazole Dicationic Ionic Liquids. Molecules 2021; 26:4211. [PMID: 34299487 PMCID: PMC8303995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzimidazole dicationic ionic liquids (BDILs) have not yet been widely explored in spite of their potential. Therefore, two structurally related families of BDILs, paired with either bromide or bistriflimide anions and bearing alkyl spacers ranging from C3 to C6, have been prepared. Their thermal properties have been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), while their electrical properties have been assessed by cyclic voltammetry (CV). TG analysis confirmed the higher stability of the bistriflimide BDILs over the bromide BDILs, with minor variation within the two families. Conversely, DSC and CV allowed for ascertaining the role played by the spacer length. In particular, the thermal behavior changed dramatically among the members of the bistriflimide family, and all three possible thermal behavior types of ILs were observed. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry showed different electrochemical window (C3(C1BenzIm)2/2Tf2N < C4(C1BenzIm)2/2Tf2N, C5(C1BenzIm)2/2Tf2N < C6(C1BenzIm)2/2Tf2N) as well as a reduction peak potential, shape, and intensity as a function of the spacer length. The results obtained highlight the benefit of accessing a more structurally diverse pool of compounds offered by dicationic ILs when compared to the parent monocationic ILs. In particular, gains are to be found in the ease of fine-tuning their properties, which translates in facilitating further investigations toward BDILs as designer solvents and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mezzetta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.M.); (G.T.); (F.D.); (C.S.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Luca Guglielmero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.M.); (G.T.); (F.D.); (C.S.P.); (L.G.)
- DESTEC, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelica Mero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.M.); (G.T.); (F.D.); (C.S.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Giorgio Tofani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.M.); (G.T.); (F.D.); (C.S.P.); (L.G.)
- Department of Physics, University of Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Felicia D’Andrea
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.M.); (G.T.); (F.D.); (C.S.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Christian Silvio Pomelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.M.); (G.T.); (F.D.); (C.S.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Guazzelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.M.); (G.T.); (F.D.); (C.S.P.); (L.G.)
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5
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Cao H, Hu Y, Xu W, Wang Y, Guo X. Recent progress in the assembly behavior of imidazolium-based ionic liquid surfactants. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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A. El-Monem M, Shaban MM, Migahed MA, Khalil MMH. Synthesis, Characterization, and Computational Chemical Study of Aliphatic Tricationic Surfactants as Corrosion Inhibitors for Metallic Equipment in Oil Fields. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:26626-26639. [PMID: 33110990 PMCID: PMC7581238 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic tricationic surfactants were prepared by the esterification reaction, followed by a quaternization reaction to protect oil well facilities from corrosion problems. Microelemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques were performed to explore the obtained motifs. The performance of these amphiphiles as inhibitors for metallic S90 steel corrosion in formation water was investigated through electrochemical tests (potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). The results revealed significant inhibition effectiveness improvement with increasing concentrations of these amphiphiles. Its maximum inhibition efficiency reaches 93.07% at 250 ppm for the compound (AED). Potentiodynamic polarization graphs demonstrated that tricationic amphiphiles behave as mixed-type inhibitors. In addition, the adsorption of the tricationic surfactant at the S90 steel surface followed Langmuir isotherm. Atomic force microscopy revealed that a protective layer formed at the surface of S90 steel caused the inhibition of corrosion. During the inhibition procedure of S90 steel corrosion, theoretical research has been performed to validate electrochemical experiments and to clearly demonstrate the mechanism of these amphiphiles. Finally, quantum chemical calculations were calculated to achieve the justification for the obtained empirical results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud M. Shaban
- Egyptian
Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, 11727 Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mostafa M. H. Khalil
- Chemistry
Departments, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams
University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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7
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Ikeda T. Tetra-Branched Tetra-Cationic Ionic Liquids: Effects of Spacer and Tail Structure on Physical Properties. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Ikeda
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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8
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Raja D, Philips A, Palani P, Lin WY, Devikala S, Senadi GC. Metal-Free Synthesis of Benzimidazoles via Oxidative Cyclization of d-Glucose with o-Phenylenediamines in Water. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11531-11540. [PMID: 32786645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
d-Glucose has been identified as an efficient C1 synthon in the synthesis of benzimidazoles from o-phenylenediamines via an oxidative cyclization strategy. Isotopic studies with 13C6-d-glucose and D2O unambiguously confirmed the source of methine. The notable features of this method include the following: broad functional group tolerance, a biorenewable methine source, excellent reaction yields, a short reaction time, water as an environmentally benign solvent, and the synthesis of vitamin B12 component on the gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dineshkumar Raja
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Abigail Philips
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Pushbaraj Palani
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shiquan First Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Sundaramurthy Devikala
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Gopal Chandru Senadi
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
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9
