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Tang H, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Luo P, Ravelli D, Wu J. Direct Synthesis of Thioesters from Feedstock Chemicals and Elemental Sulfur. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5846-5854. [PMID: 36854068 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of a mild, atom- and step-economical catalytic strategy that effectively generates value-added molecules directly from readily available commodity chemicals is a central goal of organic synthesis. In this context, the thiol-ene click chemistry for carbon-sulfur (C-S) bond construction has found widespread applications in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and functional materials. In contrast, the selective carbonyl thiyl radical addition to carbon-carbon multiple bonds remains underdeveloped. Herein, we report a carbonyl thiyl radical-based thioester synthesis through three-component coupling from feedstock aldehydes, alkenes, or alkynes and elemental sulfur by direct photocatalyzed hydrogen atom transfer. This method represents an orthogonal strategy to the conventional thiol-based nucleophilic substitution and exhibits a remarkably broad substrate scope ranging from simple commodity chemicals such as ethylene and acetylene to complex pharmaceutical molecules. This protocol can be easily extended to the synthesis of thiolactones, oligomer/polymers, and thioacids. Its synthetic utility has been demonstrated by a two-step synthesis of the drug esonarimod. Mechanistic studies indicate that the use of elemental sulfur to trap acyl radicals is both thermodynamically and kinetically favored, illustrating its great potential for the synthesis of sulfur-containing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidi Tang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Muliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuchao Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC) Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Penghao Luo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
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2
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Zu C, Mukhopadhyay S, Hanley PS, Xia S, Bell BM, Grigg D, Gilbert JR, O'Brien JP. Fragmentation of Protonated N-(3-Aminophenyl)Benzamide and Its Derivatives in Gas Phase. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:917-926. [PMID: 26988371 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1342-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An ion of m/z 110.06036 (ion formula [C6H8NO](+); error: 0.32 mDa) was observed in the collision induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry experiments of protonated N-(3-aminophenyl)benzamide, which is a rearrangement product ion purportedly through nitrogen-oxygen (N-O) exchange. The N-O exchange rearrangement was confirmed by the MS/MS spectrum of protonated N-(3-aminophenyl)-O (18) -benzamide, where the rearranged ion, [C6H8NO (18) ](+) of m/z 112 was available because of the presence of O (18) . Theoretical calculations using Density Functional Theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-31 g(d) level suggest that an ion-neutral complex containing a water molecule and a nitrilium ion was formed via a transition state (TS-1), followed by the water molecule migrating to the anilide ring, eventually leading to the formation of the rearranged ion of m/z 110. The rearrangement can be generalized to other protonated amide compounds with electron-donating groups at the meta position, such as, -OH, -CH3, -OCH3, -NH(CH3)2, -NH-Ph, and -NHCOCH3, all of which show the corresponding rearranged ions in MS/MS spectra. However, the protonated amide compounds containing electron-withdrawing groups, including -Cl, -Br, -CN, -NO2, and -CF3, at the meta position did not display this type of rearrangement during dissociation. Additionally, effects of various acyl groups on the rearrangement were investigated. It was found that the rearrangement can be enhanced by substitution on the ring of the benzoyl with electron-withdrawing groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Zu
- Analytical Technology Center, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, 48667, USA.
| | | | - Patrick S Hanley
- Process Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, 48674, USA
| | - Shijing Xia
- Dow Electronic Materials, The Dow Chemical Company, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
| | - Bruce M Bell
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, 48667, USA
| | - David Grigg
- Organic Polymers and Organometallics, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, 48674, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Gilbert
- Dow AgroSciences, The Dow Chemical Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA
| | - John P O'Brien
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, 48667, USA
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3
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Wallace CM, Schiesser CH, Hancock AN. Slow homolytic substitution reactions at selenium: 2-Selenabicyclo[1.1.1]pentane. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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Walton JC. The importance of chain conformational mobility during 5-exo-cyclizations of C-, N- and O-centred radicals. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:7983-92. [PMID: 25179567 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01419g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction coordinates of an archetypical set of 5-exo cyclizations of C-, N- and O-centred radicals were investigated by computational methods. G4 theory, and DFT with the um062x functional, were able to rationalise counterintuitive factors such as the 'normal' order of rate constants being: N-centred < C-centred < O-centred radicals. The access angle between the radical centre and the double bond was identified as a key factor. Examination of its evolution during ring closure implied that rigidity at the N-ends of the chains, and the consequent extra energy needed to attain chair-like transition states, might be the reason for slow aminyl cyclizations. A novel linear correlation between cyclization activation energies and the access angles was discovered. The preference for cis-1,2-disubstituted product formation was also accounted for in terms of interaction between the hyperconjugatively delocalized SOMO and the alkene π* orbital.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Walton
- University of St. Andrews, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK.
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5
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Hancock AN, Lobachevsky S, Haworth NL, Coote ML, Schiesser CH. The effect of leaving radical on the formation of tetrahydroselenophene by SHi ring closure: an experimental and computational study. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2310-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02434f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Competition kinetic studies augmented with laser-flash photolysis and high-level computational techniques [G3(MP2)-RAD], with [COSMO-RS, SMD] and without solvent correction, provide kinetic parameters for the ring closures of a series of 4-(alkylseleno)butyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N. Hancock
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Australia
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- The University of Melbourne
- Victoria
| | - Sofia Lobachevsky
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Australia
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- The University of Melbourne
- Victoria
| | - Naomi L. Haworth
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Australia
- Research School of Chemistry
- The Australian National University
- Canberra
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
- Australia
- Research School of Chemistry
| | - Carl H. Schiesser
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Australia
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- The University of Melbourne
- Victoria
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6
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Kyne SH, Schiesser CH. N,S-Dimethyldithiocarbamyl oxalates as precursors for determining kinetic parameters for oxyacyl radicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:12040-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06132b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N,S-Dimethyldithiocarbamyl oxalates are novel, readily prepared precursors to oxyacyl radicals that are more suitable for kinetic studies than existing precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara H. Kyne
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Australia
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- The University of Melbourne
- , Australia
| | - Carl H. Schiesser
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Australia
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- The University of Melbourne
- , Australia
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7
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Hancock AN, Kavanagh Y, Schiesser CH. The kinetics of alkyl radical ring closures at selenium: formation of selenane. Org Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00108g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intramolecular homolytic substitution reactions of 5-(alkylseleno)pentyl radicals 4 have been investigated by competition kinetics as well as computational techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N. Hancock
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Australia
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- The University of Melbourne
- Victoria, Australia
| | - Yvonne Kavanagh
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Australia
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- The University of Melbourne
- Victoria, Australia
| | - Carl H. Schiesser
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Australia
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- The University of Melbourne
- Victoria, Australia
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