1
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Karg CA, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS, Moser S. Phyllobilins - Bioactive Natural Products Derived from Chlorophyll - Plant Origins, Structures, Absorption Spectra, and Biomedical Properties. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:637-662. [PMID: 36198325 DOI: 10.1055/a-1955-4624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phyllobilins are open-chain products of the biological degradation of chlorophyll a in higher plants. Recent studies reveal that phyllobilins exert anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as activities against cancer cells, that contribute to the human health benefits of numerous plants. In general, phyllobilins have been overlooked in phytochemical analyses, and - more importantly - in the analyses of medicinal plant extracts. Nevertheless, over the past three decades, > 70 phyllobilins have been identified upon examination of more than 30 plant species. Eight distinct chromophoric classes of phyllobilins are known: phyllolumibilins (PluBs), phylloleucobilins (PleBs), phylloxanthobilins (PxBs), and phylloroseobilins (PrBs)-each in type-I or type-II groups. Here, we present a database of absorption and fluorescence spectra that has been compiled of 73 phyllobilins to facilitate identification in phytochemical analyses. The spectra are provided in digital form and can be viewed and downloaded at www.photochemcad.com. The present review describes the plant origin, molecular structure, and absorption and fluorescence features of the 73 phyllobilins, along with an overview of key medicinal properties. The review should provide an enabling tool for the community for the straightforward identification of phyllobilins in plant extracts, and the foundation for deeper understanding of these ubiquitous but underexamined plant-derived micronutrients for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia A Karg
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Simone Moser
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
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2
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Facile retro-Dieckmann cleavage of a pink phyllobilin: new type of potential downstream steps of natural chlorophyll breakdown. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-02894-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn senescent leaves of higher plants, colourless chlorophyll (Chl) catabolites typically accumulate temporarily, and undergo natural oxidation, in part, to yellow- and pink-coloured phyllobilins (PBs). The latter, also classified as phylloroseobilins (PrBs), represent the final currently established products of Chl-breakdown, possibly playing important roles in metabolism. However, PrBs, themselves, do not accumulate in the leaves. Indeed, the original PrB identified, then classified as a pink Chl-catabolite (PiCC), is remarkably instable in methanolic solution. As reported here, PiCC readily converts at room temperature into yellow tetrapyrroles. The deduced main process, a retro-Dieckmann reaction, cleaves open its ring E moiety, the α-methoxycarbonyl-cyclopentanone unit characteristic of the Chls and of the natural Chl-derived PBs. This readily occurring reaction of the PiCC represents an unprecedented skeletal transformation of a PB, furnishing a cross-conjugated biladiene with a basic structure more similar to the heme-derived bilins.
Graphical abstract
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3
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Xue R, Zhou Y, Lin Q, Zhang L, Li C, Chen Y, Xie Y, Liu X. Loading Phlorins with Fullerenes by a [4 + 2]-Cycloaddition Reaction: Regulation of the Regioselectivity by Pyrrole Linkage Modes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:2758-2766. [PMID: 35166524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfolenopyrrole-based normal and N-confused phlorins have been constructed to address the seldom touched phlorin functionalization and simultaneously explore the effect of the pyrrole linkage modes (αα, αβ) on the [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. The common sulfolenophlorin 1 contains two sulfolenopyrroles with the same reactivity upon tautomerization and undergoes stepwise [4 + 2]-cycloaddition with fullerene to furnish monoadduct 1-C60 and bisadduct 1-2C60 with a total yield up to 76%. By contrast, the presence of the confused pyrrole in 2 fixes the π-system owing to the low tendency to tautomerize and enables the two sulfolenopyrroles to exhibit in different fashions (i.e., normal NH-type and imino-type). Notably, under milder conditions (120 °C), the monofullerenoadduct 2-C60 forms rapidly and has been isolated from the [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 2 and fullerene as the predominant fraction, accompanied by a trace amount of bisadduct 2-2C60. Raising the temperature to 140 °C did not improve the yield of 2-2C60. The structural analysis of 2-C60 indicates the attachment of fullerene at the iminopyrrole part. The high regioselectivity in the [4 + 2] cycloaddition of the imino-type sulfolenopyrrole unit has been rationalized thermodynamically by the DFT calculation on the relative energy of the two diene intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongchao Xue