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Sharma V, Bhatia C, Singh M, Singh C, Upadhyaya S, Kishore K. Synthesis, thermal stability and surface activity of imidazolium monomeric surfactants. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Ali TH, Mandal AM, Heidelberg T, Duali Hussen RS, Goh EW. Ionic magnetic core–shell nanoparticles for DNA extraction. RSC Adv 2020; 10:38818-38830. [PMID: 35518431 PMCID: PMC9057385 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05933a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fabrication ionic magnetic core-shell nanoparticles were simple synthesize with a super-ferromagnetic and small particle size properties, which enabled sufficient DNA particle loading with easy isolation based on an external magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammar Hussein Ali
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Amar Mousa Mandal
- College of Basic Education
- Science Department
- Al-Muthanna University
- 66001 Samawah
- Iraq
| | - Thorsten Heidelberg
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | | | - Ean Wai Goh
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
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11
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Relationship between structure and biodegradability of gemini imidazolium surface active ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Environmental Concerns Regarding Ionic Liquids in Biotechnological Applications. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 168:241-328. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2018_79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Costa SPF, Azevedo AMO, Pinto PCAG, Saraiva MLMFS. Environmental Impact of Ionic Liquids: Recent Advances in (Eco)toxicology and (Bio)degradability. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:2321-2347. [PMID: 28394478 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This Review aims to integrate the most recent and pertinent data available on the (bio)degradability and toxicity of ionic liquids for global and critical analysis and on the conscious use of these compounds on a large scale thereafter. The integrated data will enable focus on the recognition of toxicophores and on the way the community has been dealing with them, with the aim to obtain greener and safer ionic liquids. Also, an update of the most recent biotic and abiotic methods developed to overcome some of these challenging issues will be presented. The review structure aims to present a potential sequence of events that can occur upon discharging ionic liquids into the environment and the potential long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P F Costa
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M O Azevedo
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula C A G Pinto
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- A3D-Association for Drug Discovery and Development, Rua do Baixeiro n° 38, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Lúcia M F S Saraiva
- LAQV, Requimte, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Bhadani A, Iwabata K, Sakai K, Koura S, Sakai H, Abe M. Sustainable oleic and stearic acid based biodegradable surfactants. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27036k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Renewable ester functionalized fatty acid based imidazolium surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Bhadani
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and Research Institute for Science and Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| | - Kazuki Iwabata
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and Research Institute for Science and Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| | - Kenichi Sakai
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and Research Institute for Science and Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| | - Setsuko Koura
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Chiba Institute of Technology
- Narashino
- Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and Research Institute for Science and Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
| | - Masahiko Abe
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and Research Institute for Science and Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Noda
- Japan
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15
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Goossens K, Lava K, Bielawski CW, Binnemans K. Ionic Liquid Crystals: Versatile Materials. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4643-807. [PMID: 27088310 DOI: 10.1021/cr400334b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This Review covers the recent developments (2005-2015) in the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of thermotropic ionic liquid crystals. It was designed to give a comprehensive overview of the "state-of-the-art" in the field. The discussion is focused on low molar mass and dendrimeric thermotropic ionic mesogens, as well as selected metal-containing compounds (metallomesogens), but some references to polymeric and/or lyotropic ionic liquid crystals and particularly to ionic liquids will also be provided. Although zwitterionic and mesoionic mesogens are also treated to some extent, emphasis will be directed toward liquid-crystalline materials consisting of organic cations and organic/inorganic anions that are not covalently bound but interact via electrostatic and other noncovalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Goossens
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Lava
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.,Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christopher W Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry and Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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16
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Abstract
The importance of biodegradation data as part of the design of safer chemicals is presented using ionic liquids (ILs) as a model study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jordan
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
- Ireland
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17
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Al-Mohammed NN, Alias Y, Abdullah Z. Bis-imidazolium and benzimidazolium based gemini-type ionic liquids structure: synthesis and antibacterial evaluation. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13629f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporated benzenesulfonamide moiety and the active side substituents in di-imidazolium and benzimidazolium cations enhanced both antibacterial activity and miscibility for the synthesized gemini type ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassir N. Al-Mohammed
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur 50603
- Malaysia
| | - Yatimah Alias
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur 50603
- Malaysia
| | - Zanariah Abdullah
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur 50603
- Malaysia
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