- School of Science, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yongzhu Zhou
- School of Science, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Qianghao Lin
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Science, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chengjie Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Science, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yongshu Xie
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiujun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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4
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Abraham JA, Mori S, Ishida M, Furuta H. Iridium Complex of N-Fused Bilatrienone: Oxidative Cleavage of N-Fused Porphyrin Induced by Iridium-Cyclooctadiene Complexation. Chemistry 2021; 27:8268-8272. [PMID: 33826197 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
N-fused porphyrin (NFP) is a unique class of photostable near-infrared dyes with an 18π aromatic tetrapyrrole macrocyclic skeleton containing a tri-fused pentacyclic moiety. Here, the synthesis of an iridium complex of N-fused bilatrienone is reported as the degradation product of Ir-cyclooctadiene (cod)-induced oxidative cleavage of NFP under aerobic conditions. Similar to the native bilin chromophores, the ring-opened complex featured a broken π-conjugation circuit and exhibited a broad visible absorption band. In contrast, metalation of NFP using an iridium(I)(cod) complex under an inert atmosphere resulted in the formation of a cod-isomerized (κ1 ,η3 -C8 H12 )-Ir complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Alex Abraham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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5
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Li C, Podewitz M, Kräutler B. A Blue Zinc Complex of a Dioxobilin‐Type Pink Chlorophyll Catabolite Exhibiting Bright Chelation‐Enhanced Red Fluorescence. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Li
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Innsbruck Innrain 80/82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
- Center of Molecular Biosciences University of Innsbruck (CMBI) Innrain 80/82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
- Present address: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology Meilong Rd 130 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Maren Podewitz
- Center of Molecular Biosciences University of Innsbruck (CMBI) Innrain 80/82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
- Institute of General Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry University of Innsbruck Innrain 80/82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Innsbruck Innrain 80/82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
- Center of Molecular Biosciences University of Innsbruck (CMBI) Innrain 80/82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
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6
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Guo C, Wang P, Pang X, Lin X, Liao S, Yang B, Zhou X, Wang J, Liu Y. Discovery of a Dimeric Zinc Complex and Five Cyclopentenone Derivatives from the Sponge-Associated Fungus Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8942-8949. [PMID: 33842764 PMCID: PMC8028006 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In devotion to investigating structurally novel and biologically active marine natural products, a dimer of a zinc complex, dizinchydroxyneoaspergillin (1), aspernones A-E (2-6), five cyclopentenone derivatives together with known polyketides (7-10), and neoaspergillic acid analogues (11-14) were isolated from the sponge-associated fungus Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis SCSIO 41018. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analysis, and X-ray diffraction. Dizinchydroxyneoaspergillin (1) displayed significant bactericide effects toward methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus, Staphyloccocus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella pneumonia with MIC values of 0.45-7.8 μg/mL and moderate in vitro cytotoxic activities against the K562, BEL-7402, and SGC-7901 cell lines with IC50 values of 12.88 ± 0.14, 15.83 ± 0.23, and 15.08 ± 0.62 μM, respectively. This is the first time to report the dimer of the zinc complex of hydroxyneoaspergillic acid conjunction at Zn-N-4 by a coordination bond. Additionally, compound 1 displayed significant antibacterial and cytotoxic activities, which would be a promising drug lead and could attract much attention from both chemists and pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Guo
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- RNAM Center
for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Innovation
Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Institute
of Tropical Bioscience and
Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical
Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- RNAM Center
for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Innovation
Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiuping Lin
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Southern
Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- RNAM Center
for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Innovation
Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Shengrong Liao
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Southern
Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- RNAM Center
for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Innovation
Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Bin Yang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Southern
Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- RNAM Center
for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Innovation
Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Southern
Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- RNAM Center
for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Innovation
Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Southern
Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- RNAM Center
for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Innovation
Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Southern
Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- RNAM Center
for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Innovation
Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
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7
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Jockusch S, Kräutler B. The red chlorophyll catabolite (RCC) is an inefficient sensitizer of singlet oxygen - photochemical studies of the methyl ester of RCC. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:668-673. [PMID: 32313921 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00071j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The red chlorophyll catabolite (RCC) is a proposed cryptic intermediate of chlorophyll (Chl) breakdown in higher plants. Its accumulation in higher plants is believed to be metabolically suppressed, as RCC is commonly suspected to efficiently sensitize for the formation of the cell poison singlet oxygen (1O2). We report here a study on luminescence of the methyl ester of RCC (Me-RCC) and of its capacity to generate 1O2 in ethanolic solution. A solution of Me-RCC fluoresces at room temperature with a maximum near 670 nm and features a fluorescence spectrum with pronounced vibrational spacing at 77 K. As shown here, sensitization of the generation of 1O2 by Me-RCC in an oxygen-saturated solution in hexadeutero-ethanol occurs with a maximal quantum yield of only about 0.015. This low quantum yield suggests that the specific catabolic suppression of the accumulation of RCC during Chl breakdown is not primarily a countermeasure against the formation of 1O2 by RCC in the plant, but has other crucial reasons mainly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Bioscience (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
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8
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Huang TH, Hu QL, Zhao FZ, Wu TC, Lei Y, Zheng D, Yang H. Synthesis, structural characterization, DFT studied and properties of Cu2+ complexes with the cage/ladder-like Cu4O4 cores. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Moser S, Kräutler B. In Search of Bioactivity - Phyllobilins, an Unexplored Class of Abundant Heterocyclic Plant Metabolites from Breakdown of Chlorophyll. Isr J Chem 2019; 59:420-431. [PMID: 31244492 PMCID: PMC6582504 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201900012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The fate of the green plant pigment chlorophyll (Chl) in de-greening leaves has long been a fascinating biological puzzle. In the course of the last three decades, various bilin-type products of Chl breakdown have been identified, named phyllobilins (PBs). Considered 'mere' leftovers of a controlled biological Chl detoxification originally, the quest for finding relevant bioactivities of the PBs has become a new paradigm. Indeed, the PBs are abundant in senescent leaves, in ripe fruit and in some vegetables, and they display an exciting array of diverse heterocyclic structures. This review outlines briefly which types of Chl breakdown products occur in higher plants, describes basics of their bio-relevant structural and chemical properties and gives suggestions as to 'why' the plants produce vast amounts of uniquely 'decorated' heterocyclic compounds. Clearly, it is worthwhile to consider crucial metabolic roles of PBs in plants, which may have practical consequences in agriculture and horticulture. However, PBs are also part of our plant-based nutrition and their physiological and pharmacological effects in humans are of interest, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Moser
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmacy DepartmentLudwig-Maximilians University of MunichButenandtstraße 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Innsbruck. Innrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
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10
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Li C, Kräutler B. A pink colored dioxobilin-type phyllobilin from breakdown of chlorophyll. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-02396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Li C, Erhart T, Liu X, Kräutler B. Yellow Dioxobilin-Type Tetrapyrroles from Chlorophyll Breakdown in Higher Plants-A New Class of Colored Phyllobilins. Chemistry 2019; 25:4052-4057. [PMID: 30688378 PMCID: PMC6563717 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In senescent leaves chlorophyll (Chl) catabolites typically accumulate as colorless tetrapyrroles, classified as formyloxobilin-type (or type-I) or dioxobilin-type (type-II) phyllobilins (PBs). Yellow type-I Chl catabolites (YCCs) also occur in some senescent leaves, in which they are generated by oxidation of colorless type-I PBs. A yellow type-II PB was recently proposed to occur in extracts of fall leaves of grapevine (Vitis vinifera), tentatively identified by its mass and UV/Vis absorption characteristics. Here, the first synthesis of a yellow type-II Chl catabolite (DYCC) from its presumed natural colorless type-II precursor is reported. A homogenate of a Spatiphyllum wallisii leaf was used as "green" means of effective and selective oxidation. The synthetic DYCC was fully characterized and identified with the yellow grapevine leaf pigment. As related yellow type-I PBs do, the DYCC functions as a reversible photoswitch by undergoing selective photo-induced Z/E isomerization of its C15=C16 bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Li
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of, Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
- Present address: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science & TechnologyMeilong Rd 130200237ShanghaiChina
| | - Theresia Erhart
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of, Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Xiujun Liu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of, Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
- Present address: Research Center of Analysis and TestEast China University of Science & TechnologyMeilong Rd 130200237ShanghaiChina
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of, Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
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12
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Li C, Liu X, Shao J, Su G, Xie Y. Synthesis of a doubly SO2-fused phlorin: Tuning the structure and properties by the SO2 groups. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618500657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A doubly SO2-fused phlorin 4 has been synthesized by the [2 + 2] condensation of dipyrromethanecarbinol 2 and SO2-fused dipyrromenthane 3 in the presence of TFA, followed by DDQ oxidation. The SO2-fused phlorin 4 has been characterized by absorption, fluorescence, mass and NMR spectra, as well as X-ray analysis. Compared to the [Formula: see text]-unsubstituted phlorin 5, the SO2-fused phlorin 4 exhibits a red-shifted absorption spectrum (around 12 nm), a more distorted molecular conformation, as well as nice photostability even with an electron-donating meso-3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl group. The titration of 4 and 5 with TBAF has been monitored by absorption spectroscopy. The deprotonated phlorin 4 shows a peak at 870 nm which is red shifted by 26 nm compared to that of deprotonated 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiujun Liu
- Research Center of Analysis and Test, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237 Shanghai, China
| | - Jiewei Shao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237 Shanghai, China
| | - Guangxian Su
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237 Shanghai, China
| | - Yongshu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237 Shanghai, China
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Shao J, Li C, Kong J, Jiang H, Zhao S, Li M, Liang X, Zhu W, Xie Y. Regioselective Oxidative Ring Cleavage of a Phlorin Analogue: An Approach for Synthesizing Linear Tetrapyrroles. Org Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiewei Shao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chengjie Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiahui Kong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Haoran Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuangliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Minzhi Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xu Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yongshu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Li C, Wurst K, Berghold J, Podewitz M, Liedl KR, Kräutler B. Pyro-Phyllobilins: Elusive Chlorophyll Catabolites Lacking a Critical Carboxylate Function of the Natural Chlorophylls. Chemistry 2018; 24:2987-2998. [PMID: 29244236 PMCID: PMC5861670 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A β-keto ester grouping is a characteristic of ring E of the chlorophylls (Chls). Its presence has also reinforced the original identification of nonfluorescent Chl catabolites (NCCs) as colorless, amphiphilic phyllobilins (PBs). Polar NCCs were also detected in higher plants, in which a free carboxyl group replaced the ring E ester group. Such NCCs are surprisingly resistant to loss of this carboxyl unit, and NCCs lacking the latter, that is, pyro-NCCs (pyNCCs), have not been reported. Intrigued by the question of the natural occurrence of pyro-phyllobilins (pyPBs), we have prepared a representative pyNCC by decarboxylation of a natural NCC. We also converted the pyNCC into its yellow oxidation product, a pyro-YCC (pyYCC). The solution structures of pyNCC and of pyYCC, and a crystal structure of the pyYCC methyl ester (pyYCC-Me) were obtained. pyYCC-Me features the same remarkable H-bonded and π-stacked dimer structure as the corresponding natural yellow Chl catabolite (YCC) with the ring E methyl ester group. Indeed, the latter substituent has little effect on the structure, as well as on the unique self-assembly and photoswitch behavior of yellow PBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Li
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
- Present address: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of, Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyMeilong Rd. 130200237ShanghaiP.R. China
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Joachim Berghold
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Maren Podewitz
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
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Witte K, Mantouvalou I, Sánchez-de-Armas R, Lokstein H, Lebendig-Kuhla J, Jonas A, Roth F, Kanngießer B, Stiel H. On the Electronic Structure of Cu Chlorophyllin and Its Breakdown Products: A Carbon K-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:1846-1851. [PMID: 29350531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, the carbon backbone of sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC), a widely used chlorophyll derivative, and its breakdown products are analyzed to elucidate their electronic structure and physicochemical properties. Using various sample preparation methods and complementary spectroscopic methods (including UV/Vis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), a comprehensive insight into the SCC breakdown process is presented. The experimental results are supported by density functional theory calculations, allowing a detailed assignment of characteristic NEXAFS features to specific C bonds. SCC can be seen as a model system for the large group of porphyrins; thus, this work provides a novel and detailed description of the electronic structure of the carbon backbone of those molecules and their breakdown products. The achieved results also promise prospective optical pump/X-ray probe investigations of dynamic processes in chlorophyll-containing photosynthetic complexes to be analyzed more precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rocío Sánchez-de-Armas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Materials Theory Division, Uppsala University , P.O. BOX 516, S75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heiko Lokstein
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Charles University , Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Janina Lebendig-Kuhla
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie Berlin , 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Friedrich Roth
- Institut für Experimentelle Physik, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg , Leipziger Strasse 23, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | | | - Holger Stiel
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie Berlin , 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Moser S, Scherzer G, Kräutler B. On the Nature of Isomeric Nonfluorescent Chlorophyll Catabolites in Leaves and Fruit - A Study with a Ubiquitous Phylloleucobilin and its Main Isomerization Product. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Moser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences; University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80/82 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Gerhard Scherzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences; University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80/82 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences; University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80/82 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
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Roca M, Ríos JJ, Chahuaris A, Pérez-Gálvez A. Non-fluorescent and yellow chlorophyll catabolites in Japanese plum fruits (Prunus salicina, Lindl.). Food Res Int 2017; 100:332-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Li C, Wurst K, Jockusch S, Gruber K, Podewitz M, Liedl KR, Kräutler B. Chlorophyll-Derived Yellow Phyllobilins of Higher Plants as Medium-Responsive Chiral Photoswitches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15760-15765. [PMID: 27891749 PMCID: PMC5248603 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The fall colors are signs of chlorophyll breakdown, the biological process in plants that generates phyllobilins. Most of the abundant natural phyllobilins are colorless, but yellow phyllobilins (phylloxanthobilins) also occur in fall leaves. As shown here, phylloxanthobilins are unique four-stage photoswitches. Which switching mode is turned on is controlled by the molecular environment. In polar media, phylloxanthobilins are monomeric and undergo photoreversible Z/E isomerization, similar to that observed for bilirubin. Unlike bilirubin, however, the phylloxanthobilin Z isomers photodimerize in apolar solvents by regio- and stereospecific thermoreversible [2+2] cycloadditions from self-assembled hydrogen-bonded dimers. X-ray analysis revealed the first stereostructure of a phylloxanthobilin and its hydrogen-bonded self-templating architecture, helping to rationalize its exceptional photoswitch features. The chemical behavior of phylloxanthobilins will play a seminal role in identifying biological roles of phyllobilins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Li
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of General, Inorganic & Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of InnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Karl Gruber
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GrazAustria
| | - Maren Podewitz
- Institute of General, Inorganic & Theoretical Chemistry and Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckAustria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic & Theoretical Chemistry and Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckAustria
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
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Li C, Wurst K, Jockusch S, Gruber K, Podewitz M, Liedl KR, Kräutler B. Von Chlorophyll abstammende gelbe Phyllobiline höherer Pflanzen als umgebungsgesteuerte, chirale Photoschalter. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Li
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Centrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften; Universität Innsbruck; 6020 Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institut für Allgemeine, Anorganische & Theoretische Chemie; Universität Innsbruck; Österreich
| | | | - Karl Gruber
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften; Universität Graz; Österreich
| | - Maren Podewitz
- Institut für Allgemeine, Anorganische & Theoretische Chemie und Centrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften; Universität Innsbruck; Österreich
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institut für Allgemeine, Anorganische & Theoretische Chemie und Centrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften; Universität Innsbruck; Österreich
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Centrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften; Universität Innsbruck; 6020 Innsbruck Österreich
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Abstract
“Non-fluorescent” chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs) were named “rusty pigments” originally, as they easily oxidized to yellow chlorophyll catabolites (YCCs) and other colored natural “phyllobilins.” In the present work, binding of Zn(II)-ions by YCC and its methyl ester YCC-Me, and structural investigations of the resulting Zn(II)-complexes are reported. Binding of Zn-ions to the weakly luminescent YCC or YCC-Me in DMSO produces orange-yellow complexes that exhibit strong green emission. The Zn-complex of YCC-Me was isolated and characterized by UV-vis-, fluorescence-, mass- and NMR-spectra. The data revealed a 2:1 complex, Zn(YCC-Me)[Formula: see text], in which YCC-Me serves as bidentate ligand. The Zn(II)-center in Zn(YCC-Me)[Formula: see text] is, thereby, deduced to be coordinated in a pseudo tetrahedral fashion. Formation of Zn(YCC-Me)[Formula: see text] (and of Zn(YCC)[Formula: see text] is compatible with an isomerization of the lactam form of ring D to the corresponding lactim tautomer in these neutral Zn(II)-complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Li
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Pati R, Sahu R, Panda J, Sonawane A. Encapsulation of zinc-rifampicin complex into transferrin-conjugated silver quantum-dots improves its antimycobacterial activity and stability and facilitates drug delivery into macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24184. [PMID: 27113139 PMCID: PMC4845008 DOI: 10.1038/srep24184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the chemotherapy of tuberculosis, there is an urgent need to enhance the efficacy of existing agents and also to develop more efficient drug delivery systems. Here, we synthesized a novel anti-TB drug complex consisting of zinc and rifampicin (Zn-RIF), and encapsulated it into transferrin-conjugated silver quantum-dots (Zn-RIF-Tf-QD) to improve delivery in macrophages. Successful synthesis of Zn-RIF and Zn-RIF-Tf-QD was confirmed by UV/Vis-spectroscopy, TEM, FTIR, photoluminescence, XRD, XPS, and NMR. The sizes of silver QDs and transferrin-conjugated QDs were found to be in the range of 5-20 nm. Activity assays showed that Zn-RIF-Tf-QD exhibited 10-fold higher antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium bovis-BCG as compared to Zn-RIF, RIF and Zn. Immunofluorescence studies showed that Zn-RIF-Tf-QD-conjugates were actively endocytosed by macrophages and dendritic cells, but not by lung epithelial cells. Treatment with Zn-RIF-Tf-QD efficiently killed mycobacteria residing inside macrophages without exhibiting cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Moreover, the conjugates remained stable for upto 48 h, were taken up into the late endosomal compartment of macrophages, and released the drug in a sustainable manner. Our data demonstrate that Zn-RIF-Tf-QDs have a great potential as anti-TB drugs. In addition, transferrin-conjugated QDs may constitute an effective drug delivery system for tuberculosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmirekha Pati
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India
| | - Rojalin Sahu
- School of Applied Sciences, Campus-3, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India
| | - Jagannath Panda
- School of Applied Sciences, Campus-3, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India
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Li C, Wurst K, Feng Y, Kräutler B. Synthesis, spectroscopic and crystallographic analysis of the Zn-complex of a di( β, β'-sulfoleno)pyrrin: model for Zn-complexes of bilirubin and of phylloxanthobilins. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016; 147:1031-1036. [PMID: 27226652 PMCID: PMC4863038 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A high yield preparation, spectroscopic and crystallographic investigation of the crystalline Zn-complex of a di(β,β'-sulfoleno)pyrrin are reported here. In the brightly green fluorescent Zn-complex of the hardly luminescent di(β,β'-sulfoleno)pyrrin, the metal ion is bound by two di(β,β'-sulfoleno)pyrrin ligands, as revealed first by its mass spectra. The crystal structure of this Zn-complex of the di(β,β'-sulfoleno)pyrrin confirmed a regular 2:1 composition of the bidentate di(β,β'-sulfoleno)pyrrin ligand and the metal ion. The latter was coordinated in a distorted tetrahedral fashion, as found in other dipyrrin Zn-complexes. The here studied Zn-complex of a designed di(β,β'-sulfoleno)pyrrin ligand provides insights into the coordination properties of the proposed (2:1)- and (2:2)-complexes of phylloxanthobilin and bilirubin, respectively, which are two abundant natural bilin-type tetrapyrroles. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Li
- />Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- />School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Klaus Wurst
- />Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yaqing Feng
- />School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- />Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Kräutler B. Breakdown of Chlorophyll in Higher Plants--Phyllobilins as Abundant, Yet Hardly Visible Signs of Ripening, Senescence, and Cell Death. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4882-907. [PMID: 26919572 PMCID: PMC4950323 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fall colors have always been fascinating and are still a remarkably puzzling phenomenon associated with the breakdown of chlorophyll (Chl) in leaves. As discovered in recent years, nongreen bilin-type Chl catabolites are generated, which are known as the phyllobilins. Collaborative chemical-biological efforts have led to the elucidation of the key Chl-breakdown processes in senescent leaves and in ripening fruit. Colorless and largely photoinactive phyllobilins are rapidly produced from Chl, apparently primarily as part of a detoxification program. However, fluorescent Chl catabolites accumulate in some senescent leaves and in peels of ripe bananas and induce a striking blue glow. The structural features, chemical properties, and abundance of the phyllobilins in the biosphere suggest biological roles, which still remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Center of Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Kräutler B. Der Chlorophyllabbau in höheren Pflanzen - Phyllobiline als weitverbreitete, aber kaum sichtbare Zeichen von Reifung, Seneszenz und Zelltod. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Kräutler
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Centrum für MolekulareBiowissenschaften (CMBI); Universität Innsbruck; 6020 Innsbruck Österreich
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Li C, Kräutler B. Transition metal complexes of phyllobilins - a new realm of bioinorganic chemistry. Dalton Trans 2016; 44:10116-27. [PMID: 25923782 PMCID: PMC4447063 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00474h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phyllobilins may function as natural ligand molecules for biologically important transition metal ions, giving complexes with remarkable chemical and photophysical properties.
Natural cyclic tetrapyrroles feature outstanding capacity for binding transition metal ions, furnishing Nature with the important metallo-porphyrinoid ‘Pigments of Life’, such as heme, chlorophyll (Chl) and vitamin B12. In contrast, linear tetrapyrroles are not generally ascribed a biologically relevant ability for metal-binding. Indeed, when heme or Chl are degraded to natural linear tetrapyrroles, their central Fe- or Mg-ions are set free. Some linear tetrapyrroles are, however, effective multi-dentate ligands and their transition metal complexes have remarkable chemical properties. The focus of this short review is centred on such complexes of the linear tetrapyrroles derived from natural Chl-breakdown, called phyllobilins. These natural bilin-type compounds are massively produced in Nature and in highly visible processes. Colourless non-fluorescing Chl-catabolites (NCCs) and the related dioxobilin-type NCCs, which typically accumulate in leaves as ‘final’ products of Chl-breakdown, show low affinity for transition metal-ions. However, NCCs are oxidized in leaves to give less saturated coloured phyllobilins, such as yellow or pink Chl-catabolites (YCCs or PiCCs). YCCs and PiCCs are ligands for various biologically relevant transition metal-ions, such as Zn(ii)-, Ni(ii)- and Cu(ii)-ions. Complexation of Zn(ii)- and Cd(ii)-ions by the effectively tridentate PiCC produces blue metal-complexes that exhibit an intense red fluorescence, thus providing a tool for the sensitive detection of these metal ions. Outlined here are fundamental aspects of structure and metal coordination of phyllobilins, including a comparison with the corresponding properties of bilins. This knowledge may be valuable in the quest of finding possible biological roles of the phyllobilins. Thanks to their capacity for metal-ion coordination, phyllobilins could, e.g., be involved in heavy-metal transport and detoxification, and some of their metal-complexes could act as sensitizers for singlet oxygen or as plant toxins against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Li
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Vergeiner C, Ulrich M, Li C, Liu X, Müller T, Kräutler B. Stereo- and regioselective phyllobilane oxidation in leaf homogenates of the peace lily (Spathiphyllum wallisii): hypothetical endogenous path to yellow chlorophyll catabolites. Chemistry 2014; 21:136-49. [PMID: 25382809 PMCID: PMC4517098 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In senescent leaves, chlorophyll typically is broken down to colorless and essentially photo-inactive phyllobilanes, which are linear tetrapyrroles classified as “nonfluorescent” chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs) and dioxobilane-type NCCs (DNCCs). In homogenates of senescent leaves of the tropical evergreen Spathiphyllum wallisii, when left at room temperature and extracted with methanol, the major endogenous, naturally formed NCC was regio- and stereoselectively oxidized (in part) to a mixture of its 15-hydroxy and 15-methoxy derivative. In the absence of methanol in the extract, only the 15-OH-NCC was observed. The endogenous oxidation process depended upon molecular oxygen. It was inhibited by carbon monoxide, as well as by keeping the leaf homogenate and extract at low temperatures. The remarkable “oxidative activity” was inactivated by heating the homogenate for 10 min at 70 °C. Upon addition of a natural epimeric NCC (epiNCC) to the homogenate of senescent or green Sp. wallisii leaves at room temperature, the exogenous epiNCC was oxidized regio- and stereoselectively to 15-OH-epiNCC and 15-OMe-epiNCC. The identical two oxidized epiNCCs were also obtained as products of the oxidation of epiNCC with dicyanodichlorobenzoquinone (DDQ). Water elimination from 15-OH-epiNCC occurred readily and gave a known “yellow” chlorophyll catabolite (YCC). The endogenous oxidation process, described here, may represent the elusive natural path from the colorless NCCs to yellow and pink coloured phyllobilins, which were found in (extracts of) some senescent leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Vergeiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
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Bessette A, Cibian M, Bélanger F, Désilets D, Hanan GS. Introducing asymmetry in tetradentate azadipyrromethene chromophores: a systematic study of the impact on electronic and photophysical properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:22207-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02629b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As analogues of the porphyrinoid and dipyrromethene families of dye, azadipyrromethene (ADPM) derivatives exhibit exciting photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Bessette
- Département de Chimie
- Université de Montréal
- Montréal, Canada
- Saint-Jean Photochemicals Inc
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Canada
| | - Mihaela Cibian
- Département de Chimie
- Université de Montréal
- Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Denis Désilets
- Saint-Jean Photochemicals Inc
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Canada
| | - Garry S. Hanan
- Département de Chimie
- Université de Montréal
- Montréal, Canada
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Kräutler B. Phyllobilins – the abundant bilin-type tetrapyrrolic catabolites of the green plant pigment chlorophyll. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:6227-38. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00079j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phyllobilins, the bilin-type chlorophyll catabolites, are a hardly known class of abundant linear tetrapyrroles in de-greening leaves and ripening fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Centre of Molecular Biosciences
- University of Innsbruck
- A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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